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==Apostolos Euangelou Vacalopoulos==
==Apostolos Euangelou Vacalopoulos==


{{Quote||The Revolution of 1821 is no more than the last great phase of the resistance of the Greeks to Ottoman domination; it was a relentless, undeclared war, which had begun already in the first years of servitude. The brutality of an autocratic regime, which was characterized by economic spoliation, intellectual decay and cultural retrogression, was sure to provoke opposition. Restrictions of all kinds, unlawful taxation, forced labor, persecutions, violence, imprisonment, death, abductions of girls and boys and their confinement to Turkish harems, and various deeds of wantonness and lust, along with numerous less offensive excesses – all these were a constant challenge to the instinct of survival and they defied every sense of human decency. The Greeks bitterly resented all insults and humiliations, and their anguish and frustration pushed them into the arms of rebellion. There was no exaggeration in the statement made by one of the beys if Arta, when he sought to explain the ferocity of the struggle. He said: ‘We have wronged the rayas [dhimmis] (i.e. our Christian subjects) and destroyed both their wealth and honor; they became desperate and took up arms.  This is just the beginning and will finally lead to the destruction of our empire.’ The sufferings of the Greeks under Ottoman rule were therefore the basic cause of the insurrection; a psychological incentive was provided by the very nature of the circumstances<ref>Vacalopoulos, A.E. Background and Causes of the Greek Revolution, Neo-Hellenika, Vol. 2, 1975, pp.54-55</ref>}}
{{Quote||La rivoluzione del 1821 non è altro che l’ultima grande fase della resistenza dei greci alla dominazione ottomana; fu una guerra non dichiarata e incessante, iniziata già nei primi anni di servitù. La brutalità di un regime autocratico, caratterizzato dal saccheggio economico, decadimento intellettuale e regressione culturale avrebbe sicuramente creato opposizione. Restrizioni di ogni tipo, tassazione illegittima, lavoro forzato, persecuzioni, violenza, imprigionamenti, morti, rapimenti di ragazze e ragazzi e il loro confinamento negli harem turchi e vari atti di lussuria, assieme a numerosi altri eccessi meno offensivi – tutto ciò costituiva una sfida costante all’istinto di sopravvivenza e sfuggivano ad ogni senso di decenza umana. I greci sopportarono amaramente tutti gli insulti e le umiliazioni e la loro frustrazione e angoscia li spinse alla ribellione armata. Non c’era nessuna esagerazione nelle parole di uno dei bey [capi turchi] di Arta, quando cercò di spiegare la ferocia della lotta. Disse: “Abbiamo commesso ingiustizie contro i dhimmi (i nostri sudditi cristiani) e abbiamo distrutto sia il loro benessere sia il loro onore; hanno perso ogni speranza e hanno preso le armi. Questo è solo l’inizio e porterà alla fine del nostro impero”. La sofferenza dei greci sotto il dominio ottomano furono dunque la causa principale dell’insurrezione; un incentivo psicologico fu fornito dalle circostanze della situazione.<ref>Vacalopoulos, A.E. Il contesto e le cause della rivoluzione greca, Neo-Hellenika, Vol. 2, 1975, pp.54-55</ref>


{{Quote||At the beginning of the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks forced their way into Armenia and there crushed the armies of several petty Armenian states.  No fewer than forty thousand souls fled before the organized pillage of the Seljuk host to the western part of Asia Minor.  From the middle of the eleventh century, and especially after the battle of Malazgirt [Manzikurt] (1071), the Seljuks spread throughout the whole Asia Minor peninsula, leaving error, panic and destruction in their wake.  Byzantine, Turkish and other contemporary sources are unanimous in their agreement on the extent of havoc wrought an the protracted anguish of the local population…[The Greek chronicler] Kydones described the fate of the Christian peoples of Asia Minor thus:
{{Quote||At the beginning of the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks forced their way into Armenia and there crushed the armies of several petty Armenian states.  No fewer than forty thousand souls fled before the organized pillage of the Seljuk host to the western part of Asia Minor.  From the middle of the eleventh century, and especially after the battle of Malazgirt [Manzikurt] (1071), the Seljuks spread throughout the whole Asia Minor peninsula, leaving error, panic and destruction in their wake.  Byzantine, Turkish and other contemporary sources are unanimous in their agreement on the extent of havoc wrought an the protracted anguish of the local population…[The Greek chronicler] Kydones described the fate of the Christian peoples of Asia Minor thus:
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