Historical Attestation of Muhammad

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Title: Historicity of Muhammad

Introduction

Timeline

  • 622 Hijrah?
  • 633 Death of Muhammad?
  • 634 Doctrina Jacobi : "Prophet who has appeared with the Saracens"
  • ~636 Syriac Gospel Fragment : " killing of {the Arabs of} Muhammad (Muhmd)"
  • 637 Arab conquest of Jerusalem
  • ~639 Sophronius : Saracen conquests
  • ~640 Thomas the Presbyter : "the Arabs of Muhammad (tayyaye d-Mhmt)"
  • 656 First Islamic Civil War- First Fitna. End 661.
  • ~660's Sebeos, Bishop Of The Bagratunis : "Mahmet" - details of life
  • 690's John, Bishop of Nikiu : "Moslem", "Mohammed"
  • 691 Arab-Sassanian coin : "Muhammad rasūl Allāh"
  • 692 Dome of the Rock Inscription : "Muhammad - Jesus", Qur'anic verses
  • 696 Reformed Coinage : "Muhammad"
  • 761 Ibn Ishaq - Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh
  • 776 Graffiti from northern Arabia : First mention of Quran - generic "book"
  • 810 Tombstone, Egypt / Quran - first explicit reference
  • 826 Muhammad al-Bukhari / Begins Hadith collection. d 870.
  • 840 Ibn Hisham - Copy of Ibn Ishaq's work
  • 843 The earliest dated literary papyrus
  • 876 Earliest Qur'an Manuscript Fragment - (no later than this date)

Archaeological Evidence

Non-Muslim Writings

Hadith

Collection of the Hadith

Science of the Hadith

Historical Methods

Sura Literature

See Also

References