Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět: Difference between revisions

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 ===Kafe===
 {{Quote||Legenda praví, že arab jménem Khalid pásl své kozy v regionu Kaffa, v jižní Etiopii, když si všiml, že jeho zvířata se staly živější poté co snědly určité bobule. Uvařil bobule, aby udělal první kafe. Rozhodně prvním záznamem o tomto nápoji byl záznam o bobech exportovaných z Etiopie do Jemenu, které súfisté pili, aby mohli být vzhůru celou noc a mohli se modlit. Konecem patnáctého století to přišlo do Mekky a Turecka a z tama se to dostalo do Benátek roku 1645. Do anglie se to dostalo roku 1650 turkem jménem Pasqua Rosee, který otevřel první kavárnu  v Lombard Street v Londýně. Arabská qahwa se stala tureckou kahve, poté italskou caffé a poté anglickou coffee.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
-[[File:Christian monks in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Christian monks at the monastery on the island of Daga Estephanos, Ethiopia, still produce and market coffee today under the "Lake Tana Monastery Island Coffee" brand.]]
+[[File:Christian monks in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Křesťanští mnichové v klášteře na ostrově Daga Estephanos, Etiopie, stále produkují a prodávají kafe pod značkou "Lake Tana Monastery Island Coffee".]]
 Legenda, na kterou se odkazuje Paul Vallely je probrána na [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.decentcoffee.com/CoffeeHistory.html|2=2011-02-07}} decentcoffee.com] (anglicky):
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 Všimněme si výše, že tato pasáž říká, že pastevec jménem Khalid (nebo Kaldi v jiné verzi příběhu) byl z Etopie. [[w:Habesha people|Etiopané]] byli převážně pravověrní křesťané. Navíc, v islámu neexistují kláštery nebo mnichové v islámu. Ve skutečnosti, je to zakázáno ({{Quran|57|027}}). Proto, pokud je tato legenda pravdivá, Khalid (nebo Kaldi) by nebyl muslim, ale křesťan.
-Also, the discovery of coffee, according to the maronite monk ''Antonius Faustus Naironus'' (1635–1707 AD), differs somewhat from the above tale. In "De saluberrima potione Cahue, seu Cafe nuncupata discursus" (1671) he writes, that a herdsman complained to the Prior of a nearby monastery in Abyssinia, that his animals could not sleep. Two monks, together with the herdsman, were sent by their superior to investigate what it was the animals were eating. They discovered coffee plants which they took back to the monastery, where they brewed a beverage from its fruits. They passed the whole night in pleasant conversation, without any fatigue.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.seaislandcoffee.com/lake-tana-monastery-island-coffee-ethiopia.html|2=2011-02-07}} Lake Tana Monastery Island Coffee - Ethiopia], Sea Island Coffee</ref>
+Zároveň, objevení kafe, podle maronitského mnicha ''Antonius Faustus Naironus'' (1635–1707), proběhlo jinak, než říká výše napsaný příběh. V "De saluberrima potione Cahue, seu Cafe nuncupata discursus" (1671) píše, že pastevec si stěžoval převorovi blízkého habešského kláštera, že jeho zvířata nemohou spát. Dva mniši, společně s pastevcem byli vysláni nadřízeným, aby zjistili co zvířata jedly. Objevili kávovník, který donesli do kláštera, kde si z něj uvařili nápoj. Celou noc trávili příjemným povídáním, bez jakékoliv únavy.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.seaislandcoffee.com/lake-tana-monastery-island-coffee-ethiopia.html|2=2011-02-07}} Lake Tana Monastery Island Coffee - Ethiopia], Sea Island Coffee</ref>
 ===Vidění===
-{{Quote||The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
+{{Quote||Řekové si mysleli, že oči vyzařují paprsky, jako laser, které jim umožňují vidět. Prvním člověkem, kterého napadlo, že světlo jde do oka a ne z oka byl muslimský matematik, astronom a fyzik z 10. století, Ibn al-Haitham. Vynalezl první temnou komoru, poté co si všiml, jak světlo prochází skrze díru v žaluziích. Čím menší díra, tím lepší obraz. Camera Obscura je z arabského slova qamara pro temnou nebo soukromou místnost. Zároveň je prvním člověkem, který posunul fyziku z filozofické aktivity do experimentální.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
-[[File:De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica.jpg|thumb|right|The first picture of a pin-hole camera; an illustration from De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (1545).]]
+[[File:De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica.jpg|thumb|right|První obrázek z dírkové komory; ilustrace od De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (1545).]]
-The basic optical principles of the pinhole are commented on in Chinese texts from the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC..<ref name="The camera obscura">John H. Hammon, "The camera obscura," CRC Press, January 1, 1981</ref>  Both the claims, that he created [[w: visual perception|intromission theory]], and that he invented the pin-hole camera, are false. Intromission theory (opposing emission theory) originated in Greek philosophy, and its proponents included [[w: Aristotle|Aristotle]], [[w: Galen|Galen]], and [[w: Empedocles|Empedocles]]. Giovanni Battista della Porta (1538–1615), a scientist from Naples, was long thought to have been the inventor, due to his description found inside Magia naturalis (1558). However, the first published picture of a pin-hole camera is a drawing in Gemma Frisius' De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (1545).<ref name="Pinhole Photography"></ref>
+Základní optické principy dírky můžeme nalzt v čínských textech z pátého století př. n. l. <ref name="The camera obscura">John H. Hammon, "The camera obscura," CRC Press, January 1, 1981</ref>  Both the claims, that he created [[w: visual perception|intromission theory]], and that he invented the pin-hole camera, are false. Intromission theory (opposing emission theory) originated in Greek philosophy, and its proponents included [[w: Aristotle|Aristotle]], [[w: Galen|Galen]], and [[w: Empedocles|Empedocles]]. Giovanni Battista della Porta (1538–1615), a scientist from Naples, was long thought to have been the inventor, due to his description found inside Magia naturalis (1558). However, the first published picture of a pin-hole camera is a drawing in Gemma Frisius' De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (1545).<ref name="Pinhole Photography"></ref>
 While both the Latin and Arabic languages have borrowed from each other, the Latin language actually pre-dates classic Arabic (the precursor to modern Arabic) by at least 1,600 years. The term “camera” was not derived from the Arabic word “qamara”. “Camera” is a Latin word meaning a vaulted or arched space, derived from the Greek καμαρα, which refers to anything with an arched cover. The Italian word "camera", the French word "chambre", and the English word "chamber" all share the same Latin root. "Camera obscura" literally meaning a “dark room”.<ref>Michael Quinion, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-cam1.htm|2=2011-02-07}} CAMERA/ˈkæmərə], World Wide Words, November 15, 1997</ref><ref>Lynn H. Nelson, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.the-orb.net/latwords.html|2=2011-02-07}} Latin Word List], University of Kansas, June 18, 1997</ref> The term “camera”, as applied today, was first coined by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). The Arabic word “qamara” has almost certainly been borrowed from the Latin word "camera", and at best the similarity between the two words is a coincidence.<ref name="Pinhole Photography">Jon Grepstad, [http://web.archive.org/web/20080801053633/http://photo.net/learn/pinhole/pinhole Pinhole Photography], Photo.net, first published 1996, last updated December 18, 2003</ref>