99 names of Allah: Difference between revisions

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99 names of Allah (view source)

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Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "Allah has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.}}
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "Allah has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.}}
Some apologetic sources (including Wikipedia) claim that according to the hadith, there are ''at least'' 99 names. But the hadith doesn't say "at least". It says simply ninety-nine (تِسْعَةً وَتِسْعِينَ) and even adds that it's one hundred minus one, which seems to emphasize, that it is exactly 99 and not 100 or more. And the hadith also says that who memorizes all these names would go to paradise - such a task would be hard in the time of Muhammad, considering that in that time the ummah was [[Muhammad and illiteracy|illiterate]]. And even today, as we'll see, it seems impossible to find the 99 names.
Some apologetic sources (including Wikipedia) claim that according to the hadith, there are ''at least'' 99 names. But the hadith doesn't say "at least". It says simply ninety-nine (تِسْعَةً وَتِسْعِينَ) and even adds that it's one hundred minus one, which seems to emphasize, that it is exactly 99 and not 100 or more. And the hadith also says that who memorizes all these names would go to paradise - such a task would be hard in the time of Muhammad, considering that in that time the ummah was [[Muhammad and illiteracy|illiterate]]. And even today, as we'll see, it seems impossible to find exactly 99 names.


==The popular list==
==The popular list==
===Source===
===Source===
The most popular list of 99 names of Allah among Muslims (which is also used on Wikipedia) seems to be a list from a weak (da'if) hadith from the collection of Tirmidhi.
The most popular list of 99 names of Allah among Muslims (which is also used on the English Wikipedia) seems to be a list from a weak (da'if) hadith from the collection of Tirmidhi.
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|45|3507}} (weak)|Abu Hurairah narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|45|3507}} (weak)|Abu Hurairah narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:


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|25||المذل||''al-mudhil''||The Giver of Dishonor||The Humiliating <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%84/</ref>||{{Quran|3|26}} (it's not there)||
|25||المذل||''al-mudhil''||The Giver of Dishonor||The Humiliating <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%84/</ref>||{{Quran|3|26}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|26||السميع||''al-samii''||The Hearing||The Hearing||{{Quran|2|127}}||
|26||السميع||''as-samii''||The Hearing||The Hearing||{{Quran|2|127}}||
|-
|-
|27||البصير||''al-baseer''||The All-Seeing||The Seeing||{{Quran|4|58}}||
|27||البصير||''al-baseer''||The All-Seeing||The Seeing||{{Quran|4|58}}||
Line 101: Line 101:
|30||اللطيف||''al-lateef''||The Subtly Kind||The Kind||{{Quran|22|63}}||
|30||اللطيف||''al-lateef''||The Subtly Kind||The Kind||{{Quran|22|63}}||
|-
|-
|31||الخبير||''ar-khabeer''||The All-aware||The Informed <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1/</ref>||{{Quran|6|18}}||
|31||الخبير||''al-khabeer''||The All-aware||The Informed <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1/</ref>||{{Quran|6|18}}||
|-
|-
|32||الحليم||''ar-haleem''||The Forbearing||The Forbearing||{{Quran|2|235}}||
|32||الحليم||''al-haleem''||The Forbearing||The Forbearing||{{Quran|2|235}}||
|-
|-
|33||العظيم||''al-'azeem''||The Great||The Great||{{Quran|2|255}}||
|33||العظيم||''al-'azeem''||The Great||The Great||{{Quran|2|255}}||
|-
|-
|34||الغفور||''ar-ghafoor''||The Much Forgiving||The Forgiving||{{Quran|2|173}}||The list already contains Ghaffar, which means the same.
|34||الغفور||''al-ghafoor''||The Much Forgiving||The Forgiving||{{Quran|2|173}}||The list already contains Ghaffar, which means the same.
|-
|-
|35||الشكور||''al-shakoor''||The Grateful||The Thankful||{{Quran|35|30}}||
|35||الشكور||''ash-shakoor''||The Grateful||The Thankful||{{Quran|35|30}}||
|-
|-
|36||العلى||''al-aliyy''||The Sublime||The Exalted||{{Quran|4|34}}||
|36||العلى||''al-aliyy''||The Sublime||The Exalted||{{Quran|4|34}}||
|-
|-
|37||الكبير||''ar-kabeer''||The Great||The Great||{{Quran|13|9}}||Not ''akbar'' (اكبر) - the Greatest??
|37||الكبير||''al-kabeer''||The Great||The Great||{{Quran|13|9}}||Not ''akbar'' (اكبر) - the Greatest??
|-
|-
|38||الحفيظ||''al-hafeez''||The Preserver||The Preserver||{{Quran|11|57}}||
|38||الحفيظ||''al-hafeez''||The Preserver||The Preserver||{{Quran|11|57}}||
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|48||المجيد||''al-majeed''||The Glorious||The Glorious||{{Quran|11|73}}||
|48||المجيد||''al-majeed''||The Glorious||The Glorious||{{Quran|11|73}}||
|-
|-
|49||الباعث||''al-baaith''||The Resurrector||The Resurrector||{{Quran|22|7}} (it's not there)|
|49||الباعث||''al-baaith''||The Resurrector||The Resurrector||{{Quran|22|7}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|50||الشهيد||''ash-shaheed''||The Witness||The Witness||{{Quran|4|166}}||
|50||الشهيد||''ash-shaheed''||The Witness||The Witness||{{Quran|4|166}}||
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|69||القادر||''al-qaadir''||The All-Powerful||The Able||{{Quran|6|65}}||
|69||القادر||''al-qaadir''||The All-Powerful||The Able||{{Quran|6|65}}||
|-
|-
|70||المقتدر||''al-muqtadir''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|70||المقتدر||''al-muqtadir''||The Determiner||The Able||{{Quran|18|45}}||
|-
|-
|71||المقدم||''al-muqaddim''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|71||المقدم||''al-muqaddim''||He Who Brings Forward||The Donor||{{Quran|16|61}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|72||المؤخر||''al-muakhir''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|72||المؤخر||''al-muakhir''||The Delayer||The Delayer||{{Quran|71|4}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|73||الأول||''al-awwal''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|73||الأول||''al-awwal''||The First||The First||{{Quran|57|3}}||The first what?
|-
|-
|74||الآخر||''al-aakhir''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|74||الآخر||''al-aakhir''||The Last||The Last||{{Quran|57|3}}||The last what?
|-
|-
|75||الظاهر||''az-zaahir''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|75||الظاهر||''az-zaahir''||The Apparent||The Apparent||{{Quran|57|3}}||
|-
|-
|76||الباطن||''al-baatin''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|76||الباطن||''al-baatin''||The Inner||The Inner||{{Quran|57|3}}||
|-
|-
|77||الوالي||''al-waali''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|77||الوالي||''al-waali''||The Patron||The Patron||{{Quran|13|11}}||"And there is not for them besides Him any patron." - is it really a name?
|-
|-
|78||المتعالي||''al-mutaali''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|78||المتعالي||''al-mutaali''||The Most High||The Arrogant <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A/</ref>||{{Quran|13|9}}||
|-
|-
|79||البر||''al-barr''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|79||البر||''al-barr''||The Good||The Good||{{Quran|52|28}}||
|-
|-
|80||التواب||''at-tawwaab''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|80||التواب||''at-tawwaab''||The Ever-Returning||The Merciful||{{Quran|4|64}}||
|-
|-
|81||المنتقم||''al-muntaqim''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|81||المنتقم||''al-muntaqim''||The Avenger||The Revenger||{{Quran|32|22}}||It's in plural form.
|-
|-
|82||العفو||''al-'afuu''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|82||العفو||''al-'afuu''||The Pardoner||The Pardoner||{{Quran|4|43}}||
|-
|-
|83||الرؤف||''ar-rauf''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|83||الرؤف||''ar-rauf''||The Kind||The Kind||{{Quran|9|117}}||
|-
|-
|84||مالك الملك||''maalik ul-mulk''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|84||مالك الملك||''maalik ul-mulk''||The Owner of all Sovereignty||The Owner of all Dominion||{{Quran|3|26}}||
|-
|-
|85||ذو الجلال والإكرام||''dhul jalaal wal ikraam''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|85||ذو الجلال والإكرام||''dhul jalaal wal ikraam''||The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour||The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour||{{Quran|55|27}}||
|-
|-
|86||المقسط||''al-muqsit''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|86||المقسط||''al-muqsit''||The Equitable||The Equitable||{{Quran|3|18}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|87||الجامع||''al-jaami''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|87||الجامع||''al-jaami''||The Gatherer||The Gatherer||{{Quran|3|9}}||
|-
|-
|88||الغني||''al-ghaani''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|88||الغني||''al-ghaani''||The Rich||The Rich||{{Quran|57|24}}||
|-
|-
|89||المغني||''al-mughni''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|89||المغني||''al-mughni''||The Enricher||The Enricher||{{Quran|9|28}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|90||المانع||''al-maani''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|90||المانع||''al-maani''||The Preventer||The Preventer||{{Quran|67|21}} (it's not there)||It's not there at all.
|-
|-
|91||الضار||''ad-daar''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|91||الضار||''ad-daar''||The Harmer||The Harmer||{{Quran|6|17}} (it's not there)||
|-
|-
|92||النافع||''an-naafi''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|92||النافع||''an-naafi''||The Propitious||The Propitious||{{Quran|30|37}} (it's not there)||It's not there at all.
|-
|-
|93||النور||''an-noor''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|93||النور||''an-noor''||The Light||The Light||{{Quran|24|35}}||
|-
|-
|94||الهادي||''al-haadi''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|94||الهادي||''al-haadi''||The Guide||The Guide||{{Quran|22|54}}||
|-
|-
|95||البديع||''al-badee''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|95||البديع||''al-badee''||The Originator||The Originator||{{Quran|2|117}}||
|-
|-
|96||الباقي||''al-baaqi''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|96||الباقي||''al-baaqi''||The Immutable||The Remaining||{{Quran|55|27}} (it's not there)||"And there '''will remain''' the Face of your Lord..." - not a name.
|-
|-
|97||الوارث||''al-waarith''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|97||الوارث||''al-waarith''||The Heir||The Heir||{{Quran|15|23}}||It's in plural
|-
|-
|98||الرشيد||''ar-rasheed''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|98||الرشيد||''ar-rasheed''||The Guide to the Right Path||The ِRightly Guided||{{Quran|72|10}} (it's not there)||"And we do not know [therefore] whether evil is intended for those on earth or whether their Lord intends for them '''a right course''' (رشدا)."
|-
|-
|99||الصبور||''as-saboor''||The ||The ||{{Quran|1|1}}||
|99||الصبور||''as-saboor''||The Patient||The Patient||{{Quran|2|153}} (it's not there), {{Quran|3|200}} (it's not there), {{Quran|103|3}} (it's not there)||
|}
|}


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Memorizing the list should make Muslims go to paradise, but since the hadith is unreliable, Muslims cannot rely on going to heaven for memorizing it.
Memorizing the list should make Muslims go to paradise, but since the hadith is unreliable, Muslims cannot rely on going to heaven for memorizing it.


Anybody can realize that it is not wise of Allah to offer Muslims a go to paradise and not to give them a list.
Anybody can realize that it is not wise of Allah to offer Muslims a go to paradise and not to give them the list.
 
====Some names are not actually beautiful====
====Some names are not actually beautiful====
Some of the names, like "The Harmer", even with apologetic translation by Muslims, doesn't seem to be beautiful.
====Some names are strange====
Why is one of his names "The Believer" (المؤمن)?
====Duplicates====
Why is the verse 55:27 considered as an instance of both "ذو الجلال والإكرام" and "الجليل"? And what is the difference between الغفور and الغفار? And what about "مالك" and "مالك الملك"?
====Are they all really names?====
Arabic doesn't use capital letters for names. So a noun could be understood both as a proper noun or as a regular noun. For example the Arabic name Abdullah (عبد الله) could be understood as the name "Abdullah", but it could also be understood literally "slave of god". In the same way some of the "names of Allah" could be simply his characteristics, not names. In the same way we can understand "الله الرحيم" as both "Allah, The Merciful" and "merciful Allah". That is also a reason why finding the names in the Quran by ijtihad is practically impossible.


====Some names are not actually mentioned in the Quran====
====Some names are not actually mentioned in the Quran====
Many of the names in the column "In Arabic" are not actually in the Arabic Quran. These names were marked with "(it's not there)" in our table.
Let's analyze, for example, the last name of Allah, الصبور (The Patient).
First, it's supposed to be in the verse 2:153:
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|153}}|
O you who have believed, seek help '''through patience''' (بالصبر) and prayer. Indeed, Allah is with the patient.
}}
The word الصبور doesn't exist in the verse. The word الصبر exists there, but it means "patience", not "the patient one". And if based on this verse "Patience" is a name of Allah, then why not "The Prayer"? The verse talks about patience and prayer in the same context.
The next verse that supposedly includes the word الصبور is this one:
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|200}}|O you who have believed, '''persevere and endure''' (اصبروا وصابروا) and remain stationed and fear Allah that you may be successful.
}}
What? This was a verb and it was a command for the believers, not a name of Allah.


====One name is enough to raise a thousand questions====
Next verse:
{{Quote|{{Quran|103|3}}|Except for those who have believed and done righteous deeds and advised each other to truth and advised each other '''to patience''' (بالصبر).
}}
Again it's the word الصبر (the patience), not الصبور (the patient one) and it's not a name of Allah. It's just a command for believers to advise each other to be patient.


The Qur'an terms Allah as the best of deceivers.
So nowhere in the Quran it mentions الصبور being the name of Allah, that means the 99th name in this list is wrong and therefore the whole list is unreliable. We could analyze many more of these supposed "names" how they are not actually in the Quran. They are even easier ones to debunk, for example The Preventer (المانع) doesn't exist in the verse 67:21, not even a verb derived from the same root منع. Although the word "Preventer" exists in the Quran (50:25 and 68:12), but it is written as مناع, not مانع and it says "preventer of good" about disbelievers.
 
====Other names not mentioned in the list====
Analyzing the list, we see that some of the "names of Allah" don't seem to be proper names, but just simply nouns like "patience". And also sometimes the "name of Allah" is derived from a verb occurring in the Quran. Using the same tactics, we could find many more names of Allah in the Quran.
For example, the verse 8:17 says Allah killed people, so why not take this verb and say that Allah's name is القاتل (al-qaatil, The Killer)?
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|17}}|
And you did not kill them, but it was Allah who killed them. And you threw not, [O Muhammad], when you threw, but it was Allah who threw that He might test the believers with a good test. Indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing.
}}
 
The Qur'an also terms Allah as [[Allah the Best Deceiver|The Best of Deceivers]] (''khayru al-makireena''). For obvious reasons, this name is not there in the above list.


{{quote |{{Qtt|3|54}}|
{{quote |{{Qtt|3|54}}|
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'''Literal:''' And they cheated/deceived and Allah cheated/deceived, and Allah (is) the best (of) the cheaters/deceivers.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/3/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 3. Ali-Imran - The Family Of 'Imran (سورة آل عمران) - Revealed in Madinah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}
'''Literal:''' And they cheated/deceived and Allah cheated/deceived, and Allah (is) the best (of) the cheaters/deceivers.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/3/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-08-25}} 3. Ali-Imran - The Family Of 'Imran (سورة آل عمران) - Revealed in Madinah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed August 25, 2011</ref>}}


It is quite likely that Allah is deceiving everybody including Muslims since this is a superlative ("best of deceivers"). More details [[Allah the Best Deceiver|here]].
We could find many other names of Allah in the Quran. The list doesn't even contain the word "Allah" (الله).
 
==Other lists==
As we've seen, the popular list based on the weak hadith is wrong on many levels. [https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%89#%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%87%D8%A7 Arabic Wikipedia article] contains more than 10 different lists by various Islamic scholars. Some of those lists even contain the name "Best of deceivers" (خير الماكرين). The lists together contain 276 names of Allah and we can assume that there are other lists with even more names.


==References==
==References==
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