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{{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | {{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | ||
'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}} | 'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]]. | ||
===Hanbali Madhab=== | ===Hanbali Madhab=== | ||
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==Modern Fatwas== | ==Modern Fatwas== | ||
Note that many | Some of the following are extracts from longer fatwas. Note that many are secondary or even tertiary sources | ||
====Favourable==== | ====Favourable==== | ||
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'''(1951)''' ''“Female circumcision is a part of the emblem of Islam and it is mentioned in the prophetic sunnah.'' [FGM’s bad effects] ''are neither certain nor proven, and therefore one cannot base himself on them to reject the circumcision in which the wise Legislator saw a wisdom”'' Sheikh Nassar – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | '''(1951)''' ''“Female circumcision is a part of the emblem of Islam and it is mentioned in the prophetic sunnah.'' [FGM’s bad effects] ''are neither certain nor proven, and therefore one cannot base himself on them to reject the circumcision in which the wise Legislator saw a wisdom”'' Sheikh Nassar – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | ||
'''(1951)'''''“ When it is proven by the precise research, and not by a temporary opinion given out to satisfy a particular tendency or to conform itself to traditions of given people, that a thing includes a damage for health or a depravity of the morals, it must be forbidden according to the religious law in order tho avoid the damage or the depravity. And until this is proven concerning female circumcision , this practice will continue according to what people are accustomed in the light of the Islamic law and the knowledge of the religious scholars since the time of the prophecy [of Muhammad] until this day, i.e. that the circumcision is a makrumah, and not an obligation or sunnah.”'' Sheikh Shaltut, of Al-Azhar University (1951) – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | |||
'''(1981)''' ''“If a region stops, of common agreement, to practice male and female circumcision, the chief of the sate declares war against that region because circumcision is a part of the rituals of Islam and its specificities. This means that male and female circumcisions are obligatory.” '' sheikh Jad-al-Haq – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | '''(1981)''' ''“If a region stops, of common agreement, to practice male and female circumcision, the chief of the sate declares war against that region because circumcision is a part of the rituals of Islam and its specificities. This means that male and female circumcisions are obligatory.” '' sheikh Jad-al-Haq – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | ||
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'''(1985)''' ''“This attack against the female circumcision […] is undertaken by its adepts and its propagators, either because of ignorance or distraction like parrots, or because of bad intentions and hidden motives like foxes and wolves, or because of hostility and hate like collaborators and agents paid by traitors and enemies[…]. Their only worry is to satisfy their instincts and their passions. Their goal is to free themselves of all limits, morals, traditions and customs. They try to reverse our society according to their limping opinions , their black hearts and their sly mind, to make a society base on corruption, wantonness, atheism, anarchy and immorality”'' a professor of the faculty of Muslim theology in Mansurah, Egypt – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | '''(1985)''' ''“This attack against the female circumcision […] is undertaken by its adepts and its propagators, either because of ignorance or distraction like parrots, or because of bad intentions and hidden motives like foxes and wolves, or because of hostility and hate like collaborators and agents paid by traitors and enemies[…]. Their only worry is to satisfy their instincts and their passions. Their goal is to free themselves of all limits, morals, traditions and customs. They try to reverse our society according to their limping opinions , their black hearts and their sly mind, to make a society base on corruption, wantonness, atheism, anarchy and immorality”'' a professor of the faculty of Muslim theology in Mansurah, Egypt – cited in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | ||
'''(1986)''' ''"Thus it is clear that female circumcision is prescribed in Islam, and that it is one of the Sunnahs of the fitrah..."'' [https://tteonb.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/fgm-female-genital-mutilation-islam/ Fatwa of Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyyah] | '''(1986)''' ''"Thus it is clear that female circumcision is prescribed in Islam, and that it is one of the Sunnahs of the fitrah..."'' [https://tteonb.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/fgm-female-genital-mutilation-islam/ Fatwa of Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyyah] | ||
'''(2000)''' ''“Those who hate Islam and its rituals launched a ferocious campaign against female circumcision. This campaign is fed by Christian spite, sustained by the crusaders’ mass media and financed mainly by the American dollar […]. Even worse is when some Muslim countries promulgate laws forbidding physicians and circumcisers to perform the female circumcision and applying sanctions against those who violate these laws […]. By so doing, these States forbid what God permits. And that is where the danger resides […]. However, one knows that, according to the Muslim religion, the interdiction or the permission belongs to God […] and to no one else be he governed or governor, man or angel.”'' a Saudi sheikh – reported in in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | '''(2000)''' ''“Those who hate Islam and its rituals launched a ferocious campaign against female circumcision. This campaign is fed by Christian spite, sustained by the crusaders’ mass media and financed mainly by the American dollar […]. Even worse is when some Muslim countries promulgate laws forbidding physicians and circumcisers to perform the female circumcision and applying sanctions against those who violate these laws […]. By so doing, these States forbid what God permits. And that is where the danger resides […]. However, one knows that, according to the Muslim religion, the interdiction or the permission belongs to God […] and to no one else be he governed or governor, man or angel.”'' a Saudi sheikh – reported in in ‘[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1481084933/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate]‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh | ||
'''(2002)''' ''“Ibn Quddamah said in al-Mughni: As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men and it is good in the case of woman, but it is not obligatory for them.”'' [https://islamqa.info/en/9412 Circumcision: how it is done and the rulings on it], Islamqa | '''(2002)''' ''“Ibn Quddamah said in al-Mughni: As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men and it is good in the case of woman, but it is not obligatory for them.”'' [https://islamqa.info/en/9412 Circumcision: how it is done and the rulings on it], Islamqa | ||
'''(2005)''' “''Islamic scholars believe that female circumcision is different from male circumcision. They have a strong view that female circumcision is allowed, and that there is no evidence from Islamic sources prohibiting female circumcision, unless it is pharaonic.”'' [http://www.irinnews.org/q-and/2005/03/08/irin-interview-sheikh-omer-muslim-religious-leader IRIN interview with Sheikh Omer, a muslim religious leader, Ethiopia] | |||
'''(2008) “'''''The'' [Moslem] ''Brotherhood'' […] ''opposes banning'' [FGM] ''because it is a tradition that should remain an option for medical reasons and “beautification” purposes.”'' [https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/0724/p05s01-wome.html Egypt’s child protection law sparks controversy] the Christian Science Monitor | '''(2008) “'''''The'' [Moslem] ''Brotherhood'' […] ''opposes banning'' [FGM] ''because it is a tradition that should remain an option for medical reasons and “beautification” purposes.”'' [https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/0724/p05s01-wome.html Egypt’s child protection law sparks controversy] the Christian Science Monitor | ||
'''(2009)''' ''“''[The Hadiths] ''require'' […] ''every woman be circumcised, failing which she will be impure and not even able to handle food. Why, moreover, wish to forbid female circumcision in a country made up of 90% Moslems?”'' Abou Ly (l’Association des imams et oulémas du Sénégal), quoted and translated from “[https://pointdebasculecanada.ca/quand-les-savants-musulmans-justifient-les-mutilations-genitales-feminines/ Quand les «savants musulmans» justifient les mutilations génitales féminines]” | '''(2009)''' ''“''[The Hadiths] ''require'' […] ''every woman be circumcised, failing which she will be impure and not even able to handle food. Why, moreover, wish to forbid female circumcision in a country made up of 90% Moslems?”'' Abou Ly (l’Association des imams et oulémas du Sénégal), quoted and translated from “[https://pointdebasculecanada.ca/quand-les-savants-musulmans-justifient-les-mutilations-genitales-feminines/ Quand les «savants musulmans» justifient les mutilations génitales féminines]” | ||
'''(2012)''' “''The second strategy of the'' [Moslem Brotherhood] ''to contest the undesirability of FGM is to present it as a medical operation or procedure. By doing so, they encourage people to go to doctors – rather than midwives – who will perform the “operation” under anaesthesia and in accordance with proper surgical procedures'' […] ''Some people talk about taking their daughters to the doctor to check whether “they need it or not”, as if there is a physiological condition that would justify mutilating a woman’s reproductive organs'' […] ''Some doctors believe that not circumcising females leads to sexual arousal and that this could lead to the committing unlawful acts. So circumcision is a duty for the protection of the honour of the believing woman and for the preservation of her chastity and purit''y […] ''The third strategy deployed by the Brothers to promote FGM is to push for its decriminalization, under the premise that it is a matter that should be left to the personal choice of the girls’ guardians'' […] ''“the decision is up to the guardian and the doctor who decides on the extent to which the girl needs this operation”"'' [https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/mutilating-bodies-muslim-brotherhoods-gift-to-egyptian-women/ Mutilating bodies: the Muslim Brotherhood’s gift to Egyptian women] | |||
'''(2013)''' ''“The Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) is in favour of female circumcision (and men) that, although it can not be considered mandatory, it is still “morally recommended.” Kiai Hajj Amin Ma’ruf'' [the head of the council]'', pointed out that it is an “advisable practise on moral grounds”, at the same time, he rejects any attempt to declare this practice illegal or contrary to the principles. It comes under the sphere of “human rights,” said the Islamist leader, and is “guaranteed by the Constitution.””'' [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indonesian-Ulema-in-favour-of-female-circumcision:-a-human-right-26948.html Indonesian Ulema in favour of female circumcision: a “human right”] | '''(2013)''' ''“The Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) is in favour of female circumcision (and men) that, although it can not be considered mandatory, it is still “morally recommended.” Kiai Hajj Amin Ma’ruf'' [the head of the council]'', pointed out that it is an “advisable practise on moral grounds”, at the same time, he rejects any attempt to declare this practice illegal or contrary to the principles. It comes under the sphere of “human rights,” said the Islamist leader, and is “guaranteed by the Constitution.””'' [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indonesian-Ulema-in-favour-of-female-circumcision:-a-human-right-26948.html Indonesian Ulema in favour of female circumcision: a “human right”] | ||
'''(2014)''' “''In the Maldives'' […circumcision] ''is the ‘symbol that differentiates Muslims from non-Muslims'' [...FGM] ''is one of the five things that are part of ''fitrah'', or nature, says the fatwa by Dr. Mohamed Iyaz Abdul Latheef, Vice President of the Fiqh Academy of the Maldives” cited in'' [https://stopfgmmiddleeast.wordpress.com/2014/03/14/maldives-cleric-calls-for-fgm-on-islamic-grounds/ Cleric calls for FGM on Islamic grounds] – MALDIVES | '''(2014)''' “''In the Maldives'' […circumcision] ''is the ‘symbol that differentiates Muslims from non-Muslims'' [...] ''All four schools of Sunni jurisprudence however regard it as either ‘obligatory’ or ‘preferable'' [...FGM] ''is one of the five things that are part of ''fitrah'', or nature, says the fatwa by Dr. Mohamed Iyaz Abdul Latheef, Vice President of the Fiqh Academy of the Maldives” cited in'' [https://stopfgmmiddleeast.wordpress.com/2014/03/14/maldives-cleric-calls-for-fgm-on-islamic-grounds/ Cleric calls for FGM on Islamic grounds] – MALDIVES | ||
'''(2014)'''''“For protecting our Islamic nation in Iraq and Syria, our land, and our people, we need to look after our women and their behavior while preventing them from the dreadful modern life they are surrounded with.“'' ISIS fatwa – reported: [http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/fgm-in-iraq-the-hoax-of-a-hoax/#more-1307 FGM in Iraq: The hoax of a hoax?] | '''(2014)'''''“For protecting our Islamic nation in Iraq and Syria, our land, and our people, we need to look after our women and their behavior while preventing them from the dreadful modern life they are surrounded with.“'' ISIS fatwa – reported: [http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/fgm-in-iraq-the-hoax-of-a-hoax/#more-1307 FGM in Iraq: The hoax of a hoax?] | ||
'''(2018)''' “''Circumcision is not an inherited custom as some people claim, rather it is prescribed in Islam and the scholars are unanimously agreed that it is prescribed. Not a single Muslim scholar – as far as we know – has said that circumcision is not prescribed. Their evidence is to be found in the saheeh ahaadeeth of the Prophet, which prove that it is prescribed.”'' [https://islamqa.info/en/60314 Circumcision of girls and some doctors’ criticism thereof] – islamqa | (2018) ''“''[The Islamic Central Council of Switzerland’s] ''Secretary-General Ferah Uluca said that while the paper justifies the practice, it does not call on Muslims to perform it as a duty. Uluca said it is up to each parent to decide”'' [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/02/24/swiss-islamic-council-justifies-female-genital-mutilation/ Islamic Central Council of Switzerland justifies female genital mutilation] | ||
'''(2018)''' “''Circumcision is prescribed for both males and females. The correct view is that'' […] ''circumcision of women is mustahabb'' [‘virtuous‘] ''but not obligatory'' […] ''Female circumcision has not been prescribed for no reason, rather there is wisdom behind it and it brings many benefits. Mentioning some of these benefits, Dr. Haamid al-Ghawaabi says'' […]''”'' Medical benefits of female circumcision – islamqa | |||
'''(2018)''' “''Circumcision is not an inherited custom as some people claim, rather it is prescribed in Islam and the scholars are unanimously agreed that it is prescribed. Not a single Muslim scholar – as far as we know – has said that circumcision is not prescribed. Their evidence is to be found in the saheeh ahaadeeth of the Prophet, which prove that it is prescribed'' [...] ''With regard to the criticism of circumcision by some doctors, and their claim that it is harmful both physically and psychologically, This criticism of theirs is not valid. It is sufficient for us Muslims that something be proven to be from the Prophet'' [...]'', then we will follow it, and we are certain that it is beneficial and not harmful. If it were harmful, Allaah and His Messenger'' [...] ''would not have prescribed it for us'' [...] ''As for the opinions of doctors who say that female circumcision is harmful, these are individual opinions which are not derived from any agreed scientific basis, and they do not form an established scientific opinion […] medical theories about disease and the way to treat it are not fixed, rather they change with time and with ongoing research. So it is not correct to rely on them when criticizing circumcision which the Wise and All-Knowing Lawgiver has decreed in His wisdom for mankind. Experience has taught us that the wisdom behind some rulings and Sunnahs may be hidden from us. May Allaah help us all to follow the right path.”."'' [https://islamqa.info/en/60314 Circumcision of girls and some doctors’ criticism thereof] – islamqa | |||
('''2018)''' ''“''[Dr Ali Selim, a spokesman for the Islamic Cultural Centre of Ireland in Clonskeagh], ''who is also a lecturer at Trinity College in Dublin'' […] ''argued that female circumcision was unfairly framed as a “dark-skin practice” and “barbaric,” insinuating that criticism is racist or prejudiced.”'' [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/02/11/irish-muslim-leader-backs-female-genital-mutilation/ Irish Muslim Leader Backs Female Genital Mutilation] | ('''2018)''' ''“''[Dr Ali Selim, a spokesman for the Islamic Cultural Centre of Ireland in Clonskeagh], ''who is also a lecturer at Trinity College in Dublin'' […] ''argued that female circumcision was unfairly framed as a “dark-skin practice” and “barbaric,” insinuating that criticism is racist or prejudiced.”'' [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/02/11/irish-muslim-leader-backs-female-genital-mutilation/ Irish Muslim Leader Backs Female Genital Mutilation] | ||
'''date not specified, but the citation from modern film footage)''' ''“I don’t know why a German, British or American entity (thinks it can) come to us to decide for us the circumcision of our daughters! Why should they decide on matters of our girls and women? We base our religion on Allah’s book and the sayings of our beloved prophet and our scholars'' [...] ''Look at any of the books of fiqh from our imams, respected leaders, and scholars–ask them. You will find that our scholars have said that circumcision of women–there are some who say that it is obligatory while others say that it is commendable. | '''(date not known)''' ''“whoever finds'' [FGM] ''serving the interest of his daughters should do it, and I personally support this under the current circumstances in the modern world. Anyone who thinks that circumcision is the best way to protect his daughters should do it.”'' Yusuf al-Qaradawi (born 1926) cited in ‘Modern Fatwas’ (1987) | ||
'''(date not specified, but the citation from modern film footage)''' ''“I don’t know why a German, British or American entity (thinks it can) come to us to decide for us the circumcision of our daughters! Why should they decide on matters of our girls and women? We base our religion on Allah’s book and the sayings of our beloved prophet and our scholars'' [...] ''Look at any of the books of fiqh from our imams, respected leaders, and scholars–ask them. You will find that our scholars have said that circumcision of women–there are some who say that it is obligatory while others say that it is commendable'' [...] ''this does not mean that I am subjecting the religion to inspection from a doctor. No, my brothers, this does not mean that I subject evidence from the shari'a to review from a doctor!””'' Muhammad Hassan Female Circumcision - <nowiki>https://youtu.be/4gloOIDTrkA</nowiki> | |||
'''(date not specified)''' ''"The calls which urge the banning of female circumcision are call [sic] that go against Islam, because there is no clear text in the Qur’aan or Sunnah and there is no opinion of the fuqaha’ that says that female circumcision is haraam. Female circumcision is either obligatory or recommended'' [...] ''The words of the doctors and others are not definitive. Scientific discoveries are still opening doors every day which change our old perceptions."'' [https://tteonb.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/fgm-female-genital-mutilation-islam/ Fatwa of Shaykh ‘Atiyah Saqar – the former head of the Fatwa Committee in al-Azhar] | |||
'''(date not specified)''' ''“Some (e.g. the late Rector of Al-Azhar University, Sheikh Gad Al-Haque) argued that since'' [Mohammed] ''did not ban female circumcision, it falls within the category of the permissble. As such, there is no ground for a total ban on it.”'' [http://www.jannah.org/genderequity/equityappendix.html IS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION REQUIRED] | |||