https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&feed=atom&action=historyThe Pact of Umar - Revision history2024-03-28T11:16:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.4https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133834&oldid=prevAsmith at 00:33, 18 November 20212021-11-18T00:33:21Z<p></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133834&oldid=133833">Show changes</a>Asmithhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133833&oldid=prevAsmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */2021-11-17T23:54:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Analysis of the Pact</span></span></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133833&oldid=133832">Show changes</a>Asmithhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133832&oldid=prevAsmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */2021-11-17T10:52:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Analysis of the Pact</span></span></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133832&oldid=133831">Show changes</a>Asmithhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133831&oldid=prevAsmith: /* Analysis of the Pact */2021-11-17T10:52:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Analysis of the Pact</span></span></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133831&oldid=133830">Show changes</a>Asmithhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133830&oldid=prevAsmith at 10:51, 17 November 20212021-11-17T10:51:23Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:51, 17 November 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to many Muslim historians,<ref>These include: al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders led by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second [[Rashidun Caliphs|Rightly-guided]] [[Caliph]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Much has been said </del>of the ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pact of Umar</del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del><ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and much </del>of it <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">distinctly positive. Its contents are </del>often <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compared to the treatment </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">religious minorities in Medieval Europe, while ignoring its influence and conformity with </del>Islamic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scriptural sources which still govern </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">treatment </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minorities </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the East today</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Pact of Umar laid down many of the fundamental particulars </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Dhimma]]</ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>''<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The authentcity </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the pact has been questioned by modern scholars, yet it it indisputable that </ins>it <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </ins>often <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used as a source </ins>of Islamic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jurisprudence on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">matter </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christians and Muslim living </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Islamic lands</ins>. The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">still dictate how many revivalist and fundamentalist Muslims would like </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see non-Muslims in Muslim society treated today. Despite </ins>these <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">desires, no currently existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The rights and limitations placed on non-Muslims by Islam and, by extension, Umar's pact, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however, seem </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">undermine </del>these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">claims in many ways</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Authenticity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Authenticity==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In traditional, mainstream circles, this document is and continues to be almost universally accepted as genuine by Islamic scholars. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In traditional, mainstream circles, this document is and continues to be almost universally accepted as genuine by Islamic scholars. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and reformers</ins>, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote|{{citation|author=Jarbel Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2015|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ|ISBN=978-1442600669}}|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Quote|{{citation|author=Jarbel Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2015|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ|ISBN=978-1442600669}}|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Asmithhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=133602&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 21:17, 23 October 20212021-10-23T21:17:29Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:17, 23 October 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century Iraq and Syria.<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Quote|{{citation|author=Jarbel Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2015|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslim_and_Christian_Contact_in_the_Midd.html?id=z3VoBgAAQBAJ|ISBN=978-1442600669}}|Some argue that the pact represents a specific treaty made between conquering Muslims and the native Christian population. On the other hand, there is strong evidence that there may have been multiple documents, all of which were called "the Pact of Umar," or that the "Pact" was simply a model treaty drawn up in early Islamic law schools.}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Text of Pact==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Text of Pact==</div></td></tr>
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</table>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130292&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 18:44, 7 March 20212021-03-07T18:44:31Z<p></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130292&oldid=130269">Show changes</a>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130269&oldid=prevIbnPinker: /* Analysis of the Pact */2021-03-07T18:35:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Analysis of the Pact</span></span></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130269&oldid=130268">Show changes</a>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130268&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 18:34, 7 March 20212021-03-07T18:34:56Z<p></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=130268&oldid=129226">Show changes</a>IbnPinkerhttps://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=129226&oldid=prevIbnPinker at 21:26, 23 February 20212021-02-23T21:26:35Z<p></p>
<a href="//wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=129226&oldid=129225">Show changes</a>IbnPinker