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<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)|2=[[File:Ascension of Isa.jpg|165px|link=Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)]]|3=In Islam, Isa al-Masih (عيسى المسي usually translated as Jesus Christ) is believed to be a prophet, second in rank to Muhammad, and not the son of God. Indeed, associating divinity with Jesus is decried as blasphemy in the Qur'an time and again. ([[Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)|2=[[File:Ascension of Isa.jpg|165px|link=Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)]]|3=In Islam, Isa al-Masih (عيسى المسي usually translated as Jesus Christ) is believed to be a prophet, second in rank to Muhammad, and not the son of God. Indeed, associating divinity with Jesus is decried as blasphemy in the Qur'an time and again. ([[Isa al-Masih (Jesus Christ)|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Geocentrism and the Quran|2=[[File:Geocentrism2.jpg|210px|link=Geocentrism and the Qur'an]]|3=The Qur'an says that both the sun and the moon swim or float in a rounded course, or perhaps in a celestial sphere or hemisphere (a 'falak' in the Arabic). It seems that Allah brings the sun from the east, it goes high above the Earth and ends after sunset with the Sun going to a resting place. All this took place around an Earth that was spread out and had a firmament of seven heavens built without pillars that can be seen above it. This was a common belief in the region at that time and can be found earlier with the Babylonians, ancient Hebrews, the Assyrians and numerous other cultures in the region. ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Geocentrism and the Quran|2=[[File:SunMoonDesert.png|210px|link=Geocentrism and the Quran]]|3=The Qur'an says that both the sun and the moon swim or float in a rounded course, or perhaps in a celestial sphere or hemisphere (a 'falak' in the Arabic). It seems that Allah brings the sun from the east, it goes high above the Earth and ends after sunset with the Sun going to a resting place. All this took place around an Earth that was spread out and had a firmament of seven heavens built without pillars that can be seen above it. This was a common belief in the region at that time and can be found earlier with the Babylonians, ancient Hebrews, the Assyrians and numerous other cultures in the region. ([[Geocentrism and the Quran|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Wife Beating in Islamic Law|2=[[File:A scene from submission.jpg|210px|link=Wife Beating in Islamic Law]]|3=Wife-beating is supported by the teachings of Islamic religious texts such as the Qur'an and the Hadiths. Prophet Muhammad provided tacit approval of wife beating by not scolding Muslims for beating their wives, referred to women who spoke-out against abuse as "not the best among you", forbid Muslims from questioning men who beat their wives, allowed others to hit his wives (the very women whom all Muslims adore and refer to as "the Mother of believers"), reaffirms the command of wife-beating in his parting sermon, and himself struck one of his wives in the chest. In addition to Muhammad's actions, three of the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs also beat women. ([[Wife Beating in Islamic Law|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Wife Beating in Islamic Law|2=[[File:A scene from submission.jpg|210px|link=Wife Beating in Islamic Law]]|3=Wife-beating is supported by the teachings of Islamic religious texts such as the Qur'an and the Hadiths. Prophet Muhammad provided tacit approval of wife beating by not scolding Muslims for beating their wives, referred to women who spoke-out against abuse as "not the best among you", forbid Muslims from questioning men who beat their wives, allowed others to hit his wives (the very women whom all Muslims adore and refer to as "the Mother of believers"), reaffirms the command of wife-beating in his parting sermon, and himself struck one of his wives in the chest. In addition to Muhammad's actions, three of the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs also beat women. ([[Wife Beating in Islamic Law|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Aisha's Age|2=[[File:Muhammad and Aisha freeing chief's daughter.jpg|165px|link=Aisha's Age]]|3=Aisha (‘Ā’ishah, c. 613/614 –c. 678) or عائشة, (also transliterated as A'ishah, Aisyah, Ayesha, A'isha, Aishat, or Aishah) was married to Muhammad at the age of 6 or 7, and the marriage was consummated by Muhammad, then 53, at the age of 9 or 10 according to numerous sahih hadiths. Due to concerns about child marriage this topic is of heavy interest in the apologetic literature and public discourse.
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Aisha's Age|2=[[File:Muhammad and Aisha freeing chief's daughter.jpg|165px|link=Aisha's Age]]|3=Aisha (‘Ā’ishah, c. 613/614 –c. 678) or عائشة, (also transliterated as A'ishah, Aisyah, Ayesha, A'isha, Aishat, or Aishah) was married to Muhammad at the age of 6 or 7, and the marriage was consummated by Muhammad, then 53, at the age of 9 according to numerous sahih hadiths. Due to concerns about child marriage this topic is of heavy interest in the apologetic literature and public discourse.


Marriage at a young age was not unheard of in Arabia at the time, and Aisha's marriage to Muhammad may have had a political connotation, as her father Abu Baker was an influential man in the community. Abu Bakr, on his part, may have sought to further the bond of kinship between Muhammad and himself by joining their families together in marriage via Aisha. Egyptian-American Islamic scholar, Leila Ahmed, notes that Aisha's betrothal and marriage to Muhammad are presented as ordinary in Islamic literature, and may indicate that it was not unusual for children to be married to their elders in that era. ([[Aisha's Age|''read more'']])}}</option>
Marriage at a young age was not unheard of in Arabia at the time, and Aisha's marriage to Muhammad may have had a political connotation, as her father Abu Baker was an influential man in the community. Abu Bakr, on his part, may have sought to further the bond of kinship between Muhammad and himself by joining their families together in marriage via Aisha. Egyptian-American Islamic scholar, Leila Ahmed, notes that Aisha's betrothal and marriage to Muhammad are presented as ordinary in Islamic literature, and may indicate that it was not unusual for children to be married to their elders in that era. ([[Aisha's Age|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|2=[[File:Flat Earth The Wonders of Creation.jpg|165px|link=TIslamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]|3=Islamic scriptures imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography (arranged in a geocentric system) which conceives of the earth as existing in the form of a large plane or disk. While some early Islamic authorities maintained that the earth existed in the shape of a "ball", such notions are entirely absent in the earliest Islamic scriptures.
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|2=[[File:Flat Earth The Wonders of Creation.jpg|165px|link=Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth]]|3=Islamic scriptures imply, adhere to, and describe a flat-Earth cosmography (arranged in a geocentric system) which conceives of the earth as existing in the form of a large plane or disk. While some early Islamic authorities maintained that the earth existed in the shape of a "ball", such notions are entirely absent in the earliest Islamic scriptures.


Nonetheless, as knowledge of the Earth's spherical form has existed to greater or lesser degree since at least classical Greek (4th Century BCE), it has been frequently argued in recent times that the early scholars of Islam, the first followers of Muhammad, and indeed Islamic scripture itself supported the spherical-earth model, although evidence for these claims is lacking.  ([[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|''read more'']])}}</option>
Nonetheless, as knowledge of the Earth's spherical form has existed to greater or lesser degree since at least classical Greek (4th Century BCE), it has been frequently argued in recent times that the early scholars of Islam, the first followers of Muhammad, and indeed Islamic scripture itself supported the spherical-earth model, although evidence for these claims is lacking.  ([[Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=The Meaning of Nikah|2=[[File:Lane's Lexicon.jpg|165px|link=The Meaning of Nikah]]|3=This page references and quotes numerous scholarly and/or reliable sources that define or describe the Arabic term nikah (or the root n-k-h) as meaning "sexual intercourse", or the contract of sexual intercourse, or marriage as a contract for sexual intercourse.  
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=The Quran and Mountains|2=[[File:MarshakFaultBlock.png|165px|link=The Quran and Mountains]]|3=The Quran has a particular conception of the nature of mountains, their formation, and the geological role they play. In recent times, many Islamic scholars have argued that this conception is both scientifically sound and an instance of miraculous scientific foreknowledge on the part of the Quran.  


"NIKAH:
Critics argue that these verses contain multiple mistakes from a scientific viewpoint. They describe the creation of mountains as one stage in the creation of the Earth. One verse describes mountains as pegs, while other verses state that they were cast into the Earth in some sense to stabilise it. This is commonly interpreted today as a reference to earthquakes, though multiple lines of evidence including hadith and pre-Islamic poetry indicate rather that the Quran here means that mountains prevent the Earth as a whole from shifting.  ([[The Quran and Mountains|''read more'']])}}</option>


Literally the act of sexual intercourse, nikah is the term by which marriage is referred to in the Qur'an. Islamic law defines nikah as a civil contract whose main function is to render sexual relations between a man and woman licit. Any sexual relations outside the nikah contract constitute the crime of zina (illicit sexual relations) and are subject to punishment." ([[The Meaning of Nikah|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|2=[[File:Statue of Dyhia in Khenchela (Algeria).jpg|105px|link=Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)]]|3=Dihya was a Berber queen who led her people in resisting the Islamic conquest of her home in North Africa. She is better known as Kahina or al-Kahina, a title given to her by the Arab Muslims, which means "the witch" or "the sorceresses." ([[Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|2=[[File:Statue of Dyhia in Khenchela (Algeria).jpg|105px|link=Quran and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum]]|3=Dihya was a Berber queen who led her people in resisting the Islamic conquest of her home in North Africa. She is better known as Kahina or al-Kahina, a title given to her by the Arab Muslims, which means "the witch" or "the sorceresses." ([[Dihya the Berber Queen (Al-Kaahina)|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|2=[[File:Al-Uzza with Zodiac.jpg|160px|link=Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)]]|3=The Satanic Verses (also the Gharaniq incident) was an incident where Prophet Muhammad acknowledged Allat, Manat, and al-Uzza, the goddesses of the Pagan Meccans in a Qur'anic revelation, only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil.  ([[Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|''read more'']])}}</option>
 
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|2=[[File:Al-Uzza with Zodiac.jpg|160px|link=RSatanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)]]|3=The Satanic Verses (also the Gharaniq incident) was an incident where Prophet Muhammad acknowledged Allat, Manat, and al-Uzza, the goddesses of the Pagan Meccans in a Qur'anic revelation, only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil.  ([[Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|''read more'']])}}</option>


<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance|2=[[File:Alexander the Great.jpg|150px|link=Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance]]|3=The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is found in the 18th Surah of the Qur'an, al-Kahf (the Cave). While he is never mentioned explicitly by name, the story is clearly based upon a legendary account of Alexander the Great. For centuries, most Muslim historians and Qur'anic commentators endorsed the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander, though some also proposed alternatives. In recent years, this identification of Dhul-Qarnayn has become particularly problematic and controversial for Muslim scholars, as historians have gradually discovered that the historical Alexander was a Greek pagan who fashioned himself as a god.  ([[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance|''read more'']])}}</option>
<option weight="1">{{Pictorial-Islam|1=Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance|2=[[File:Alexander the Great.jpg|150px|link=Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance]]|3=The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is found in the 18th Surah of the Qur'an, al-Kahf (the Cave). While he is never mentioned explicitly by name, the story is clearly based upon a legendary account of Alexander the Great. For centuries, most Muslim historians and Qur'anic commentators endorsed the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander, though some also proposed alternatives. In recent years, this identification of Dhul-Qarnayn has become particularly problematic and controversial for Muslim scholars, as historians have gradually discovered that the historical Alexander was a Greek pagan who fashioned himself as a god.  ([[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance|''read more'']])}}</option>

Latest revision as of 18:21, 7 August 2023

Also see: Template:Pictorial-Islam

Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance

Alexander the Great.jpg

The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is found in the 18th Surah of the Qur'an, al-Kahf (the Cave). While he is never mentioned explicitly by name, the story is clearly based upon a legendary account of Alexander the Great. For centuries, most Muslim historians and Qur'anic commentators endorsed the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander, though some also proposed alternatives. In recent years, this identification of Dhul-Qarnayn has become particularly problematic and controversial for Muslim scholars, as historians have gradually discovered that the historical Alexander was a Greek pagan who fashioned himself as a god. (read more)

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