https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&feed=atom&action=historyJak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět - Revision history2024-03-19T01:14:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.4https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=128594&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 01:06, 20 February 20212021-02-20T01:06:16Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Navíc, pan Isaac Newton, který byl Michaelem H. Hartem označen za druhého [[Mohamed a 100 nejvlivnějších lidí historie|nejvlivnějšího člověka v historii]], byl oddaným křesťanem,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.adherents.com/people/100_scientists.html|2=2012-12-16}} The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present], Adherents.com, accessed December 16, 2012</ref> ale jeho objevy nejsou nikdy popisovány jako "křesťanské objevy". Popravdě, toto nedávné označování vynálezů údajnými náboženskými přesvědčeními jejich vynálezců je docela zvláštní praktika. Pokud bychom měli udělat to samé pro vynálezy od následovatelů křesťanství, židovství, hinduismu nebo i řecko-římského pohanství, seznam by byl téměř nekonečný. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Navíc, pan Isaac Newton, který byl Michaelem H. Hartem označen za druhého [[Mohamed a 100 nejvlivnějších lidí historie|nejvlivnějšího člověka v historii]], byl oddaným křesťanem,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.adherents.com/people/100_scientists.html|2=2012-12-16}} The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present], Adherents.com, accessed December 16, 2012</ref> ale jeho objevy nejsou nikdy popisovány jako "křesťanské objevy". Popravdě, toto nedávné označování vynálezů údajnými náboženskými přesvědčeními jejich vynálezců je docela zvláštní praktika. Pokud bychom měli udělat to samé pro vynálezy od následovatelů křesťanství, židovství, hinduismu nebo i řecko-římského pohanství, seznam by byl téměř nekonečný. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Viz také==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Core Propaganda}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Viz také==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Clanky v ceskem jazyce - Articles in Czech|Články v českém jazyce (Articles in Czech)]] ''- Přehled všech článků v českém jazyce na WikiIslam''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Clanky v ceskem jazyce - Articles in Czech|Články v českém jazyce (Articles in Czech)]] ''- Přehled všech článků v českém jazyce na WikiIslam''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Externí odkazy==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Externí odkazy==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=214&Itemid=60 Islam’s Gifts to the World] - ''A pictorial presentation of some of Islam's great contributions to the world. (satire)''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=214&Itemid=60 Islam’s Gifts to the World] - ''A pictorial presentation of some of Islam's great contributions to the world. (satire)''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.paulvallely.com/ paulvallely.com] - ''Paul Vallely's official site''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.paulvallely.com/ paulvallely.com] - ''Paul Vallely's official site''</div></td></tr>
</table>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=124852&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 01:05, 12 November 20202020-11-12T01:05:18Z<p></p>
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</table>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115008&oldid=prevPrekladator at 19:56, 5 March 20162016-03-05T19:56:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pazyryk Carpet.jpg|thumb|right|Rohožka Pazyryk, datovaná k -5. století, je nejstarším známým kobercem světa. Více, než tisíc let před islámem.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pazyryk Carpet.jpg|thumb|right|Rohožka Pazyryk, datovaná k -5. století, je nejstarším známým kobercem světa. Více, než tisíc let před islámem.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>První známy koberec byl objeven ruským profesorem Rudenko roku 1949 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">běhe </del>vykopávek <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of burial mounds in the </del>Altai <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mountains in Siberia</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Called the </del>Pazyryk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rug</del>,<ref>Karen S. Rubinson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/rubinson_abs.html|2=2011-02-10}} "Animal Style" Art & the Image of the Horse and Rider], The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies, July 24, 2004</ref><ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/pages/History-184.html|2=2011-02-10}} History]", The Carpet Encyclopedia</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it dates from the fifth century BC</del><ref>Haider, R., ''Carpet that Captive''</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and is now kept in the </del>Hermitage museum of St. Petersburg.<ref>Collection Highlights, [http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html Pile Carpet (fragment)], The State Hermitage Museum</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was preserved from decay</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due to water seeping into the burial mound and freezing</del>.<ref>Tony Sidney, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.collectibles-articles.com/Article/History-of-the-Pazaryk-Rug/117|2=2011-02-10}} History of the Pazaryk Rug], Collectibles-Articles.com</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The advanced weaving technique used in the </del>Pazyryk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">carpet indicates </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long history of evolution and experience in this art</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Most experts believe that the </del>Pazyryk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">carpet is a late achievement of at least one thousand years of technique evolution and history</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Evidence suggests that some forms of rug-weaving were used in Egypt</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mesopotamia</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the Middle East and Asia about 4</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">000 years ago</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Therefore</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the carpet is a pre</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Islamic invention</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>První známy koberec byl objeven ruským profesorem Rudenko roku 1949 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">během </ins>vykopávek <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mohzlů v horách </ins>Altai <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">v Sibérii</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Zvaná rohožka </ins>Pazyryk,<ref>Karen S. Rubinson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/rubinson_abs.html|2=2011-02-10}} "Animal Style" Art & the Image of the Horse and Rider], The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies, July 24, 2004</ref><ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/pages/History-184.html|2=2011-02-10}} History]", The Carpet Encyclopedia</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">datuje se od -5. století</ins><ref>Haider, R., ''Carpet that Captive''</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a je nyní uchována v </ins>Hermitage museum of St. Petersburg.<ref>Collection Highlights, [http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html Pile Carpet (fragment)], The State Hermitage Museum</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Byla zachována před rozkladem</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">díky prosakující vodě do mohylu a mrazu</ins>. <ref>Tony Sidney, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.collectibles-articles.com/Article/History-of-the-Pazaryk-Rug/117|2=2011-02-10}} History of the Pazaryk Rug], Collectibles-Articles.com</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pokročilá tkalcovská technika použitá pro koberec </ins>Pazyryk <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">naznačuje dlouhou historii evoluce </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zkušenosti s tímto uměním</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Většina expertů věří, že koberec </ins>Pazyryk <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">je pozdním úspěchem nejméně tisíceleté evoluce techniky</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Důkazy ukazují</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že některé formy tkaní koberců byly používány v Egyptě</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mezopotámii</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a na středním východě a v Asii asi před 4000 lety</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tedy</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">koberec je před</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">islámským vynálezem</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What of the West and the flooring being referred to by </del>Paul Vallely? <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Colosseum in Rome which was completed in </del>80 AD <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had wooden </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not earthy</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flooring</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In fact</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the typical Roman home as early as the </del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>nd</sup> century BC had mosaic flooring</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as found in the </del>"House of the Tragic Poet" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>Pompeii, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Italy</del>.<ref name="The Roman House">[{{Reference archive|1=http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Rciv/house.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Roman Civilization: CMS 206 /History 206 The Roman House], Bates College</ref>; <ref>Faculty of Arts & Letters, [{{Reference archive|1=http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails_contents.html|2=2011-02-10}} Images of Pompeii], The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Romans also made use of rugs on the floors and the walls of their palaces</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </del>47 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BC when the Egyptians banished Queen Cleopatra from Egypt</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">replacing her with her brother</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">she had herself delivered to the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">smuggled inside </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rolled up carpet. Their love for carpets was so great that many considered them to be more valuable than money and they even used them to pay their taxes</del>.<ref>Sharon J. Huntington, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0518/p18s02-hfks.html|2=2011-02-10}} A not-so-boring history of flooring]", The Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 2004</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A co Západ a podlahy o kterých se zmiňuje </ins>Paul Vallely? <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Koloseum v Římě, které bylo dokončeno roku </ins>80 AD <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mělo dřevěnou </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ne zemitou</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">podlahu</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ve skutečnosti</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">typický řecký dům již od </ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století měl mozaikovou podlahu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jak můžeme nalézt v </ins>"House of the Tragic Poet" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">v </ins>Pompeii, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Itálie</ins>.<ref name="The Roman House">[{{Reference archive|1=http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Rciv/house.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Roman Civilization: CMS 206 /History 206 The Roman House], Bates College</ref>; <ref>Faculty of Arts & Letters, [{{Reference archive|1=http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails_contents.html|2=2011-02-10}} Images of Pompeii], The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Římané také používali rohožky na podlahách a stěnách jejich paláců</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roku -</ins>47 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">když egypťané vyhostili královnu Kleopatru z Egypta, nahradili jí jejím bratram, nechala se doručit císaři Juliu Césarovi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">propašovaná v zabaleném koberci. Jejich láska ke kobercům byla tak velká</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že mnoho z nich je považovalo za cennější</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">než peníze </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mohli je dokonce používat pro placení daní</ins>.<ref>Sharon J. Huntington, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0518/p18s02-hfks.html|2=2011-02-10}} A not-so-boring history of flooring]", The Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 2004</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115007&oldid=prevPrekladator at 19:13, 5 March 20162016-03-05T19:13:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Koberce===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Koberce===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Koberce byly považovány za součást ráje středověkými mumslimy, díky jejich pokročilým <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">weaving techniques</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">representational art</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In contrast</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Europe's floors were distinctly earthly</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not to say earthy</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In England</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </del>Erasmus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recorded</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">floors were </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">covered in rushes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">occasionally renewed</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sometimes for </del>20 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">years</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">harbouring expectoration</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vomiting</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the leakage of dogs and men</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale droppings</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scraps of fish</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and other</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Koberce byly považovány za součást ráje středověkými mumslimy, díky jejich pokročilým <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tkalcovským technikám s novými tinkturami z islámské chemie a velmi vysokým smyslem pro vzory a arabesky</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">které byly základem islámského ne</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zobrazovacího umění</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Narozdíl od Evropy</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kde byly podlahy zřetelně pozemské</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo spíše zemité</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dokud se nedozvěděli o arabským a perských kobercích</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">V Anglii</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jak </ins>Erasmus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zaznamenal</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">podlahy byly </ins>"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pokryty rákosem</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">výjimečně vyměněny</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale tak nedokonale</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že spodní vrstva je ponechána neupravená, někdy i </ins>20 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">let</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vhodná na plivání</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">odtok pro psy a lidi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rozlitá piva</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kousky ryb</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a další ohavnosti</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">které nejsou vhodné pro zmínění</ins>". <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Koberce se samozřejmě rychle uchytily</ins>.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">abominations not fit to be mentioned</del>". <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly</del>.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pazyryk Carpet.jpg|thumb|right|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rohožka </ins>Pazyryk, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">datovaná k -5. století</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">je nejstarším známým kobercem světa</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Více, než tisíc let před islámem</ins>.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pazyryk Carpet.jpg|thumb|right|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>Pazyryk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rug</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dated from the fifth century BC</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is the oldest known surviving carpet in the world</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pre-dating Islam by over a millennium</del>.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The earliest known carpet was discovered by Russian Professor </del>Rudenko <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>1949 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">during excavations </del>of burial mounds in the Altai Mountains in Siberia. Called the Pazyryk rug,<ref>Karen S. Rubinson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/rubinson_abs.html|2=2011-02-10}} "Animal Style" Art & the Image of the Horse and Rider], The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies, July 24, 2004</ref><ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/pages/History-184.html|2=2011-02-10}} History]", The Carpet Encyclopedia</ref> it dates from the fifth century BC<ref>Haider, R., ''Carpet that Captive''</ref> and is now kept in the Hermitage museum of St. Petersburg.<ref>Collection Highlights, [http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html Pile Carpet (fragment)], The State Hermitage Museum</ref> It was preserved from decay, due to water seeping into the burial mound and freezing.<ref>Tony Sidney, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.collectibles-articles.com/Article/History-of-the-Pazaryk-Rug/117|2=2011-02-10}} History of the Pazaryk Rug], Collectibles-Articles.com</ref> The advanced weaving technique used in the Pazyryk carpet indicates a long history of evolution and experience in this art. Most experts believe that the Pazyryk carpet is a late achievement of at least one thousand years of technique evolution and history. Evidence suggests that some forms of rug-weaving were used in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Middle East and Asia about 4,000 years ago. Therefore, the carpet is a pre-Islamic invention. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">První známy koberec byl objeven ruským profesorem </ins>Rudenko <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">roku </ins>1949 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">běhe vykopávek </ins>of burial mounds in the Altai Mountains in Siberia. Called the Pazyryk rug,<ref>Karen S. Rubinson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/rubinson_abs.html|2=2011-02-10}} "Animal Style" Art & the Image of the Horse and Rider], The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies, July 24, 2004</ref><ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.carpetencyclopedia.com/pages/History-184.html|2=2011-02-10}} History]", The Carpet Encyclopedia</ref> it dates from the fifth century BC<ref>Haider, R., ''Carpet that Captive''</ref> and is now kept in the Hermitage museum of St. Petersburg.<ref>Collection Highlights, [http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html Pile Carpet (fragment)], The State Hermitage Museum</ref> It was preserved from decay, due to water seeping into the burial mound and freezing.<ref>Tony Sidney, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.collectibles-articles.com/Article/History-of-the-Pazaryk-Rug/117|2=2011-02-10}} History of the Pazaryk Rug], Collectibles-Articles.com</ref> The advanced weaving technique used in the Pazyryk carpet indicates a long history of evolution and experience in this art. Most experts believe that the Pazyryk carpet is a late achievement of at least one thousand years of technique evolution and history. Evidence suggests that some forms of rug-weaving were used in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Middle East and Asia about 4,000 years ago. Therefore, the carpet is a pre-Islamic invention. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What of the West and the flooring being referred to by Paul Vallely? The Colosseum in Rome which was completed in 80 AD had wooden (not earthy) flooring. In fact, the typical Roman home as early as the 2<sup>nd</sup> century BC had mosaic flooring, as found in the "House of the Tragic Poet" in Pompeii, Italy.<ref name="The Roman House">[{{Reference archive|1=http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Rciv/house.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Roman Civilization: CMS 206 /History 206 The Roman House], Bates College</ref>; <ref>Faculty of Arts & Letters, [{{Reference archive|1=http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails_contents.html|2=2011-02-10}} Images of Pompeii], The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York</ref> The Romans also made use of rugs on the floors and the walls of their palaces. In 47 BC when the Egyptians banished Queen Cleopatra from Egypt, replacing her with her brother, she had herself delivered to the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar, smuggled inside a rolled up carpet. Their love for carpets was so great that many considered them to be more valuable than money and they even used them to pay their taxes.<ref>Sharon J. Huntington, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0518/p18s02-hfks.html|2=2011-02-10}} A not-so-boring history of flooring]", The Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 2004</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What of the West and the flooring being referred to by Paul Vallely? The Colosseum in Rome which was completed in 80 AD had wooden (not earthy) flooring. In fact, the typical Roman home as early as the 2<sup>nd</sup> century BC had mosaic flooring, as found in the "House of the Tragic Poet" in Pompeii, Italy.<ref name="The Roman House">[{{Reference archive|1=http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Rciv/house.htm|2=2011-02-10}} Roman Civilization: CMS 206 /History 206 The Roman House], Bates College</ref>; <ref>Faculty of Arts & Letters, [{{Reference archive|1=http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails_contents.html|2=2011-02-10}} Images of Pompeii], The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York</ref> The Romans also made use of rugs on the floors and the walls of their palaces. In 47 BC when the Egyptians banished Queen Cleopatra from Egypt, replacing her with her brother, she had herself delivered to the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar, smuggled inside a rolled up carpet. Their love for carpets was so great that many considered them to be more valuable than money and they even used them to pay their taxes.<ref>Sharon J. Huntington, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0518/p18s02-hfks.html|2=2011-02-10}} A not-so-boring history of flooring]", The Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 2004</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115006&oldid=prevPrekladator at 19:05, 5 March 20162016-03-05T19:05:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Moderní šek vychází z arabského saqq, psaná přísaha zaplatit za zboží, když je dodáno, aby se předešlo nutnosti transportovat peníze přes nebezpečný terén. V 9. století, muslimský byznysmen mohl proplatit šek v Číně, vypsaný v jeho bance v Bagdádu<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Moderní šek vychází z arabského saqq, psaná přísaha zaplatit za zboží, když je dodáno, aby se předešlo nutnosti transportovat peníze přes nebezpečný terén. V 9. století, muslimský byznysmen mohl proplatit šek v Číně, vypsaný v jeho bance v Bagdádu<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ancient Romans are believed to have used an early form of cheque known as </del>''praescriptiones'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the first century BC</del>,<ref name="Durant">{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=Caesar and Christ : a history of Roman civilization and of Christianity from their beginnings to A.D. 325|series=The story of civilization|volume=3|year=1944|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|page=749}}</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the </del>saqq (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or </del>sakk, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which developed into the modern word cheque</del>)<ref>Melanie Wright, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sunday-mirror/2009/02/22/just-write-me-a-sakk-115875-21142872/|2=2011-02-10}} Just write me a 'sakk'..]", The Sunday Mirror, February 23, 2009</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system being referred to by </del>Paul Vallely <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was a </del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>rd</sup> century pre-Islamic innovation of the Persian </del>Sassanid <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Empire</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Modern cheques need paper to be written</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">so clues </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the invention of cheques can be traced following the lead of the invention of paper. Closely related is also the history of money and banking</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Starověcí římané nejspíš používali ranou formu šeku zvanou </ins>''praescriptiones'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">v prvním století př. n. l.</ins>,<ref name="Durant">{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=Caesar and Christ : a history of Roman civilization and of Christianity from their beginnings to A.D. 325|series=The story of civilization|volume=3|year=1944|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|page=749}}</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>saqq (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo </ins>sakk, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">který se vyvinul do moderního šeku</ins>)<ref>Melanie Wright, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mirror.co.uk/sunday-mirror/2009/02/22/just-write-me-a-sakk-115875-21142872/|2=2011-02-10}} Just write me a 'sakk'..]", The Sunday Mirror, February 23, 2009</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">systém o kterém mluví </ins>Paul Vallely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">byl před-islámskou inovací ze </ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století perské </ins>Sassanid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">říše</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moderní šeky potřebují papír, aby byly napsány</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">takže indície pro vynález šeku mohou být vystopovány po vynálezu papíru. Úzce </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">také souvisí s historií peněz a bankovnictví</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Paper is thought to have been invented in China </del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>st</sup> century BC</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was kept as </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">secret for five centuries and went to Japan in AD </del>610. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was not used only for writing and books </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Chinese are also responsible for the invention of printing</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">possibly between the </del>4<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> and </del>7<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century AD</del>.) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also for making umbrellas</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flags</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">house holds</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">toilet paper</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and even armour so strong as to resist arrows</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More to the point of cheques</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they used it for the first promissory note</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the first paper money</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The invention was necessitated by the highway men who became so numerous that the merchants were not able to pay their taxes to the state</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The state machinery was vital to the Chinese Empire to survive for so many thousand years</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The civil servants brought the idea of notes marked with certain value that can be exchanged to gold at the end of the journey</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus was developed the first cheques in history</del>.<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref><ref>The British Library</ref><ref>The Silk Road Foundation Website</ref><ref>The Franklin Institute Online</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Papír byl nejspíš vynalezen v Číně v -</ins>1. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">století. Bylo to utajováno pět století </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">přišlo do Japonska roku </ins>610. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nebylo to používáno pouze pro psaní a knihy </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">číňané jsou také zodpovědní za vynález tisku</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nejspíš mezi </ins>4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. a </ins>7. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stoletím</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale také pro vytváření deštníků</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vlajek</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">domácností</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">toaletního papíru a dokonce brnění tak silného</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že odolá šípům</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ale vraťme se k šekům</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">používale je jako první směnky</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">první papírové peníze</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Invence byla nutná kvůli lupičům, kterých bylo tolik, že obchodníci nemohli zaplatit daně státu</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Technika státu byla živoucí v čínské říši a přežila po mnoho tisíciletí</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Úředníci přivedli nápad lístků označených určitou hodnotou, která může být přeměněna na zlato na konci cesty</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Takže byly vyvinuty první šeky v historii</ins>.<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref><ref>The British Library</ref><ref>The Silk Road Foundation Website</ref><ref>The Franklin Institute Online</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Země je kulatá===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Země je kulatá===</div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115005&oldid=prevPrekladator at 18:55, 5 March 20162016-03-05T18:55:21Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pokud se podíváme na historii větrných mlýnů, první rotační mlýn byl oběven v Catal Hayuk v Turecku a existoval asi před 8000 lety,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1222|2=2011-02-08}} History of Technology: Mills], History World</ref> zatímco nejstarší větrné mlýny byly vyvinuty mnohem později pro automatizaci mletí obilí a čerpání vody. Jeden z prvních větrných mlýnů o kterém máme zmínku, může být nalezen v řeckých textech z 1. století, kde je větrný mlýn nazván ''hydraletēs'', ale díky těžkému použití otrocké práce, nenacházíme archeologické důkazy o větrných mlýnech až do 4. století. <ref>Geoffrey Ernest Maurice De Ste. Croix, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MSPttWbUPZsC The class struggle in the ancient Greek world]'' (pg. 38), Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 9780801495977</ref> Nejstarší zmínka o typu větrného mlýna může být nalezena v knize ''Pneumatica'' napsané v 1. století pisatelem jménem Hero, v ní je popisováno tvoření druhu ústrojí poháněného větrem. <ref>Donald Routledge Hill, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&dq=hero+windmill+greek&source=gbs_navlinks_s A history of engineering in classical and medieval times (pg. 172)], London: Croom Helm & La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1984, ISBN 0875484220</ref> Myšlenka nicméně nebyla nikdy realizována a nenacházíme nejstarší design vertikální osy, až do jeho vyvinutí v Persii v letech 500–900 AD. Čína je také často považována za vynálezce větrných mlýnů. Víra, že to bylo vynalezeno v Číně před více než 2000 lety je široce rozšířená a možná i přesná, ale nejstarší vlastní dokumentace čínského mlýna byla až roku 1219 AD čínským státníkem Yehlu Chhu-Tshai.<ref>Darrell M. Dodge, [{{Reference archive|1=http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html|2=2011-02-08}} Illustrated History of Wind Power Development: Part 1], TelosNet Web Development</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pokud se podíváme na historii větrných mlýnů, první rotační mlýn byl oběven v Catal Hayuk v Turecku a existoval asi před 8000 lety,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1222|2=2011-02-08}} History of Technology: Mills], History World</ref> zatímco nejstarší větrné mlýny byly vyvinuty mnohem později pro automatizaci mletí obilí a čerpání vody. Jeden z prvních větrných mlýnů o kterém máme zmínku, může být nalezen v řeckých textech z 1. století, kde je větrný mlýn nazván ''hydraletēs'', ale díky těžkému použití otrocké práce, nenacházíme archeologické důkazy o větrných mlýnech až do 4. století. <ref>Geoffrey Ernest Maurice De Ste. Croix, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MSPttWbUPZsC The class struggle in the ancient Greek world]'' (pg. 38), Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 9780801495977</ref> Nejstarší zmínka o typu větrného mlýna může být nalezena v knize ''Pneumatica'' napsané v 1. století pisatelem jménem Hero, v ní je popisováno tvoření druhu ústrojí poháněného větrem. <ref>Donald Routledge Hill, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&dq=hero+windmill+greek&source=gbs_navlinks_s A history of engineering in classical and medieval times (pg. 172)], London: Croom Helm & La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1984, ISBN 0875484220</ref> Myšlenka nicméně nebyla nikdy realizována a nenacházíme nejstarší design vertikální osy, až do jeho vyvinutí v Persii v letech 500–900 AD. Čína je také často považována za vynálezce větrných mlýnů. Víra, že to bylo vynalezeno v Číně před více než 2000 lety je široce rozšířená a možná i přesná, ale nejstarší vlastní dokumentace čínského mlýna byla až roku 1219 AD čínským státníkem Yehlu Chhu-Tshai.<ref>Darrell M. Dodge, [{{Reference archive|1=http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html|2=2011-02-08}} Illustrated History of Wind Power Development: Part 1], TelosNet Web Development</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Očkování</del>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inokulace</ins>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Technika <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">očkování </del>nebyla vynalezena dvojicí Jenner a Pasteur, ale byla vynalezena v muslimském světě a přivedena do Evropy z Turecka manželkou anglického ambasadora v Istanbulu roku 1724. Děti v Turecku byly <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">očkovány </del>kravskými neštovicemi, aby bojovaly proti smrtícím neštovicím minimálně 50 let před tím, než to objevil Západ.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Technika <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inokulace </ins>nebyla vynalezena dvojicí Jenner a Pasteur, ale byla vynalezena v muslimském světě a přivedena do Evropy z Turecka manželkou anglického ambasadora v Istanbulu roku 1724. Děti v Turecku byly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vakcinovány </ins>kravskými neštovicemi, aby bojovaly proti smrtícím neštovicím minimálně 50 let před tím, než to objevil Západ.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was smallpox that was used for inoculation by the Turks</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not cowpox</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inoculation was widespread at the time</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and involved the use of smallpox scabs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The use of the much less dangerous cowpox virus </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">induce immunity is known not as inoculation, but as vaccination. It was in fact </del>Jenner <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who first reported the use of cowpox to vaccinate against the much more lethal smallpox</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hence he invented vaccination</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">And Yes</del>, Jenner <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>Pasteur <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were not the inventors of inoculation but neither were the Muslims</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What </del>Paul <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seems </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be continually doing is referring to anything that originated from the Eastern hemisphere (regardless of whether it was before or after the advent of Islam or not</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as originating from </del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Muslim world</del>' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when even the most unenlightent amongst us will realize that China and India are not </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">part of this so-called Muslim world</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been said that Inoculation against smallpox began in China during the </del>10<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century</del>,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but the earliest documented reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from text written in </del>1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The earliest known attempts to produce artificial immunity involved powdered smallpox scabs being blown into the sinuses</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and in the </del>17<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they prepared pills made from the fleas of cows in an effort to prevent the disease</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In India</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physicians conferred immunity by applying scabs to the scarified skin of the healthy</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The technique of inoculation spread west to Turkey and then Europe</del>.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Byly to neštovice</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">co bylo používáno pro očkování Turky, ne kraví neštovice</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Očkování bylo široce rozšířené v té době a zahrnovalo použití strupu neštovic. Použití mnohém méně nebezpečných kravských neštovic pro vyvolání imunity není inokulace</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale vakcinace</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Byl </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ve skutečnosti </ins>Jenner <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kdo poprvé oznámil použití kravských neštovic pro vakcinaci proti mnohem smrtelnějším neštovicím</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tedy vynalezl vakcinaci</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A ano</ins>, Jenner <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>Pasteur <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nevynalezli inokulaci, ale také to nebyli muslimové</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">To co </ins>Paul <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zřejmě neustále dělá je přisuzovat cokoliv co vzešlo z východní polokoule (nezávisle na tom, jestli </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bylo před nebo po vzniku islámu nebo ne</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jako vzešlé z </ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">muslimského světa</ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, přestože i ten nejméně informovaný z nás si uvědomuje, že Čína </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indie nejsou součástí tzv. muslimského světa</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bylo řečeno, že inokulace proti neštovicím začala v Číně během </ins>10<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století</ins>,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale nejstarší dokumentovaná inokulace v Číně přicházi z textu z roku </ins>1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">První známé pokusy pro vytvoření umělé imunity zahrnovaly práškové neštovice fouknuté do dutin</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a v </ins>17<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">připravili pilulky z kravích much ve snaze předejít této nemoci</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">V Indii</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lékaři zelpšovali imunitu použitím neštovicových strupů na potrhanou kůži zdravých</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Technika inokulace se rozšířila na západ do Turecka a poté do Evropy</ins>.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Plnicí pero===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Plnicí pero===</div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115004&oldid=prevPrekladator at 08:21, 5 March 20162016-03-05T08:21:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na východě, práce klasických indického indického astronoma a metematika Aryabhata (476–550 AD) se také zabývá kulatostí Země a pohybem planet. Poslední dva díly jeho sanskrtského magnum opus ''Aryabhatiya'', které byly nazvány "Kalakriya" (počítání času) a "Gola" (míč), říkají, že Země je kulatá a že její obvod je 4,967 yojanas, což je v moderních jednotkách 39,968 km, což je blízko dnešní hodnotě 40,075 km.<ref>J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|2=2011-02-10}} Aryabhata the Elder], The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, November 2000</ref> Zároveň prohlásil, že zdánlivá rotace objektů na obloze je způsobena rotací Země, vypočítal délku hvězdného dne na 23 hodin, 56 minut, a 4.1 sekund.<ref>William J. Gongol, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.gongol.com/research/math/aryabhatiya|2=2011-02-10}} The Aryabhatiya: Foundations of Indian Mathematics], University of Northern Iowa, December 14, 2003</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na východě, práce klasických indického indického astronoma a metematika Aryabhata (476–550 AD) se také zabývá kulatostí Země a pohybem planet. Poslední dva díly jeho sanskrtského magnum opus ''Aryabhatiya'', které byly nazvány "Kalakriya" (počítání času) a "Gola" (míč), říkají, že Země je kulatá a že její obvod je 4,967 yojanas, což je v moderních jednotkách 39,968 km, což je blízko dnešní hodnotě 40,075 km.<ref>J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|2=2011-02-10}} Aryabhata the Elder], The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, November 2000</ref> Zároveň prohlásil, že zdánlivá rotace objektů na obloze je způsobena rotací Země, vypočítal délku hvězdného dne na 23 hodin, 56 minut, a 4.1 sekund.<ref>William J. Gongol, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.gongol.com/research/math/aryabhatiya|2=2011-02-10}} The Aryabhatiya: Foundations of Indian Mathematics], University of Northern Iowa, December 14, 2003</ref> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shrnuto: všechno co bylo připisováno arabským muslimům Paulem Vallelym, bylo nejen objeveno před-islámským východem, ale také před-křesťanskými řeky. Islámská víra brzdí vědecký pokrok a nic to nedemonstruje lépe, než moderní víra, že Země je plochá. Bylo to roku 1993, kdy nejvyšší náboženská autorita Saudské Arábie ''Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz'' prohlásila, že "Země je plochá. Kdokoliv tvrdí, že je kulatá je ateista, zasluhující trest."<ref>Youssef M. Ibrahim, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/12/world/muslim-edicts-take-on-new-force.html|2=2011-02-10}} Muslim Edicts Take on New Force]", New York Times, February 12, 1995</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and in October </del>2007 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </del>Al-Fayhaa TV <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in Iraq</del>, a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muslim scientist also declared that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the Sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it</del>.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPrEaFmtZww Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)], MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684, Al-Fayhaa TV (Iraq), October 31, 2007</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shrnuto: všechno co bylo připisováno arabským muslimům Paulem Vallelym, bylo nejen objeveno před-islámským východem, ale také před-křesťanskými řeky. Islámská víra brzdí vědecký pokrok a nic to nedemonstruje lépe, než moderní víra, že Země je plochá. Bylo to roku 1993, kdy nejvyšší náboženská autorita Saudské Arábie ''Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz'' prohlásila, že "Země je plochá. Kdokoliv tvrdí, že je kulatá je ateista, zasluhující trest."<ref>Youssef M. Ibrahim, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/12/world/muslim-edicts-take-on-new-force.html|2=2011-02-10}} Muslim Edicts Take on New Force]", New York Times, February 12, 1995</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a v říjnu </ins>2007 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">na </ins>Al-Fayhaa TV <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">v Iráku, muslimský vědec také deklaroval, že je Země plochá, což dokazují Koránové verše a také že Slunce je mnohem menší</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">než Země </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">točí se kolem něj</ins>.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPrEaFmtZww Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)], MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684, Al-Fayhaa TV (Iraq), October 31, 2007</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Střelný prach===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Střelný prach===</div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115003&oldid=prevPrekladator at 08:19, 5 March 20162016-03-05T08:19:25Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Ali ibn Nafi, aka Ziryab (Černý pták) přišel z Iráku do Kordoby v 9. století a přinesl s sebou koncept jídla o třech chodech – polévka, po ní ryba nebo aso, poté ovoce a ořechy. Zátoveň představil křišťálové sklo (které bylo objeveno po experimentech s křišťálem Abbas ibn Firnas - viz č. 4).<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Ali ibn Nafi, aka Ziryab (Černý pták) přišel z Iráku do Kordoby v 9. století a přinesl s sebou koncept jídla o třech chodech – polévka, po ní ryba nebo aso, poté ovoce a ořechy. Zátoveň představil křišťálové sklo (které bylo objeveno po experimentech s křišťálem Abbas ibn Firnas - viz č. 4).<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Having to include the </del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">three course meal</del>'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in any religion's </del>top 20 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">list of inventions is embarrassing</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The expression ''scraping the barrel'' comes </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mind</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but did a Muslim actually invent it</del>? <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Unsurprisingly</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the answer is </del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">no</del>''. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Romans invaded Britain in </del>43 AD (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">almost </del>600 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">years before the advent of Islam</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and with them they brought the concept of the three-course meal</del><ref>Adam Hart Davis, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/tech_04.shtml|2=2011-02-10}} Discovering Roman Technology: Food and baths], BBC History, May 11, 2009</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which consisted of </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first course, main course, and dessert</del>.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_cuisine&oldid=325786557 Roman cuisine], Wikipedia, accessed November 16, 2009</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A typical starter/first course would be haddock</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">herring</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mullet</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or mackerel</del>; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the main course roasted beef</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pork</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or venison served with </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prepared sauce and boiled vegetables</del>; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">followed by a dessert of stuffed fried dates</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">apples soaked in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cream sauce, or pastries covered in honey and pepper</del>; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and to wash it all down</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plenty of wine</del>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080525094754/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/arl_dinner_party.htm The dinner party], The Romans in Britain</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was the pre</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Islamic Persians who introduced the dessert into </del>Asia Minor <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as far as </del>Ephesus (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">condemning the Greeks for its omission in meals</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muset zahrnout </ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jídlo o třech chodech</ins>'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mezi </ins>top 20 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">invencí náboženství je trapné</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vypadá </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jako výsledek bezradnosti. A vlastně</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vynalezli to muslimové doopravdy</ins>? <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Není překvapením</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že odpovědí je </ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ne</ins>''. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Římané obsadili Británii roku </ins>43 AD (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">téměř </ins>600 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">let před příchodem islámu</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a s sebou přinesli koncept jídla o třech chodech </ins><ref>Adam Hart Davis, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/tech_04.shtml|2=2011-02-10}} Discovering Roman Technology: Food and baths], BBC History, May 11, 2009</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">který se skládal z prvnícho chodu, hlavnícho chodu </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dezertu</ins>.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_cuisine&oldid=325786557 Roman cuisine], Wikipedia, accessed November 16, 2009</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Typickým prvním chodem byl treska</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sleď</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parmice</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo makrela</ins>; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hlavním chodem pečené hovězí</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vepřové</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo zvěřina podávané s připravenou omáčkou </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vařenou zeleninou</ins>; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">následoval dezert jako plněné smažené datle, jablka namočené ve krémové omáčce</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo pečivo na které se přidal med </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pepř</ins>; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a pro spláchnutí</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">spoustas vína</ins>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080525094754/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/arl_dinner_party.htm The dinner party], The Romans in Britain</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Byli to před</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">islámští peršané kdo představil dezert od </ins>Asia Minor <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">až po </ins>Ephesus (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">odsuzující řeky za jejich vynechání v jídle</ins>).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Also</del>, Abbas ibn Firnas <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">did not invent crystal glass</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Clear glass appeared during the </del>15<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century in Venice, and was called </del>cristallo. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Crystal was invented </del>175 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">years later</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">after glassmaker </del>George Ravenscroft <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">added lead oxide to glass</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">creating lead crystal glass</del>.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html|2=2011-02-10}} A Brief History of Glass], Glass Online</ref>; <ref>Mary Bellis, [{{Reference archive|1=http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass.htm|2=2011-02-10}} The History of Glass], About.com: Inventors</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Zároveň</ins>, Abbas ibn Firnas <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nevynalezl křišťálové sklo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Čisté sklo bylo objeveno během </ins>15<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století ve Vídni a bylo nazváno </ins>cristallo. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Křišťál byl vynalezen o </ins>175 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">let později</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poté co sklář </ins>George Ravenscroft <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">přidal olovný oxid ke sklu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">čímž vytvořil olověné křišťálové sklo</ins>.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html|2=2011-02-10}} A Brief History of Glass], Glass Online</ref>; <ref>Mary Bellis, [{{Reference archive|1=http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass.htm|2=2011-02-10}} The History of Glass], About.com: Inventors</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115002&oldid=prevPrekladator at 06:54, 5 March 20162016-03-05T06:54:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><metadesc>Důkladné vyvrácení "How Islamic inventors changed the world" (Jak islámští vynálezci změnili svět) od Paul Vallelyho </metadesc></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><metadesc>Důkladné vyvrácení "How Islamic inventors changed the world" (Jak islámští vynálezci změnili svět) od Paul Vallelyho </metadesc></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== -----NA PŘEKLADU SE DĚLÁ, můžete se přidat ---------- ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Poznámka: [[w:Paul Vallely|Paul Vallely]], autor "How Islamic inventors changed the world" (Jak islámští vynálezci změnili svět), byl kontaktován ohledně tvrzení v tomto článku, nicméně dosud jsme nedostali odpověď.'' </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Poznámka: [[w:Paul Vallely|Paul Vallely]], autor "How Islamic inventors changed the world" (Jak islámští vynálezci změnili svět), byl kontaktován ohledně tvrzení v tomto článku, nicméně dosud jsme nedostali odpověď.'' </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Zařízení, které převádí rotační pohyb na lineární a je důležité pro mnoho strojů moderního světa, například pro motory s vnitřním spalováním. Jeden z nejdůležitějších technických objevů lidstva, byl vynalezen muslimem al-Jazari pro zvedání vody pro zavlažování. Jeho kniha z roku 1206 ukazuje, že také vynaletl a vylepšil použití ventilů a pístů, vymyslel jedny z prvních mechanických hodin poháněných vodou a závažím a byl otcem robotiky. Jedním z jeho padesáti dalších vynálezů byl heslový zámek.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Zařízení, které převádí rotační pohyb na lineární a je důležité pro mnoho strojů moderního světa, například pro motory s vnitřním spalováním. Jeden z nejdůležitějších technických objevů lidstva, byl vynalezen muslimem al-Jazari pro zvedání vody pro zavlažování. Jeho kniha z roku 1206 ukazuje, že také vynaletl a vylepšil použití ventilů a pístů, vymyslel jedny z prvních mechanických hodin poháněných vodou a závažím a byl otcem robotiky. Jedním z jeho padesáti dalších vynálezů byl heslový zámek.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Naneštěstí pro našeho geniálního muslima al-Jazari, kliková hřídel byla známá již číňanům z dynastie Han.<ref name="crank shaft">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.trivia-library.com/a/major-engineering-events-in-history-first-use-of-the-crank-834-ad.htm|2=2011-02-07}} Major Engineering Events in History: First Use of the Crank 834 A.D.], Trivia-Library, Inc.</ref> Dynastie Han trvala od roku 206 př.n.l. do 220 n.l. Již v prvním století byly hřídele používány v římských zdravotních zařízeních, ale až roku 834 můžeme najít zmínku o hřídeli v Evropě. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A picture in a graphic codex of a man sharpening a sword on a grindstone turned by a crank</del>.<ref name="crank shaft"></ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2005/04/the_invention_o.html|2=2011-02-07}} The Invention of the Crank, The Crank Powered Bicycle], Patent Pending Blog, April 7, 2005</ref> 206 BC <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>834 AD <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is certainly a lot earlier than when </del>Paul Vallely <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">claims a </del>12<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century Muslim invented </del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind</del>'. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What </del>Al-Jazari <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">described was </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crank and connecting rod system in a water pump</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He incorporated a crankshaft</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but it was unnecessarily complex indicating that he did not fully understand the concept of power conversion</del>.<ref> White Jr., Lynn (1962), Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press p.170 ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>al-Jazari <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">did not entirely grasp the meaning of the crank for joining reciprocating with rotary motion is shown by his extraordinarily complex pump powered through a cog-wheel mounted eccentrically on its axle</del>.''</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Naneštěstí pro našeho geniálního muslima al-Jazari, kliková hřídel byla známá již číňanům z dynastie Han.<ref name="crank shaft">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.trivia-library.com/a/major-engineering-events-in-history-first-use-of-the-crank-834-ad.htm|2=2011-02-07}} Major Engineering Events in History: First Use of the Crank 834 A.D.], Trivia-Library, Inc.</ref> Dynastie Han trvala od roku 206 př.n.l. do 220 n.l. Již v prvním století byly hřídele používány v římských zdravotních zařízeních, ale až roku 834 můžeme najít zmínku o hřídeli v Evropě. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obrázek v grafickém kodexu muže brousícího meč na brusu poháněném klikou</ins>.<ref name="crank shaft"></ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2005/04/the_invention_o.html|2=2011-02-07}} The Invention of the Crank, The Crank Powered Bicycle], Patent Pending Blog, April 7, 2005</ref> 206 BC <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">až </ins>834 AD <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">je rozhodně mnohem dříve, než kdy </ins>Paul Vallely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tvrdí, že ve </ins>12<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století muslimové vynalezli </ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jeden z nejdůležitějších mechanických vynálezů v historii lidstva</ins>'. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Co </ins>Al-Jazari <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">popsal byla klika </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">systém ojnice ve vodní pumpě</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Použil klikovou hřídel, ale bylo to zbytečně složité, což naznačuje</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že plně nechápal princip přeměny energie</ins>.<ref> White Jr., Lynn (1962), Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press p.170 ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nicméně</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">že </ins>al-Jazari <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">úplně nechápal význam kliky pro spojení střídavého s rotačním pohybem je ukázáno jeho extrémě složitou pumpou poháňenou pomocí ozubeného kola připevněného excentricky na nápravu</ins>.''</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Piston technology was also used by Hero of Alexandria in the </del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>st</sup> century AD with the creation of the worlds first steam-powered engine—the aeolipile</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more than a thousand years before </del>al-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jazari</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">please refer to </del>[[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 4: Flying]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for further details</del>.) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In his works </del>"Pneumatica" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>"Automata" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he also described over </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hundred machines and automata</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including mechanical singing birds</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">puppets</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a fire engine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a wind organ </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">please refer to </del>[[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 11: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The windmill</del>]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for further details</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">coin-operated machine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">so if anyone deserves the title given to </del>al-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jazari by Paul </del>Vallely <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as the </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">father of robotics</del>" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it's </del>Hero <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of Alexandria</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It must also be noted that Hero's works </del>"Mechanica" (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in three books</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">survive only in their Arabic translations</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">so the Muslims had access to all this pre-Islamic genius</del>,<ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263417/Heron-of-Alexandria#ref=ref218225|2=2011-02-07}} Science & Technology: Heron of Alexandria]", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">yet writing a factually accurate article on Islamic achievements seems to have proved too much for some</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Technologie pístu byla také používána Heroem z Alexandrie v </ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století s vytvořením prvního párou poháňeného motoru na světě</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">více než tisíc let před </ins>al-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jazarim</ins>. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viz</ins>[[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 4: Flying]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pro další detaily</ins>.) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">V jeho pracích </ins>"Pneumatica" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>"Automata" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">také popsal přes sto strojů </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">automatů</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">včetně mechanických zpívajících ptáků</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">loutky</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ohňový motor</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">větrný orgán </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viz </ins>[[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 11: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">větrný mlýn</ins>]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pro další detaily</ins>), a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mincovní stroj</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">takže pokud si někdo zaslouží dostat titul daný </ins>al-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jazarimu Paulem </ins>Vallely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jako </ins>"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">otec robotiky</ins>" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">je to </ins>Hero <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">z Alexandrie</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Musí být také povšimnuto, že Herova práce </ins>"Mechanica" (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ve třech knihách</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">přežila pouze ve svém arabském překladu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">takže muslimové měli přístup ke všem předislámským géniům</ins>,<ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263417/Heron-of-Alexandria#ref=ref218225|2=2011-02-07}} Science & Technology: Heron of Alexandria]", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nicméně napsat přesný článek o islámských úspěších se ukázalo příliš, pro některé</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Co se týče vodních hodin, starověcí egypťané používali měřič času, který byl poháněn vodou. Jeden z nejstarších byl nalezen v hrobce Egyptského faraona z let -1500 a číňané začali vyvíjet mechanické hodiny kolem roku 200. Řekové také měřili čas pomocí různých druhů vodních hodin. Dojemnější mechanické vodní hodiny byly vyvinuy mezi lety -100 a +500 řeckými a římskými horology a astronomy.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080531063139/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/early.html A walk through time - Early Clocks], The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory</ref> Víme, že mechanismus Antikythera byl objeven v troskách lodi roku 1900 u ostrova Antikythera. [[File:Chinese combination lock.jpg|thumb|left| Starověký čínský zámek s kombinací znaků.]]Historik vědy Derek Price, dospěl k závěru, že to byl starověký počítač, používaný k předpovědi pozice slunce a měsíce v jakýkoliv čas. Michael Wright, správce mechaického inženýrství ve vědeckém muzeu v Londýně si myslí, že původní zařízení modelovalo celou sluneční soustavu. Zdroje starověkého Řecka se odkazují na taková zařízaní, takže je to dost možné. Římský filozof Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 př. n. l.), píše o zařízení “nedávno konstruovaném naším kamarádem Poseidonius, které při každé obrátce produkuje stejný pohyb Slunce, měsíce a pěti planet.” Řecký matemati, fyzik, inženýr, vynálezce a astronom Archimedes ze Syracuse (287–212 př. n. l.) prý také udělal takové zařízení. <ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm|2=2011-02-07}} An Ancient Greek Computer?]", World-Mysteries, The Economist Newspaper Limited 2002</ref><ref>Michael Lahanas - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Kythera.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Antikythera computing device, the most complex instrument of antiquity], Hellenica<!-- --></ref> V 9. století byly vyvinuty mechanické hodiny, kterým chyběl pouze krokový mechanismus.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Co se týče vodních hodin, starověcí egypťané používali měřič času, který byl poháněn vodou. Jeden z nejstarších byl nalezen v hrobce Egyptského faraona z let -1500 a číňané začali vyvíjet mechanické hodiny kolem roku 200. Řekové také měřili čas pomocí různých druhů vodních hodin. Dojemnější mechanické vodní hodiny byly vyvinuy mezi lety -100 a +500 řeckými a římskými horology a astronomy.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080531063139/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/early.html A walk through time - Early Clocks], The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory</ref> Víme, že mechanismus Antikythera byl objeven v troskách lodi roku 1900 u ostrova Antikythera. [[File:Chinese combination lock.jpg|thumb|left| Starověký čínský zámek s kombinací znaků.]]Historik vědy Derek Price, dospěl k závěru, že to byl starověký počítač, používaný k předpovědi pozice slunce a měsíce v jakýkoliv čas. Michael Wright, správce mechaického inženýrství ve vědeckém muzeu v Londýně si myslí, že původní zařízení modelovalo celou sluneční soustavu. Zdroje starověkého Řecka se odkazují na taková zařízaní, takže je to dost možné. Římský filozof Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 př. n. l.), píše o zařízení “nedávno konstruovaném naším kamarádem Poseidonius, které při každé obrátce produkuje stejný pohyb Slunce, měsíce a pěti planet.” Řecký matemati, fyzik, inženýr, vynálezce a astronom Archimedes ze Syracuse (287–212 př. n. l.) prý také udělal takové zařízení. <ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm|2=2011-02-07}} An Ancient Greek Computer?]", World-Mysteries, The Economist Newspaper Limited 2002</ref><ref>Michael Lahanas - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Kythera.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Antikythera computing device, the most complex instrument of antiquity], Hellenica<!-- --></ref> V 9. století byly vyvinuty mechanické hodiny, kterým chyběl pouze krokový mechanismus.</div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladatorhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Jak_isl%C3%A1m%C5%A1t%C3%AD_vyn%C3%A1lezci_nezm%C4%9Bnili_sv%C4%9Bt&diff=115001&oldid=prevPrekladator at 06:41, 5 March 20162016-03-05T06:41:09Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Způsob separace kapalin skrze rozdíl v jejich teplotě varu, byl vymyšlen kolem roku 800 předním islámským vědcem, Jabir ibn Hayyan, který transformoval alchymii na chemii, vynalezl mnoho základních procesů a aparát, který používáme dodnes- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liquefaction</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crystallisation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">distillation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">purification</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oxidisation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evaporation </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">filtration</del>. Stejně tak objevil <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sulphuric and nitric </del>kyselinu, vynalezl <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alembic still</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">although drinking them is haram</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or forbidden</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in Islam</del>). Ibn Hayyan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry</del>.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote||Způsob separace kapalin skrze rozdíl v jejich teplotě varu, byl vymyšlen kolem roku 800 předním islámským vědcem, Jabir ibn Hayyan, který transformoval alchymii na chemii, vynalezl mnoho základních procesů a aparát, který používáme dodnes- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zkapalňování</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">krystalizace</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">destilace</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">čištění</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oxidace</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">odpaření </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">filtraci</ins>. Stejně tak objevil <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sírovou a dusičnou </ins>kyselinu, vynalezl <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alembik</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dal světu intenzivní růžovou vodu a další parfémy a alkoholické nápoje </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">přestože pití je harám</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebo zakázané</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">v islámu</ins>). Ibn Hayyan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zdůrazňoval systematické experimentování a byl zakladatelem moderní chemie</ins>.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Distillation apparatus.jpg|thumb|right| Destilační aparát z čínské dynastie Han, z prvního století.<ref>R. Talon, ''La Science antique et medievale'', Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1957, plate 16. Photo: Sir J. Needham.</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Distillation apparatus.jpg|thumb|right| Destilační aparát z čínské dynastie Han, z prvního století.<ref>R. Talon, ''La Science antique et medievale'', Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1957, plate 16. Photo: Sir J. Needham.</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Speculation has linked some Egyptian illustrations with distillation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but the earliest evidence for its invention so far is </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">distillation apparatus and terra-cotta perfume containers recently identified in the </del>Indus Valley (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pre</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Islamic Pakistan</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dating from around </del>3,000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BC</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>Miriam <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Prophetess </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also known as </del>“Maria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Jewess”</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">invented the </del>kerotakis, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an early still dated around the </del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>st</sup> century AD</del>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080822204500/http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm Fractional Distillation], The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2002</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The first firm documentary evidence for distillation in the West comes from Greek historian Herodotus' record of the method of distilling turpentine dated </del>425 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BC</del>.<ref>John Ferguson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20011224081242/http://www.dunromin.demon.co.uk/aromatherapy/oils_history.htm History of distillation and essential oils], Aromatherapy Organisation Council</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Also</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the origins of </del>whisky <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is dated to the </del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><sup>th</sup> century AD</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">introduced to Ireland by </del>Saint Patrick (390–461 AD), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>patron <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the Irish</del>.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.celtic-whisky.com/histrya.htm|2=2011-02-07}} History of Whisky and of Distillation (I)], Celtic Whisky Compagnie</ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">So the Arabs may have improved upon the process of distillation some </del>3500 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">years later</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but they most definitely did not invent it</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Spekulace spojovala některé egyptské ilustrace s destilací</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale nejstarším důkazem vynalezení je destilační aparát </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terakota parfém obal, nedávno nalezený v </ins>Indus Valley (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">před</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">islámský Pákistán</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">datovaný kolem </ins>3,000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">př.n.l.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a prorokyně </ins>Miriam (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aka </ins>“Maria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">židovka”</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vynalezla </ins>kerotakis, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kolem </ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století</ins>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080822204500/http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm Fractional Distillation], The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2002</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">První pořádně zdokumentovaný důkaz pro destilaci na Západě pochází od záznamu řeckého historika Herodóta o medotě destilace terpentýnu kolem roku </ins>425 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">př.n.l.</ins>.<ref>John Ferguson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20011224081242/http://www.dunromin.demon.co.uk/aromatherapy/oils_history.htm History of distillation and essential oils], Aromatherapy Organisation Council</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Zároveň</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">počátky </ins>whisky <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jsou datovány k </ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. století</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">představil je Irsku </ins>Saint Patrick (390–461 AD), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">irský </ins>patron.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.celtic-whisky.com/histrya.htm|2=2011-02-07}} History of Whisky and of Distillation (I)], Celtic Whisky Compagnie</ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Takže arabové vylepšili proces destilace asi </ins>3500 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">let později</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ale rozhodně jej nevynalezli</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is also of great interest to note that the authorship of many books previously attributed to </del>Jabir ibn <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hayyan </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his</del>" <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most famous work</del>, ''Summa Perfectionis'') <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have now been attributed to an unknown European alchemist</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sometimes to the little-known Paul of </del>Taranto, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">writing shortly after </del>1300 AD.<ref>Newman, William (1985). "New Light on the Identity of Geber", Sudhoffs Archiv fuer die Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften.</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to the </del>Encyclopædia Britannica:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Je také velmi zájimavé se povšimnout, že autorství mnoha knih dříve přisuzovaných </ins>Jabir ibn <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hayyanovi </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">včetně </ins>"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jeho</ins>" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nejznámější práce</ins>, ''Summa Perfectionis'') <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">byly nyní přisuzovány neznámému evropskému alchymistovi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">někdy méně známému Paulu z </ins>Taranto, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">píšícím krátce po roce </ins>1300 AD.<ref>Newman, William (1985). "New Light on the Identity of Geber", Sudhoffs Archiv fuer die Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften.</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Podle </ins>Encyclopædia Britannica:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"''[Geber <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was an</del>] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unknown author of several books that were among the most influential works on alchemy and metallurgy during the 14th and 15th centuries</del>.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"''[Geber <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">byl</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neznámým autorem několika knih, které byly mezi nejvlivnějšími pracemi o alchymii a metalurgii během 14. a 15. století</ins>.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The name </del>Geber, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a Latinized form of </del>Jābir, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was adopted because of the great reputation of the 8th-century Arab alchemist </del>Jābir ibn Ḥayyān. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of Arabic scientific works credited to Jābir were translated into Latin during the 11th to 13th centuries</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when an author who was probably a practicing Spanish alchemist began to write in about </del>1310, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he adopted the westernized form of the name</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Geber</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to give added authority to his work</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which nevertheless reflected 14th-century European alchemical practices rather than earlier Arab ones</del>.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jméno </ins>Geber, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">latinizovaná forma </ins>Jābir, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bylo použito kvůli velké reputaci arabského alchymisty z 8. století </ins>Jābir ibn Ḥayyān. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mnoho arabských vědeckých prací přisozovaných Jabirovi, bylo přeloženo do latiny během 11. a 13. století</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Proto</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">když autor, který byl pravděpodobně praktikujcí španělský alchymista začal psát kolem roku </ins>1310, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adoptoval západní formu jména Geber, aby přidal autoritu jeho práci</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">která nicméně odpovídala evropským alchymistickým praktikám 14. století</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">více</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">než těm od dřívějších arabů</ins>.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Four works by Geber are known</del>: Summa perfectionis magisterii (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Sum of Perfection or the Perfect Magistery</del>, 1678), Liber fornacum (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Book of Furnaces</del>, 1678), De investigatione perfectionis (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Investigation of Perfection</del>, 1678), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>De inventione veritatis (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Invention of Verity</del>, 1678). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They are the clearest expression of alchemical theory and the most important set of laboratory directions to appear before the 16th century</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Accordingly</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they were widely read and extremely influential in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">field where mysticism</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">secrecy, and obscurity were the usual rule</del>.''"<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227632/Geber|2=2011-02-07}} Geber], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Čtyři práce od Gebera jsou známy</ins>: Summa perfectionis magisterii (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Suma dokonalosti</ins>, 1678), Liber fornacum (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kniha pecí</ins>, 1678), De investigatione perfectionis (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vyšetřování dokonalosti</ins>, 1678), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>De inventione veritatis (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vynález pravdy</ins>, 1678). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jsou čistým vyjádřením alchymické teorie a nejdůležším seznamem laboratorních instrukcí, které se objevily před 16. stoletím</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tudíž</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">byly hodně čteny </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">měly velký vliv pro sféru mysticismu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tajemství a neznáma</ins>.''"<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227632/Geber|2=2011-02-07}} Geber], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Kliková hřídel===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Kliková hřídel===</div></td></tr>
</table>Prekladator