Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

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Iarabi

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 . Jussive mood (مجزوم): The verb ends in a sukūn, indicating a full stop/lack of vowel. This is used in commands or after certain particles (Karin Ryding, 445).
-The endings for nouns are thus u, a, and i, and for verbs they are u, a, and sukūn (silent, no vowel). As with the nouns, modern Arabic dialects have completely lost these endings, and MSA may be spoken with or without them and be understood. All of the classical Islamic reading traditions feature full use of the Iʕrāb system, for nouns and verbs. Despite the presence of the diacritical markings on every word indicating the presence of these short vowels, these endings are not pronounced at the end of a line of Quranic recitation. If the Iʕrāb were to be pronounced at the end of all lines, the Qur’an would cease to rhyme; meanwhile, if the Qur’an is read without the Iʕrāb, [[All Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith|hundreds of internal rhymes emerge.]]
+The endings for nouns are thus u, a, and i, and for verbs they are u, a, and sukūn (silent, no vowel).
+A lot of words and particles take a fixed final short vowel that doesn’t change with case, the most commonly used one is ‘a’, which is attached in many instances such as:
+- Singular masculine verbs in the past tense: dhahaba ذهبَ “(he) went”.
+- The final “ūn/īn” of the sound masculine plural nouns and second/third person masculine verbs, such as: muʾminūna مؤمنونَ (believers). Yaktubūna يكتبونَ “(they) write”.
+-The singular masculine possessive pronoun -k: kitābuka كتابكَ  (your book).
+- Many particles such as: kayfa كيفَ (how) , ʕinda عندَ (at), ayna أينَ(where), thumma ثمَّ  (then), hunāka هناكَ (there),
+Almost all Arabic words take a final short vowel. The exceptions are:
+- Words that end with a long vowel (though many of them can take nunation).
+- The jussive case which doesn’t require the addition of a final vowel.
+- imperatives, such as: uktub اكتب  (write)
+- A few particles such as kam كم (how much), min من  (from).
+Modern Arabic dialects have completely lost these endings, and MSA may be spoken with or without them and be understood. All of the classical Islamic reading traditions feature full use of the Iʕrāb system. Despite the presence of the diacritical markings on every word indicating the presence of these short vowels, these endings are not pronounced at the end of a line of Quranic recitation. If the Iʕrāb were to be pronounced at the end of all lines, the Qur’an would cease to rhyme; meanwhile, if the Qur’an is read without the Iʕrāb, [[All Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith|hundreds of internal rhymes emerge.]]
 ==The Quranic Consonantal Text==