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Iltifat (التفات, ''iltifaat''), also known as grammatical shift or grammatical errors, refers to cases where the Quranic text doesn't follow the rules of grammar or makes some strange grammatical change for no apparent reason. | Iltifat (التفات, ''iltifaat''), also known as grammatical shift or grammatical errors, refers to cases where the Quranic text doesn't follow the rules of grammar or makes some strange grammatical change for no apparent reason. | ||
The apologetic interpretation is that the so called "iltifat" is intentional and that it makes the Quran better. And the critical interpretation is that the author of the Quran made mistakes or suffered from a language disorder or | The apologetic interpretation is that the so called "iltifat" is intentional and that it makes the Quran better. And the critical interpretation is that the author of the Quran made mistakes or that he suffered from a language disorder or that the Quran was poorly preserved. | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
* This is not a complete list of examples. Every category has only one example | * This is not a complete list of examples. Every category has only one example | ||
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It seems that the verbs are both in future tense, however, the first one is in the present <ref>present - imperfect http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(27:87:2)</ref> and the second in the past <ref>past - perfect http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(27:87:5)</ref>. So "the day the horn is blown, they were terrified". | It seems that the verbs are both in future tense, however, the first one is in the present <ref>present - imperfect http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(27:87:2)</ref> and the second in the past <ref>past - perfect http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(27:87:5)</ref>. So "the day the horn is blown, they were terrified". | ||
===In number=== | |||
Arabic words have singular, dual and plural forms. | |||
====Change from singular to dual==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|78}}| | |||
They said, "Have you come to us (أجئتنا) to turn us away from that upon which we found our fathers and so that you two may have (لكما) grandeur in the land? And we are not believers in you." | |||
}} | |||
"You come to us" is singular <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(10:78:2)</ref>, but "you have" is dual <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(10:78:9)</ref>. | |||
====Change from singular to plural==== | |||
When the light of the fire lighted around ''him'', Allah took ''their'' light: | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|17}}| | |||
Their likeness is as the likeness of '''one who kindled a fire; then, when it lighted all around him, Allah took away their light''' and left them in darkness. (So) they could not see. | |||
}} | |||
====Change from dual to singular==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|117}}| | |||
So We said, "O Adam, indeed this is an enemy to you and to your wife. Then let him not '''remove you''' (يخرجنكما) from Paradise so '''you would suffer''' (فتشقى). | |||
}} | |||
"remove you" was dual <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(20:117:9)</ref>, but "you would suffer" was singular <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(20:117:12)</ref>. | |||
Does it meant that if Adam and Eve were removed from paradise, then only Adam would suffer? | |||
====Change from dual to plural==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|87}}| | |||
And We inspired to Moses and his brother, "Settle (تبوءا) your people in Egypt in houses and make (واجعلوا) your houses [facing the] qiblah and establish (أقيموا) prayer and give good tidings (وبشر) to the believers." | |||
}} | |||
It starts in the dual, "settle" is dual. Then "make your houses" is plural. And "give good tidings" is singular. | |||
The change to plural could be interpreted that it's a command for the two and their people, but still it's little strange. Since it begins with "We inspired to Moses and his brother", god doesn't talk to their people, so we would expect that the commands would be for them two. | |||
====Change from plural to singular==== | |||
Both "we" and "me" refers to god: | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|38}}| | |||
'''We said''', "Go down from it, all of you. And when guidance comes to you '''from Me''', whoever follows My guidance - there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve. | |||
}} | |||
====Change from plural to dual==== | |||
55:33 is in the plural, 55:34 in the dual: | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|55|33-4}}| | |||
55:33 O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able (استطعتم) to pass beyond the regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass. You will not pass except by authority [from Allah ]. | |||
55:34 So which of the favors of your Lord would you deny (تكذبان)? | |||
}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Spelling Inconsistencies in the Quran]] | * [[Spelling Inconsistencies in the Quran]] | ||
* [[Tadmeen]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||