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The Quran and Mountains
2014-11-21T17:05:10Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
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<div>This article analyzes the apologetic claim that the [[Qur'an]] is validated by the geological [[Islam and Science|science]] concerning mountains.<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
Many articles have been written in response to the claim that the Qur'an is validated by the geological science concerning mountains. This article adds to these by addressing several newer points that have been adopted to justify the original claim or to evade contrary scientific evidence.<br />
<br />
Due to what some refer to as the ‘richness of the [[Arabic]] language,’ [[apologists]] such as [[I. A. Ibrahim]] have been able to use the vague interpretations of several Qur'anic verses in their attempt to prove the scientific validity of the Qur'an. In this, they are backed by a Muslim geologist specializing in biostratification, Professor Zaghloul Raghib El Naggar, and a western surgeon, [[Dr.]] Maurice Bucaille.<br />
<br />
===Apologists' Debating Technique===<br />
<br />
There are two elements to this claim that the Qur'an had foreshadowed the scientific knowledge concerning mountains:<br />
<br />
#Mountains are pegs.<br />
#Mountains stabilize the crust or the earth.<br />
<br />
Some of the tactics that are used to argue their case are as follows:<br />
<br />
#If a word has multiple meanings or translations, they will choose the one that suits them best at the time, ignoring all the rest as if they never existed. <br />
#If unable to come up with a valid response, they will claim that only a genuine intimacy with Classical Arabic will enable the proper understanding of a given verse and then, rather ironically, proceed to argue in the English language. <br />
#They will add complexity to an otherwise ‘simple’ verse without explanation nor justification. An example is the extension from ‘peg’ to ‘isostacy’ to ‘stabilize the crust/lithosphere/earth’. <br />
#They will switch from the ‘literal’ to ‘metaphorical’ case whenever convenient. A sure sign of loss will be when they claim that the Qur'an is not a book of Science but [[Islam and Scripture|Scripture]], despite previously or concurrently promulgating the validity of ‘Qur'anic Science’.<br />
<br />
===Relevant Verses and Terms=== <br />
<br />
The relevant Qur'anic verses are:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|31|10}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' He created the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; He set on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and He scattered through it beasts of all kinds. We send down rain from the sky, and produce on the earth every kind of noble creature, in pairs. <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' He hath created the heavens without supports that ye can see, and hath cast into the earth firm hills, so that it quake not with you; and He hath dispersed therein all kinds of beasts. And We send down water from the sky and We cause (plants) of every goodly kind to grow therein.<br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' He created the heavens without pillars as you see them, and put mountains upon the earth lest it might convulse with you, and He spread in it animals of every kind; and We sent down water from the cloud, then caused to grow therein (vegetation) of every noble kind.<br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' HE has created the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and HE has placed in the earth firm mountains that it may not quake with you, and HE has spread therein all kinds of creatures; and WE have sent down water from the clouds, and have caused to grow therein of every fine species. <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' He created the heavens without pillars that you can see. He established on earth stabilizers (mountains) lest it tumbles with you, and He spread on it all kinds of creatures. We send down from the sky water to grow all kinds of beautiful plants. <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' He created the heavens without pillars that ye can see, and He threw upon the earth firm mountains lest it should move with you; and He dispersed thereon every sort of beast; and we send down from the heavens water, and we caused to grow therein of every noble kind. <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' He hath created the heavens without visible pillars [to sustain them], and hath thrown on the earth [mountains] firmly rooted, lest it should move with you; and he hath replenished the same with all kinds of beasts: And we send down rain from heaven, and cause every kind of noble [vegetable] to spring forth therein. <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' Without pillars that can be seen hath He created the heavens, and on the earth hath thrown mountains lest it should move with you; and He hath scattered over it animals of every sort: and from the Heaven we send down rain and cause every kind of noble plant to grow up therein.<br />
<br />
'''“Progressive Muslims”:''' He created the heavens without pillars that you can see. And He placed in the earth firm stabilizers so that it would not tumble with you, and He spread on it all kinds of creatures. And We sent down water from the sky, thus We caused to grow all kinds of good plants. <br />
<br />
Transliteration: Khalaqa alssamawati bighayri AAamadin tarawnaha waalqa fee al-ardi rawasiya an tameeda bikum wabaththa feeha min kulli dabbatin waanzalna mina alssama-i maan faanbatna feeha min kulli zawjin kareemin}} <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|21|31}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' And We have set on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with them, and We have made therein broad highways (between mountains) for them to pass through: that they may receive Guidance. <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And We have placed in the earth firm hills lest it quake with them, and We have placed therein ravines as roads that haply they may find their way. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And We have made great mountains in the earth lest it might be convulsed with them, and We have made in it wide ways that they may follow a right direction. <br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' And WE have placed in the earth firm mountains lest it should quake with them; and WE have made therein wide pathways, that they may be rightly guided. <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' And we placed on earth stabilizers, lest it tumbles with them, and we placed straight roads therein, that they may be guided. <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' And we placed on the earth firm mountains lest it should move with them, and He made therein open roads for paths, haply they may be guided! <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' And we placed stable [mountains] on the earth, lest it should move with them; and we made broad passages between them for paths, that they might be directed [in their journeys]: <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' And we set mountains on the earth lest it should move with them, and we made on it broad passages between them as routes for their guidance; <br />
<br />
'''“Progressive Muslims”:''' And We made on the earth stabilizers so that it would not tumble with you, and We made in it wide paths that they may be guided. <br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' WajaAAalna fee al-ardi rawasiya an tameeda bihim wajaAAalna feeha fijajan subulan laAAallahum yahtadoona}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|16|15}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and rivers and roads; that ye may guide yourselves; <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And He hath cast into the earth firm hills that it quake not with you, and streams and roads that ye may find a way. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And He has cast great mountains in the earth lest it might be convulsed with you, and rivers and roads that you may go aright, <br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' And HE has placed in the earth firm mountains lest it quake with you and rivers and routes that you may find the way to your destination. <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' And He placed stabilizers (mountains) on earth, lest it tumbles with you, as well as rivers and roads, that you may be guided. <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' And He has cast firm mountains on the earth lest it move with you; and rivers and roads; haply ye may be guided. <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' And he hath thrown upon the earth [mountains] firmly rooted, lest it should move with you, and [also] rivers, and paths, that ye might be directed: <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' And He hath thrown firm mountains on the earth, least it move with you; and rivers and paths for your guidance,<br />
<br />
'''“Progressive Muslims”:''' And He has cast into the earth stabilizers so that it does not sway with you, and rivers, and paths, perhaps you will be guided. <br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' Waalqa fee al-ardi rawasiya an tameeda bikum waanharan wasubulan laAAallakum tahtadoona}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|78|6-7}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse, And the mountains as pegs? <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' Have We not made the earth an expanse, And the high hills bulwarks? <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Have We not made the earth an even expanse? And the mountains as projections (thereon)? <br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' Have WE not made the earth as a bed, And the mountains as pegs? <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' Did we not make the earth habitable? And the mountains stabilizers? <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' Have we not set the earth as a couch, and the mountains as stakes, <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' Have we not made the earth for a bed, and the mountains for stakes [to fix the same]? <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' Have we not made the Earth a couch? And the mountains its tent-stakes? <br />
<br />
'''“Progressive Muslims”:''' Did We not make the earth a resting ground? And the mountains as pegs? <br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' Alam najAAali al-arda mihadan Waaljibala awtadan}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|15|19}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And the earth have We spread out, and placed therein firm hills, and caused each seemly thing to grow therein. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And the earth -- We have spread it forth and made in it firm mountains and caused to grow in it of every suitable thing. <br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' And the earth have WE spread out, and set therein firm mountains and cause every thing to grow therein in proper proportion. <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' As for the earth, we constructed it, and placed on it stabilizers (mountains), and we grew on it a perfect balance of everything. <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' And the earth we have stretched out and have thrown on it firm mountains, and have caused to grow upon it of everything a measured quantity. <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' We have also spread forth the earth, and thrown thereon stable [mountains]; and we have caused every kind of [vegetable] to spring forth in the same, according to a determinate weight: <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' And the Earth have We spread forth, and thrown thereon the mountains, and caused everything to spring forth in it in balanced measure: <br />
<br />
'''“Progressive Muslims”:''' And the land We have stretched, and placed stabilizers in it, and We have planted in it everything in balance. <br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' Waal-arda madadnaha waalqayna feeha rawasiya waanbatna feeha min kulli shay-in mawzoonin}} <br />
<br />
The relevant Arabic terms are: awtad for pegs/bulwarks/stabilizers/ projections;<ref name="Zakir Naik">Dr. Zakir Naik - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ediscoverislam.com/Quran-Islam-and-Science/Islam-Quran-and-Science/the-holy-quran-and-modern-science|2=2011-10-02}} The Quran and Modern Science: Compatible Or Incompatible?] - Islamic Research Foundation</ref> rawasiya for mountains, and tameeda for tumble/shake/quake/convulse/sway etc.<ref name="Campbell">Dr. William Campbell - [{{Reference archive|1=http://answering-islam.org./Campbell/s4c2a.html|2=2011-10-02}} The Qur'an and the Bible in the light of history and science] - PP. 170 - 182</ref> <br />
<br />
Wehr translates this word as unshakable mountains. The Munjid says (al-jibal al-thawabat al-ruwasikh) firmly established, fixed mountains. The word comes from the root (arsa), the same root used for the Arabic word for anchor. To throw out or cast the anchor is (alqa almirsah). So instead of "cast the anchor to keep the ship from moving", we have "cast the mountains to keep the earth from shaking."<ref name="Campbell"></ref> <br />
<br />
Dr. [[Zakir Naik]] translated awtad as stakes or pegs (like those used to anchor a tent).<ref name="Zakir Naik"></ref><br />
<br />
The most pertinent verse is 16:15 transliterated as follows: <br />
<br />
:''Waalqa fee al-ardi rawasiya an tameeda bikum waanharan wasubulan laAAallakum tahtadoona''. <br />
<br />
Note the verse uses the word 'ard' which can be used to describe the Earth, its surface, or the ground in general, an example of apologetic language vagueness – meaning that it can refer to anything from the Earth, the crust, the lithosphere, the mantle or any combination of the above that suits the apologist's argument at the time. <br />
<br />
Also note that the word ‘tameeda’ is claimed to refer to shaking or disturbance, as opposed to ‘zalzala’ which means ‘earthquake.’ A further dissection of this term will be given later. <br />
<br />
Other interpretations of verse 21:31 are as follows: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|21|31}}|'''Bewley:''' We placed firmly embedded mountains on the Earth so it would not move under them... <br />
<br />
'''Daryabadi:''' And We have placed in the Earth firm mountains lest it should move away with them... <br />
<br />
'''Hilali & Khan:''' And We have placed in the Earth firm mountains lest it should shake with them...<br />
<br />
'''Al-Muntakhab:''' And We furnished the Earth with firm stays, mountains placed in a certain setting, fixed as with an anchor, to stabilize it lest it should sway you from side to side or in all directions... <br />
<br />
'''Sarwar:''' We placed firm mountains on Earth lest it would shake them away... <br />
<br />
'''Asad:''' And We have set up firm mountains on Earth lest it sway with them...}}<br />
<br />
There is another verse that may suggest that Mountains have roots, but only when apologists choose to use a certain definition in a typically vague verse: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|20|105}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' They ask thee concerning the Mountains: say, "My Lord will uproot them and scatter them as dust; <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' They will ask thee of the mountains (on that day). Say: My Lord will break them into scattered dust. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And they ask you about the mountains. Say: My Lord will carry them away from the roots. <br />
<br />
'''Sher Ali:''' And they ask thee concerning the mountains. Say, `My Lord will break them into pieces and scatter them as dust; <br />
<br />
'''Khalifa:''' They ask you about the mountains. Say, "My Lord will wipe them out. <br />
<br />
'''Palmer:''' They will ask thee about the mountains; say, 'My Lord will scatter them in scattered pieces, <br />
<br />
'''Sale:''' They will ask thee concerning the mountains: Answer, my Lord will reduce them to dust, and scatter them abroad; <br />
<br />
'''Rodwell:''' And they will ask thee of the mountains: SAY: scattering my Lord will scatter them in dust; <br />
<br />
'''"Progressive Muslims":''' And they ask you about the mountains, say: "My Lord will annihilate them completely." <br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' Wayas-aloonaka AAani aljibali faqul yansifuha rabbee nasfan}} <br />
<br />
Many translations translate the word 'yansifuha' as wipe out, break, carry away, annihilate, destroy, and crush, but apologists will prefer the meaning, ‘uproot’, as the Yusuf Ali and Al-Muntakhab versions have done.<br />
<br />
==Discussion==<br />
<br />
A summary of the apologetic case is as follows: <br />
<br />
===Mountains have deep roots thus they resemble ‘pegs’=== <br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Ch1-1-b-img2.jpg|430px]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
The above schematic diagram is taken from "Anatomy of the Earth", Cailleux, p. 220, and is cited by various Islamic [[websites]].<ref name="A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam">[http://www.islam-guide.com/frm-ch1-1-b.htm A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam/ B) The Quran on Mountains] - Islam-Guide.com, accessed October 1, 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
Superficially it would seem they have a point. Verse 78:6-7 says, “Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse, And the mountains as pegs?” <br />
<br />
They point to the fact of isostacy where the bulk of the mountain extends into the upper mantle as proof that Prophet [[Muhammad]] could not have known that mountains were ‘pegs’ staking the crust to the upper mantle unless [[Allah]] told him. <br />
<br />
Sounds convincing? Herein lies the genius of the Qur'an – to make definitions so vague as to provide apologists with sufficient ‘wriggle room’. <br />
<br />
====Analysis==== <br />
<br />
What they fail to provide is the accompanying description given directly above the schematic diagram,<ref>Click [[:File:Anatomy of the Earth- Cailleux- pp 220-221.jpg|here]] for a more complete view of the page scan.</ref> pointing out that the vertical scale has been ''greatly'' exaggerated.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Anatomy of the Earth- Cailleux- p 220.jpg|500px]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
The following pictures from the same Islamic sites<ref name="A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam"></ref> resemble ‘very blunt’ pegs. In fact, they resemble pegs only with imagination.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Ch1-1-b-img1.jpg]]</center><br />
<center>[[File:Ch1-1-b-img3.jpg]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
The observation here is that they equate ‘deep mountain roots’ with ‘pegs’. There are several difficulties with this interpretation in that not all mountains have peg-like roots. An analysis of mountain formation reveals the fact that not all mountains have peg-like roots, for example volcanoes; those formed by extension and faulting (e.g. the Nevada Basin and Range); thrust and fold belts (e.g. Appalachians, Eastern Bolivian Andes, Zagros Mountain, the Calcareous Alps). A cross-section of the collisional Himalayas reveals a broad ‘wedge’ rather than Cailleux’s schematic ‘peg’ diagram,<ref>Dèzes, Pierre (1999) - [http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/~zanskar/zanskar_geology.pdf Tectonic and metamorphic Evolution of the Central Himalayan Domain in Southeast Zanskar (Kashmir, India)] - Mémoires de Géologie. Doctoral thesis (Universite de Lausanne) 32: 149. ISSN 1015-3578</ref> as do the Pyrenees.<ref>Jaume Vergés, Manel Fernàndez, Albert Martìnez - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.virtualexplorer.com.au/article/2002/58/the-pyrenean-orogen/tert.html#figure.08|2=2011-10-02}} The Pyrenean orogen: pre-, syn-, and post-collisional evolution] - Journal of the Virtual Explorer, Electronic Edition, ISSN 1441-8142, volume 8, paper 4, doi:10.3809/jvirtex.2002.00058</ref> <br />
<br />
The diagram below is a true scale cross section of the Andes mountain range. The mountains and their “roots” (which do not resemble “pegs” in the slightest) are in yellow.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Andestru.gif|430px]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
Therefore it appears likely that they are mistaken when claiming mountains are pegs in the literal sense. They base their claims on a single, greatly exaggerated, schematic diagram and not from a more comprehensive survey of mountain types and genuine geological data. <br />
<br />
For these reasons, it can be conceded that mountains are pegs only in the metaphorical sense, but definitely not in the literal sense. <br />
<br />
They also seem incredulous that Muhammad should have known that mountains have 'roots', arguing that since the bulk of the mountain is below ground it is unobservable. Muhammad could only have referred to mountain roots (like pegs) from a divine source. However, this may not be true since ancient people already knew mountains have roots. For example, the ancient Hebrews seemed to have acquired this knowledge. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah%202:6&version=NIV Jonah 2:6 NIV]|2=To the roots of the mountains I sank down; the earth beneath barred me in forever. But you brought my life up from the pit, O LORD my God.}}<br />
<br />
===Deep roots stabilize the earth (or mountain roots act as pegs)===<br />
<br />
{{Quote||The role of mountains as stabilizers for the Earth's crust can be clearly seen in their very deep roots, and can be justified by the fact that the motions of the lithospheric plates only come to halt when a continent collides with another, producing a collisional type mountain, which is believed to be the last phase in mountain-building. Without mountains, the movement of lithospheric plates would have been much faster and their collision more drastic. Even though mountains do act as retarders for the plate movements, they should not be understood to be an independent force or factor, because they are the very product of this motion in the first place.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote||Modern geologists describe the folds in the Earth as giving foundations to the mountains, and their dimensions go roughly one mile to roughly 10 miles. The stability of the Earth's crust results from the phenomenon of these folds.}} <br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
The author of this proposition seems to have confused Cause with Effect. In his example of continental-collisional type mountains, he failed to see that mountains are caused by tectonic plate collision and do not effect plate stabilization. <br />
<br />
It is possible that the reason why lithospheric plates come to a (slow) halt is not due to mountains but due to the opposing plates. The author's proposition is akin to saying that in an automobile collision, the crushed engine compartment stabilizes the car during the crash. In reality, the crushed engine compartment (analogy = mountain) is the effect of the crash (analogy = tectonic plate collision). It does not stabilize the car during the collision. <br />
<br />
In short, there is no scientific evidence that continental-collisional type mountains stabilize tectonic plates. All assertions to this effect are mere opinion without scientific foundations.<br />
<br />
===Mountains stabilize the earth because plate movements are impeded by their formation===<br />
<br />
{{Quote||The sea-deep roots stabilize the continental masses (or plates), as plate motions are almost completely halted by their formation, especially when the mountain mass is finally entrapped within a continent as an old craton.<ref name="El Naggar">Dr. Zaghlool El-Naggar PhD - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=54|2=2011-10-02}} The Mountains as Stabilizers for the Earth] - September 24, 2002</ref>}}<br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
Professor El Naggar also seems to have confused Cause and Effect. Plate motions are almost completely halted not by collisional-type mountain formation (effect) but by the opposing plates. <br />
<br />
Further, this is merely Professor El Naggar’s opinion – a search of the his CV has singularly failed to find refereed scientific proof of his assertion. In fact, El Naggar’s scientific career is built on the study of biostratification, not on the evidence that mountains stabilize continental masses. The only references to Professor El Naggar on mountains are un-refereed Islamic conferences on supposed Islamic Science.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20050206082002/http://www.elnaggarzr.com/CV-E.htm|2=2011-10-02}} Curriculum Vitae of Professor DR. Z H. M. El-Na ggar] - Elnaggarzr.com</ref><br />
<br />
Therefore, El Naggar’s opinion is a classical example of the logical fallacy of Argumentum Ad Verecundiam. <br />
<br />
If one were to accept such argumentum ad verecundiam, one would also have to accept Professor David A. Young’s opinion: <br />
<br />
{{Quote||While it is true that many mountain ranges are composed of folded rocks (and the folds may be of large scale) it is not true that the folds render the crust stable. The very existence of the folds is evidence of instability in the crust.<ref name="Zakir Naik"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
In other words, mountains do not keep the earth from shaking. Their formation caused and still causes the surface of the earth to shake.<br />
<br />
===Mountain stabilize the lithospheric plates by sinking into the asthenosphere===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=|2=The stabilization of lithospheric plates by mountains is effected by their sinking deeply into the zone of weakness of the Earth (the asthenosphere) as wooden pegs sink into the ground to stabilize the corners of a tent. Such a process of stabilization cannot take place without the presence of a viscous, plastic material under the outer rocky cover of the Earth, into which the mountains "roots" can float. In as much as the ship casts its anchor into the anchorage of a port to avoid the dangers of rolling and swaying by winds and waves, the Glorious Quran uses the term "Rawasi" (=moorings or firm anchors) to describe mountains. Such firm anchors do not only stabilize the lithospheric plates, but also the whole planet in its spinning around its own axis (nutation, recession, etc.).<ref name="El Naggar"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
Again, this is only Professor El Naggar’s opinion and a confusion of cause and effect. To date, no one has provided the scientific evidence derived by Professor El Naggar or anyone else to prove mountains actually stabilize the lithospheric plates. <br />
<br />
The available scientific evidence is that the continental plates are stabilized by craton keels. These are deep (60-300km) extensions of cratons into the mantle (far deeper than mountain roots). The formation of these craton roots or keels are unrelated to mountain formation.<ref>Jordan, T. H., Nature, 1978, 274, 544–548; Elasser, W. M., in The Application of Modern Physics to Earth and Planetary Interiors (ed. Runcorn, S. K.), Interscience, New York, 1969, pp. 223– 240; Morgan, W. J., J. Geophys. Res., 1968, 73, 1959–1970</ref> <br />
<br />
In fact, cratons are stable regions of the earth's crust that are no longer subject to mountain building processes. These craton roots or keels were formed by depletion of basaltic elements into the asthenosphere, leading to less dense material that sinks deeper into the mantle due to the lower buoyancy (i.e. isostacy {of the crust, not mountains} at work). <ref>Sankaran, A.V. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/nov102001/1158.pdf|2=2011-10-02}} CURRENT SCIENCE] - VOL. 81, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2001 pp. 1158-1160</ref><br />
<br />
===Mountains prevent earthquakes===<br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
As early as the 1920s, scientists noted that earthquakes are concentrated in very specific narrow zones (Wadati-Benioff zones). In 1954, French seismologist J.P. Rothé published this map showing the concentration of earthquakes along the zones indicated by dots and cross-hatched areas.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/zones.html|2=2011-10-02}} Earthquake zones] - U.S. Geological Survey</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Map by J.P. Rothé.gif|500px]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
Note how the earthquakes originate mainly from the edges of tectonic plates, including collisional mountain ranges and ocean trenches and ridges, thus suggesting that mountains do not stabilize the crust or the earth. <br />
<br />
Further evidence is provided by a detailed look at the Himalayan mountain range which shows that it is closely associated with earthquakes, thus proving mountains do not prevent earthquakes. <br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Seis-states.gif]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://asc-india.org/menu/seismi.htm|2=2011-10-02}} Seismicity of South Asia]<BR>Amateur Seismic Centre|Why do earthquakes happen here? <br />
The Indian subcontinent lies upon the Indian Plate. This plate is moving northward at about 5 centimetres per year and in doing so, collides with the Eurasian Plate. Upon the Eurasian Plate lie the Tibet plateau & central Asia. '''Due to this mammoth collision, the Himalayas are thrust higher and very many earthquakes are generated in the process. This is the cause of earthquakes from the Himalayas to the Arakan Yoma.''' The same process, though involving the Indian Plate and the Burmese Micro-plate results in earthquakes in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Sometimes earthquakes of different magnitudes occur within the Indian Plate, in the peninsula and in adjoining parts of the Arabian Sea or the Bay of Bengal. These arise due to localized systems of forces in the crust sometimes associated with ancient geological structures such as in the Rann of Kachchh.}} <br />
<br />
Therefore it seems the collision of tectonic plates causes mountains to form and this collision also causes earthquakes. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://asc-india.org/menu/gquakes.htm|2=2011-10-02}} Great Earthquakes]<BR>Amateur Seismic Centre|Strong and damaging earthquakes have been felt in all parts of the Indian Sub-continent. The most seismically active areas are those in the '''Himalayan regions''' of the sub-continent and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands due to the peculiar tectonic nature of these regions.}}<br />
<br />
Scientists have also proven that other mountain ranges to be earthquake zones, including the Andes<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20050319232505/http://wwwshs1.bham.wednet.edu/curric/science/geophys/jacobson/ANDESMT.HTM|2=2011-10-02}} Andes mts.] - Volcanism and Plate Techtonics</ref> and the African mountains.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-100782.pdf|2=2011-10-02}} <!-- http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=248&ArticleID=3047 -->Earthquake Risk Alert for Africa's Mountain Regions] - United Nations Environment Programme, May 6, 2002</ref> <br />
<br />
Does the claim that mountains prevent earthquakes stand up to scientific evidence? Clearly it does not. In fact, the largest earthquakes, particularly the largest 2, ever recorded are associated with mountainous regions.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://asc-india.org/lib/world10.htm|2=2011-10-02}} 10 Largest Quakes - Worldwide] - Amateur Seismic Centre</ref><br />
<br />
No. 1: The great Chilean earthquake occurring 140 kms SSW of Concepción (Biobio), Chile, registered 9.5Mw – the largest earthquake ever recorded. The Andes mountain range did nothing to prevent or stabilize this earthquake. <br />
<br />
No. 2: The Prince William Sound earthquake occurring 33.2 kms SE of Mt. Goode (Alaska), U.S.A., registered 9.2Mw - the second biggest earthquake recorded in the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Mt Goode did not stabilize this earthquake. <br />
<br />
No. 6: The Ecuador earthquake occurring 138 kms W of Tortuga (Esmeraldas Province), Ecuador, registered 8.8Mw. The nearby Andes mountain range did not prevent or stabilize this earthquake. <br />
<br />
No. 8: The Arunachal Pradesh occurring 20.7 kilometers NW of Tajobum (Arunachal Pradesh), India registering 8.6Mw. This is in the Assam hills and caused landslides in the mountains. <br />
<br />
Let’s examine the case of the largest earthquake ever recorded; the Chilean earthquake of 1960:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1960_05_22_articles.php|2=2011-10-02}} Historic Earthquakes]<BR>U.S. Geological Survey, March 29, 2010|Chile<BR>1960 May 22 19:11:14 UTC <BR>Magnitude 9.5 <BR>The Largest Earthquake in the World <BR><BR>More than 2,000 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000 homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile; tsunami caused 61 deaths, $75 million damage in Hawaii; 138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan; 32 dead and missing in the Philippines; and $500,000 damage to the west coast of the United States.}} <br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Chilean Earthquake of 1960.gif]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
The Andes Mountains did not seem to prevent or stabilize this earthquake. In fact, it is the collision between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates that causes these earthquakes and raises the Andes mountains. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm|2=2011-10-02}} Plate tectonics]<BR>Earth Science From Moorland School|This is a convergent plate boundary, the plates move towards each other. The amount of crust on the surface of the earth remains relatively constant. Therefore, when plates diverge (separate) and form new crust in one area, the plates must converge (come together) in another area and be destroyed. An example of this is the Nazca plate being subducted under the South American plate to form the Andes Mountain Chain.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Platetecmap.gif]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
Hence the proposition that mountains prevent earthquakes is false.<br />
<br />
===Mountains stabilize the earth through isostacy===<br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
This is a classical misconception of George Airy’s model of Isostacy and the logical fallacy of “Composition” (i.e. generalization of the specific case to the general). Just because the mountains are themselves stabilized by isostacy does not mean that the mountains stabilize the earth or the crust by isostacy. Every element in the earth’s crust is governed by the same physical laws – in fact the crust ‘floats’ on the upper mantle and is thus self-stabilizing according to its own isostacy, not that of mountains. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2004-03/1079354119.Es.r.html|2=2011-10-02}} Do plates with high moutains float higher then thosewithout moutains]<BR>David Smith, Director of Professional Development, MadSci Network, Earth Sciences, March 14, 2004|Isostacy, which says that any vertical column of the earth above some deep level of "compensation" must have the same mass. This has to do with bouyancy forces and with the tendency of deep materials (the asthenosphere, for example) to flow in response to pressure differences.}}<br />
<br />
Therefore, isostacy stabilizes mountains. Isostacy also stabilizes the earth's crust. <br />
However, mountains do not stabilize the crust through isostacy. The crust stabilises itself through its own isostacy. Therefore, the stability of the crust, through 'crustal' isostacy, has nothing to do with mountains. It is only wishful thinking to extend this 'mountain-specific' isostacy to the crust (which has its own isostacy) because isostacy is an independent 'force or phenomenon' acting on the mountains as it independently does on the crust.<br />
<br />
===The term ‘tameeda’ does not refer to earthquakes but to shaking or disturbances===<br />
<br />
When shown evidence that collisional-type mountains are associated with earthquakes some Muslims will then claim that the Qur'anic verses do not refer to earthquakes at all. They will claim that tameeda also means stagger, roll, sway, or tilt, and that there's significant difference between them and the short sharp shock of an earthquake (i.e. tameeda refers to some phenomenon, assumed to be associated with geological timescale, that is presently unknown to and undefined by our present understanding of geological science). <br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
The relevant verses are as follows: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|Luqman 31:10|He has created the heavens without supports that you can see, and has cast (alqa) onto the earth firm mountains (rawasiya) lest it should shake with you (tamida bikum **) ...}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Anibiya' 21:31|And We have set on the earth firm mountains (rawasiya), lest it should shake with them (tamida bihim**).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Al-Nahl 16:15|And He has cast onto the earth firm mountains (rawasiya) lest it should shake with you… (tamida bikum**)}} <br />
<br />
The phrase "tamida bi" from mada, yamidu, is only used in the above three Qur'anic verses which are marked **. Hans Wehr's "Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic" gives the meaning of the verbal phrase "mada bi" as: to shake something violently. "Mada bi" is the very form used in these verses. <br />
<br />
It is clear that the term ‘tameeda’ is associated with people (i.e. less it should shake with ''you''). Thus, tameeda cannot possibly refer to shaking in a geological timescale as people do not live in geological timescales. For this reason, tameeda and zalzala are synonyms, just as the English terms ‘seismic activity’ and ‘earth tremors’ are synonyms for earthquakes. <br />
<br />
Even some Muslim commentators do not consider tameeda to mean shaking in geological timescale. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=21&tid=32959 In everything there is a Sign of Him, showing that He is One]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(And We have placed on the earth firm mountains,) means, mountains which stabilize the earth and keep it steady and lend it weight, lest it should shake with the people, i.e., move and tremble so that they would not be able to stand firm on it -- because it is covered with water, apart from one-quarter of its surface.}} <br />
<br />
Admittedly Ibn Kathir was not a geologist, but he certainly knew Classical Arabic and his reading of the relevant verses suggests that tameeda is not associated with a geological timescale.<br />
<br />
===The word, ‘stabilize’ does not mean ‘prevent earthquakes’===<br />
<br />
The stabilization is over a geological timescale because of the term ‘tameeda’ as opposed to ‘zalzala’. <br />
<br />
====Analysis====<br />
<br />
For the same reason as the previous section, the term ‘stabilize’ must mean ‘prevent earthquakes’ as tameeda cannot be associated with geological timescales.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
The claim that mountains are pegs is untrue as not all mountains have "peg-like" roots. And even the ones that can be claimed to have these peg-like roots, resemble pegs only with a lot of imagination. The claim that mountains stabilize the crust or the earth is (at best) unproven. There is no scientific evidence for this assertion, therefore the Qur'an cannot be validated by scientific evidence that does not exist. <br />
<br />
The mere fact of isostacy is ''not'' proof that mountains stabilize the crust or the earth. The mere fact that collision-type mountains are formed at the edges of tectonic plates is ''not'' proof that mountains stabilize the plates. The mere fact that mountains have deep roots is ''not'' proof that mountains stabilize anything. <br />
<br />
Lastly, is the Qur'an really the first scripture to make the assertion that Mountains stabilize the earth? Well, some Christians do not think so,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bibleandscience.com/bible/books/genesis/genesis1_pillarsearth.htm|2=2011-10-02}} Pillars of the Earth] - Institute for Biblical & Scientific Studies, April 30, 2008</ref> and the Bible predates the Qur'an by at least 400 years. <br />
<br />
{{Core Science}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Quran Predicted Land Decreasing|Qur'an Predicted Land Decreasing]]<br />
{{Hub4|I. A. Ibrahim|I. A. Ibrahim}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Hector]]<br />
{{page_title|The Qur'an and Mountains}}<br />
[[ru:Корни гор]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Naskh_(Abrogation)&diff=108349
Naskh (Abrogation)
2014-07-24T10:07:39Z
<p>Claustrum: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Abrogation''' ([[Abrogation|Naskh]]) refers to one [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verse superseding another, and is itself supported by Qur'anic verses and various [[hadith]] narrations. <br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
Understanding the necessity for Naskh is crucial in understanding [[Islam]] and its theology. The Qur'an is said to have been revealed by the angel [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] to Prophet [[Muhammad]] over a period of twenty-three years.<ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,'' Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers, </ref><ref>{{Quran|17|106}}</ref> During those years, a lot had changed in his personal and private life. <br />
<br />
Muhammad began as a preacher, and ended his life as the founder and Head of the first Islamic state, so it is not surprising that the style and message of [[:Category:Medinan Surah|later Medinan]] Qur'anic revelations changed and often conflicted with [[:Category:Meccan Surah|earlier Meccan]] ones. <br />
<br />
Today's Qur'an, when read at face value with its non-chronological organization, can support any number of views on several subjects, and when read as a whole, many [[surah]]s clearly contradict one another. This is why Muhammad himself (through Qur'anic [[revelations]]) introduced this concept into Islam. <br />
<br />
At the time of the [[Caliph|caliphate]], some scholars (particularly a preacher from Kufa, [[Iraq]]) were banned from explaining and preaching the Qur'an by early 'ilmic authority figure (usually 'Alī but sometimes also Ibn 'Abbās) because of their ignorance of the principles of naskh.<ref>Powers, ''The Exegetical Genre nāsikh al-Qur'ān wa mansūkhuhu'', ISBN 0-19-826546-8, p. 124</ref><ref>Andrew Rippin, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' 47, ISSN 0041-977X, pp. 26, 38</ref><br />
<br />
Some may claim this doctrine does not exist or is not a part of mainstream Islam. However, when you view the [[Chronological Order of the Qur'an|chronological order]] of the revelations, it becomes undeniable. Moreover, Muslims adhere to this doctrine everyday by prohibiting the consumption of [[alcohol]].<br />
<br />
==Qur'an==<br />
<br />
===Verse 2:106===<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://islamawakened.org/quran/2/106/default.htm Qur'an Text/Transliteration 2:106] |2='''Arabic:'''<font size="4">مَا نَنسَخْ مِنْ آيَةٍ أَوْ نُنسِهَا نَأْتِ بِخَيْرٍ مِّنْهَا أَوْ مِثْلِهَا أَلَمْ تَعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ </font><br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' ''Ma nansakh min ayatin aw nunsiha na/ti bikhayrin minha aw mithliha alam taaalam anna Allaha aala kulli shay-in qadeerun''<br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Whatever communications We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, We bring one better than it or like it. Do you not know that Allah has power over all things?}}<br />
<br />
====Meaning of Verse 2:106====<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=2938 The Meaning of Naskh]<BR>Tafsir ibn Kathir|2='''The Meaning of Naskh'''<br />
<br />
Ibn Abi Talhah said that Ibn `Abbas said that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "Whatever an Ayah We abrogate.'' Also, Ibn Jurayj said that Mujahid said that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "Whatever an Ayah We erase.'' Also, Ibn Abi Najih said that Mujahid said that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "We keep the words, but change the meaning.'' He related these words to the companions of `Abdullah bin Mas`ud. Ibn Abi Hatim said that similar statements were mentioned by Abu Al-`Aliyah and Muhammad bin Ka`b Al-Qurazi. Also As-Suddi said that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "We erase it.'' Further, Ibn Abi Hatim said that it means, "Erase and raise it, such as erasing the following wordings (from the Qur'an), `The married adulterer and the married adulteress: stone them to death,' and, `If the son of Adam had two valleys of gold, he would seek a third.'''<br />
<br />
Ibn Jarir stated that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "Whatever ruling we repeal in an Ayah by making the allowed unlawful and the unlawful allowed.'' The Nasakh only occurs with commandments, prohibitions, permissions, and so forth. As for stories, they do not undergo Nasakh. The word, `Nasakh' literally means, `to copy a book'. The meaning of Nasakh in the case of commandments is removing the commandment and replacing it by another. And whether the Nasakh involves the wordings, the ruling or both, it is still called Nasakh.<br />
<br />
Allah said next,<br />
<br />
(or Nunsiha (cause it to be forgotten)). `Ali bin Abi Talhah said that Ibn `Abbas said that,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh or Nunsiha) means, "Whatever Ayah We repeal or uphold without change.'' Also, Mujahid said that the companions of Ibn Mas`ud (who read this word Nansa'ha) said that it means, "We uphold its wording and change its ruling.'' Further, `Ubayd bin `Umayr, Mujahid and `Ata' said, `Nansa'ha' means, "We delay it (i.e., do not abrogate it).'' Further, `Atiyyah Al-`Awfi said that the Ayah means, "We delay repealing it.'' This is the same Tafsir provided by As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. `Abdur-Razzaq said that Ma`mar said that Qatadah said about Allah's statement,<br />
<br />
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten) "Allah made His Prophet forget what He willed and He abrogated what He will.''<br />
<br />
Allah's said,<br />
<br />
(We bring a better one or similar to it), better, relates to the benefit provided for the one it addresses, as reported from `Ali bin Abi Talhah that Ibn `Abbas said,<br />
<br />
(We bring a better one) means, "We bring forth a more beneficial ruling, that is also easier for you.'' Also, As-Suddi said that,<br />
<br />
(We bring a better one or similar to it) means, "We bring forth a better Ayah, or similar to that which was repealed.'' Qatadah also said that,<br />
<br />
(We bring a better one or similar to it) means, "We replace it by an Ayah more facilitating, permitting, commanding, or prohibiting.''}}<br />
<br />
===Verse 13:39===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|39}}|Allah doth blot out or confirm what He pleaseth: with Him is the Mother of the Book.}}<br />
<br />
===Verse 16:101===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|101}}|And when We change (one) communication for (another) communication, and Allah knows best what He reveals, they say: You are only a forger. Nay, most of them do not know.}}<br />
<br />
===Verses 17:85-86===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|17|85|86}}|They ask thee concerning the Spirit (of inspiration). Say: "The Spirit (cometh) by command of my Lord: of knowledge it is only a little that is communicated to you, (O men!)" If it were Our Will, We could take away that which We have sent thee by inspiration:then wouldst thou find none to plead thy affair in that matter as against Us,-}}<br />
<br />
===Verses 87:6-7===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|87|6|7}}|By degrees shall We teach thee to declare (the Message), so thou shalt not forget, Except as Allah wills: For He knoweth what is manifest and what is hidden.}}<br />
<br />
==Hadith==<br />
<br />
===Sahih Bukhari===<br />
<br />
The following [[sahih]] narration indicates their are many verses in the Qur'an that have been abrogated, but all of them had to be included.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|53}}|I said to 'Uthman bin 'Affan (while he was collecting the Qur'an) regarding the Verse:-- "Those of you who die and leave wives ..." (2.240) "'''This Verse was abrogated''' by an other Verse. So why should you write it? (Or leave it in the Qur'an)?" 'Uthman said. "O son of my brother! I will not shift anything of it from its place."}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|33}}|They had a choice, either fast or feed a poor for every day.." and added, "This Verse is '''abrogated'''."}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|32}}|That he heard Ibn 'Abbas reciting the Divine Verse:--<br />
<br />
"And for those who can fast they had a choice either fast, or feed a poor for every day.." (2.184) Ibn 'Abbas said, "This Verse is not abrogated, but it is meant for old men and old women who have no strength to fast, so they should feed one poor person for each day of fasting (instead of fasting).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|34}}|"For those who can fast, they had a choice either fast, or feed a poor for every day," (2.184) was revealed, it was permissible for one to give a ransom and give up fasting, till the Verse succeeding it was revealed and abrogated it.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|54}}|'Ata said: Ibn 'Abbas said, "This Verse, i.e. the Statement of Allah: "..without turning them out.." '''cancelled the obligation''' of staying for the waiting period in her dead husband's house, and she can complete this period wherever she likes}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|68}}|This Verse:--"Whether you show what is in your minds or conceal it.." (2.284) '''was abrogated'''}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|69}}|A man from the companions of Allah's Apostle who I think, was Ibn 'Umar said, "The Verse:-- ‘Whether you show what is in your minds or conceal it ...’ '''was abrogated''' by the Verse following it."}}<br />
<br />
===Sahih Muslim===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|003|0675}}|The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) abrogated some of his commands by others, '''just as the Qur'an abrogates''' some part with the other.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1317}}|Al-Bara' b. 'Azib reported: This verse was revealed (in this way): "Guard the prayers and the 'Asr prayer." We recited it (in this very way) so long as Allah desired. Allah, then, abrogated it and it was revealed: "Guard the prayers, and the middle prayer." A person who was sitting with Shaqiq (one of the narrators in the chain of transmitters) said: Now it implies the 'Asr prayer. Upon this al-Bara' said: I have already informed you how this (verse) was revealed and how '''Allah abrogated it''', and Allah knows best. Imam Muslim said: Ashja'i narrated it from Sufyan al-Thauri, who narrated it from al-Aswad b. Qais, who narrated it from 'Uqba, who narrated it from al-Bara' b. 'Azib who said: We recited with the Prophet (may peace be upon him) (the above-mentioned verse like this, i. e. instead of Salat al- Wusta, Salat al-'Asr) for a certain period, as it has been mentioned (in the above-quoted hadith).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1433}}|Anas b. Malik reported that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) invoked curse in the morning (prayer) for thirty days upon those who killed the Companions (of the Holy Prophet) at Bi'r Ma'una. He cursed (the tribes) of Ri'l, Dhakwan, Lihyan, and Usayya, who had disobeyed Allah and His Messenger (may peace be upon him). Anas said: Allah the Exalted and Great revealed (a verse) regarding those who were killed at Bi'r Ma'una, and we recited it, till it was abrogated later on (and the verse was like this):, convey to it our people the tidings that we have met our Lord, and He was pleased with us and we were pleased with Him".}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|43|7173}}|Sa'id b. Jubair reported: I said to Ibn Abbas: Will the repentance of that person be accepted who kills a believer intentionally? He said: No. I recited to him this verse of Sura al-Furqan (xix.): "And those who call not upon another god with Allah and slay not the soul which Allah has forbidden except in the cause of justice" to the end of the verse. He said: This is a Meccan verse which has been abrogated by a verse revealed at Medina: "He who slays a believer intentionally, for him is the requital of Hell-Fire where he would abide for ever," and in the narration of Ibn Hisham (the words are): I recited to him this verse of Sura al-Furqan: "Except one who made repentance." (see also Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 285)}}<br />
<br />
===Abu Dawud===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|5|1299}}|In Surat al-Muzzammil (73), the verse: "Keep vigil at night but a little, a half thereof" (2-3) '''has been abrogated''' by the following verse: "He knoweth that ye count it not, and turneth unto you in mercy. Recite then of the Qur'an that which is easy for you" (v.20). The phrase "the vigil of the night" (nashi'at al-layl) means the early hours of the night. They (the companions) would pray (the tahajjud prayer) in the early hours of the night.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|1|1300}}|Ibn ‘Abbas said: When the opening verses of Surah asl-muzzammil (lxxiii.), were revealed, the Companions would pray as long as they would pray during Ramadan '''until its last verses were revealed'''.}} <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|12|2275}}|Women who are divorced shall wait, keeping themselves apart, three monthly courses; and then said: And for such of your women as despair of menstruation, if ye doubt, their period (of waiting) shall be three months. '''This was abrogated from the former verse'''. Again he said: (O ye who believe, if ye wed believing women) and divorce them before ye have touched them, then there is no period that ye should reckon.}}<br />
<br />
===Al Muwatta===<br />
<br />
Neither the abrogating nor the abrogated verses on suckling appear in the text of the Qur'an today. This, along with the Qur'anic [[Stoning|verse of rajm]] (stoning), were written on a piece of paper and were reportedly lost when a goat [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Stoning|ate them]].<ref>Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal. vol. 6. page 269; Sunan Ibn Majah, page 626; Ibn Qutbah, Tawil Mukhtalafi 'l-Hadith (Cairo: Maktaba al-Kulliyat al-Azhariyya. 1966) page 310; As-Suyuti, ad-Durru 'l-Manthur, vol. 2. page 13</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muwatta|30|3|17}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Hazm from Amra bint Abd ar-Rahman that A'isha, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Amongst what was sent down of the Qur'an was 'ten known sucklings make haram' - '''then it was abrogated''' by 'five known sucklings'. When the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, died, it was what is now recited of the Qur'an."<br />
<br />
Yahya said that Malik said, "One does not act on this."}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muwatta|37|5|4b}}|<br />
<br />
Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "This ayat is abrogated. It is the word of Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, 'If he leaves goods, the testament is for parents and kinsmen.' What came down about the division of the fixed shares of inheritance in the Book of Allah, the Mighty, the Exalted, '''abrogated''' it" ...}}<br />
<br />
===Ibn Majah===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1942|It was narrated that 'Aishah said:<br />
<br />
“Once of the things that '''Allah revealed in the the Qur'an and then abrogated''' was that nothing makes marriage prohibited except ten breastfeedings or five well-known (breastfeedings).” (Sahih)}}<br />
<br />
==Scholars==<br />
<br />
===Companions of Muhammad===<br />
<br />
According to Ali, the fourth Rightly-guided Caliph, knowing the difference between abrogating and abrogated verses will save you from being damned.<br />
<br />
{{Quote||Ali ['Ali ibn Abi Talib]said to Abdul Rahman “can you differentiate between abrogating and abrogated verses” Abdul Rahman said, “no.” Thereupon Ali said “Thou art damned and causeth others to be damned.”<ref>''Annasikh-wal-Mansukh'', by Abul Qasim, published by Hindia Press, Cairo, p. 6. A similar saying is found in ''An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh ''(i.e. Abrogating & Abrogated), by Abu Ja'afar An-Nah'has, Beirut, 2003, p. 9, and ''Nawasikh Al-Qur'an'' (i.e. The Abrogating of the Qur'an), by Ibn Al-Jauzy, Beirut 2002, p. 24, and ''Al-Itqan Fi Ulum Al Qur'an'' by Al-Suyuti, II, p. 700.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote||<br />
<br />
"Although the companions of Muhammad are reported to have discussed naskh, and even to have disagreed over the abrogation of a particular verse, references to the generation of the companions in the naskh literature are relatively infrequent.<br />
<br />
'''Ibn Salama, al-Nasikh wa ‘l-mansukh (Cairo 1315/1899), 142-3, where `Ali and Ibn ‘Abbas disagree over the abrogation of Quran 4:94; `Ali maintained that the verse was abrogated by Quran 4:115 and 4:48, while Ibn ‘Abbas held that it remained muhkama.'''<ref name="A.Rippin">(referenced by A.Rippin) [http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/abrogation-and-the-koran/ Abrogation and the Koran] - David Bukay, School of Political Science, The University of Haifa</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Early Scholars===<br />
<br />
{{Quote||"The number of verses that are considered to have been abrogated increased dramatically between the eighth and eleventh centuries (al-Zuhri mentions 42 abrogated verses, al-Nahhas 138, and Ibn Salama, 238), at which point an upper limit seems to have been reached (Ibn ‘Ata’iqi identifies 231 abrogated verses, and al-Farsi, 248). <br />
<br />
- "al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) recognised only twenty [20] instances of true abrogation and Shah Wali Allah (d 1762) reduced that number to five [5].<br />
<br />
"these figures are mentioned in Ernest Hahn, ‘Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s The Controversy over Abrogation (in the Qur’an)<br />
<br />
Ibn al-’Ata’iqi, on the other hand, while citing 231 instances of abrogation, appendixes the phrase wa fihi nazar, indicating doubt or uncertainty to his discussion of twenty-six verses."<br />
<br />
.....<br />
<br />
- "There is also considerable disagreement over the scope of abrogation within the Qur’an itself. At one extreme, there were apparently certain people who argued that ‘the Qur’an does not contain either an abrogated or an abrogating verse’.<br />
<br />
("Ibn Salama, p. 26; cf. Al-Nahhas, pp 2-3"), these people, according to Ibn Salama, ‘'''have deviated from the truth''' and by virtue of their lying, have turned away from God’. ("Ibn Salama, p. 26)<br />
<br />
At the other extreme were those scholars who maintained that any narrative, positive command, or prohibition in the Qur’an may be abrogated." ("Al-Nahhas, pp. 2-3")<ref name="A.Rippin"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
According to Ibn Salma , those who reject abrogation have deviated from the truth. Once again, its improtant to note at the time of the caliphate, some scholars (particularly a preacher from Kufa, Iraq) were banned from explaining and preaching the Qur'ān by early 'ilmic authority figures because of their ignorance of the principles of naskh.<br />
<br />
===Modern Scholars===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/in/it1/Abrogation_Hadith.txt Abrogation and Hadith]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, living islam, December 23, 2008|Naskh is a fact since Allah Most High said "We do not erase (nansakh) any aya or cause it to be forgotten (nunsiha) but bring a better one or the like of it" (2:106).<br />
<br />
Second, the mutual abrogability of the Qur'an and the Sunna (i) is rationally possible - since the Qur'an describes the Sunna as revealed as well: "Nor does he speak of his own desire" (53:3) - and <br />
(ii) occurs in the Law, as per the abrogation of the verse of bequest (2:180) by the mass-transmitted hadith "There is no bequest for anyone who stands to inherit."<br />
<br />
Imam al-Shafi`i famously dissented with the massive majority of the Scholars when he said that only the Qur'an abrogates the Qur'an and only the Sunna abrogates the Sunna, but his School did not follow him in this cf. Imam al-Haramayn in Mughith al-Khalq and the contemporary Shaykh Hasan Hitu in al-Wajiz fi Usul al-Tashri` al-Islami, both staunch Shafi`is.<br />
<br />
We should be aware that in recent times the tendency has been toward minimalism, much of it a reaction to Orientalist and other attempts to construe naskh as a literary rewrite invalidating Divine origin, some Muslim revisionists even forwarding the view that there is no <br />
abrogation in the Qur'an. However, of the 60-odd teatises written on abrogation there is no precedent for such an extreme view. The number of cases hovers around 200, peaking at 247 with Ibn al-Jawzi, 214 with Ibn Hazm and 213 with Hibat Allah ibn Salama while falling to 134 with al-Nahhas and only 66 with `Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi.<br />
<br />
The Mu`tazili grammarian and author of the Qur'anic commentary Jami` al-Ta'wil li-Muhkam al-Tanzil, Abu Muslim al-Asfahani (254-322), was reputed to have denied intra-Qur'anic naskh altogether. Al-Razi and al-Shawkani refuted him in al-Mahsul and Irshad al-Fusul respectively, but others (such as Ibn Daqiq al-`Id and the contemporary scholar `Ali Hasabullah) justified his stance as a difference in terminology only (khilaf lafzi) - due, for example, to interpreting the word aya as "(super)natural sign" or "previous Scriptures" rather than "Qur'anic verse," or a reconsideration of purported abrogation to be mere specification (ikhtisas). Hence al-Qarafi's rebuttal, when al-Razi questioned the claim of consensus on the existence of abrogation: "Agreement has indeed formed over meaning; difference is only over naming."}}<br />
<br />
==Misinformation Spread by Apologists==<br />
<br />
===Only Meccan Verses are Universal Commands===<br />
<br />
When you understand abrogation, you understand what drives Islamic [[terrorism]] and extremism. This has led some apologists to flatly deny they are even aware of such a concept existing within Islam. Some have even attempted to create their own methods in choosing which verses apply to today's world. <br />
<br />
One such example of this is the reversal of the truth; it is the obscure and baseless claim that the Medinan verses are read only in an historical and non-legal context, while the less violent Meccan verses are universal commands. <br />
<br />
This in itself is not a negative thing, but when they try to pass this off to non-Muslims as authentic Islam and claim this is widely accepted by Islamic scholars, while never attempting to rectify the alleged misconceptions with their co-religionists, it is nothing more than [[Islam and Propaganda|deceptive propaganda]]. <br />
<br />
Furthermore, theologically this claim makes zero sense. It contradicts several sahih hadith, and {{cite quran|5|90|end=91|style=ref}} which prohibit the consumption of Alcohol and gambling, are Medinan verses.<ref>Allamah Abu 'Abd Allah al-Zanjani - [{{Reference archive|1=http://tanzil.net/pub/ebooks/History-of-Quran.pdf|2=2011-05-13}} The History of the Quran] - Al-Tawheed Vol. 4, No. 3; Vol. 5, No. 1, 2, & 3</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.qran.org/q-chrono.htm|2=2011-05-13}} Quran Verses in Chronological Order] - Qran.org, accessed May 13, 2011</ref><ref>Kevin P. Edgecomb - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bombaxo.com/chronsurs.html|2=2011-05-13}} Chronological Order of Quranic Surahs] - Bombaxo, 2002</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/chapters_chronological_sequence.html|2=2011-05-13}} Quran Chapters and their Chronological Sequence of Revelation] - International Community of Submitters (ICS)</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://tanzil.net/wiki/Revelation_Order|2=2011-05-13}} Revelation Order] - Tanzil Project, accessed May 13, 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
Prior to the revelation of these verses, there were [[Intoxicants and Recreational Games|no prohibitions]] against intoxicants and games of chance. So when is the last time you have heard Muslims claiming drinking alcohol and gambling is permitted in Islam today?<br />
<br />
===Abrogation Exists Only Between the Qur'an and Previous Scriptures===<br />
<br />
Many modern apologists assert that abrogation does not exist within the Qur'an itself, but that the abrogation mentioned in {{Quran|2|106}} and {{Quran|16|101}} refers to the Qur'an replacing directives given in the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]. <br />
<br />
Although this understanding has already been shown to be in error by Ibn Kathir's commentary [[#Meaning of Verse 2:106|here]], let us take a look at these verses in context.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|16|101|end=104|style=ref}} |'''And when We change (one) communication for (another) communication, and Allah knows best what He reveals, they say: You are only a forger. Nay, most of them do not know''' <br />
<br />
'''Say: The Holy spirit has revealed it from your Lord''' with the truth, that it may establish those who believe and as a guidance and good news for those who submit. <br />
<br />
And certainly We know that they say: '''Only a mortal teaches him'''. The tongue of him whom they reproach is barbarous, and this is clear Arabic tongue. <br />
<br />
(As for) those who do not believe in Allah's communications, surely Allah will not guide them, and they shall have a painful punishment.}}<br />
<br />
According to Islam, the Book of Musa was revealed from Allah to Moses (not via the Qur'an's “Holy Spirit” which is Jibreel, an Angel). The Gospels which the Qur'an talks about were written by people who were there, or revealed in visions from Allah etc. Again no angels were involved with the revelation of the previous scriptures. So verse 16:101 is clearly talking about Muhammad and the revelation of the Qur'an after talking about abrogation. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|2|105|end=108|style=ref}} |Those who disbelieve from among the followers of the Book do not like, nor do the polytheists, that the good should be sent down to you from your Lord, and Allah chooses especially whom He pleases for His mercy, and Allah is the Lord of mighty grace. <br />
<br />
'''Whatever communications We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, We bring one better than it or like it. Do you not know that Allah has power over all things?''' <br />
<br />
Do you not know that Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth, and that besides Allah you have no guardian or helper? <br />
<br />
'''Rather you wish to put questions ''to your Messenger''''', as Musa was questioned before; and whoever adopts unbelief instead of faith, he indeed has lost the right direction of the way.}}<br />
<br />
Verse 2:106 in context is clearly talking about those who questioned Muhammad about his contradictions, hence the revelation regarding “abrogation”. This has nothing to do with the “previous scriptures” either. So far its abrogation within the Qur'an itself. <br />
<br />
Looking at verse 2:136, Allah says there is no distinction between the previous messages.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|136}}|Say: We believe in Allah and (in) that which had been revealed to us, and (in) that which was revealed to Ibrahim and Ismail and Ishaq and Yaqoub and the tribes, and (in) that which was given to Musa and Isa, and (in) that which was given to the prophets from their Lord, '''we do not make any distinction between any of them''', and to Him do we submit.}}<br />
<br />
Since [[Jesus|Isa]] never wrote a book, we can infer that Allah is talking about the Injil, and Musa; the Taurat. Why would Allah “make no distinction” between them if he had abrogated parts of it? Surely he would have seen fit to mention “except the parts we have substituted”?<br />
<br />
==Examples of Abrogation==<br />
{{main|List of Abrogations in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
===Let there be no compulsion in religion===<br />
<br />
'''Verse 2:256'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|256}}|2=Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error: whoever rejects evil and believes in Allah hath grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold, that never breaks. And Allah heareth and knoweth all things.}}<br />
<br />
'''Meaning of Verse 2:256'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Ibn Kathir (unabridged)|Allah says: "There is no compulsion in religion", meaning: do not force anyone to embrace Islam, because it is clear and its proofs and evidences are manifest. Whoever Allah guides and opens his heart to Islam has indeed embraced it with clear evidence. Whoever Allah misguides blinds his heart and has set a seal on his hearing and a covering on his eyes cannot embrace Islam by force...hence Allah revealed this verse. '''But, this verse is abrogated by the verse of "fighting...Therefore, all people of the world should be called to Islam. If anyone of them refuses to do so, or refuses to pay the Jizya they should be fought till they are killed. This is the meaning of compulsion.''' In the Sahih, the Prophet said: "Allah wonders at those people who will enter Paradise in chains", meaning prisoners brought in chains to the Islamic state, then they embrace Islam sincerely and become righteous, and are entered among the people of Paradise.<ref>David Bukay - [http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/abrogation-and-the-koran/ Abrogation and the Koran] - School of Political Science, The University of Haifa</ref><ref>Sam Shamoun and Jochen Katz - [http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Menj/taqiyyah.htm Sunni Muslims and Taqiyyah] - Answering Islam</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===If they incline towards peace, you incline also===<br />
<br />
'''Verse 8:60'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|61}}|But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things).}}<br />
<br />
'''Meaning of Verse 8:60'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=8&tAyahNo=61&tDisplay=yes&Languageid=2 Surat Al-'Anfāl (The Spoils of War) 8:61]<BR>Ibn Abbas in Tafsir Ibn Abbas and Tafsir al-Jalalayn (Suyuti) |2=‘This has been abrogated by the “sword verse” [Q. 9:5]’}}<br />
<br />
'''Scholars on 8:60'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Taymiyyah, ‘Governance According to Allaah’s Law in Reforming the Ruler and his Flock’|"It is the consensus of the scholars of this Ummah that if part of the religion is Allah's and other part is not, fighting must go on until the entire religion is Allah's".<ref>Shaykh ul-Islaam Taqi ud-Deen Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah - '[http://www.fisabeelillah.org/books/manhaj/The-Religious-And-Moral-Doctrine-Of-Jihad.pdf The Religious and Moral Doctrine of Jihaad]' - p.28, © Copyright 2001 Maktabah Al Ansaar Publications, ISBN: 0-9539847-5-3</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_caravan_1_foreword.htm Join The Caravan, p.9]<BR>Imam Abdullah Azzam|"Jihad and the rifle alone. NO negotiations, NO conferences and NO dialogue."}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_caravan_1_foreword.htm Join The Caravan, p.20]<BR>Imam Abdullah Azzam|"So, if the fighting stops, the disbelievers will dominate, and fitnah, which is Shirk (polytheism), will spread."}}<br />
<br />
===Fight those who fight you, Allah hates aggressors===<br />
<br />
'''Verse 2:190'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|190}}|Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors.}}<br />
<br />
'''Meaning of verse 2:190'''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://quran.com/2/190 Surat Al-Baqarah (The Cow) 2:190]<BR>Tafsir al jalayn (Suyuti)|this stipulation was abrogated by the verse of barā’a, ‘immunity’ [Q. 9:1], or by His saying [below]:}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=4985 The Command to fight Those Who fight Muslims and killing Them wherever They are found]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you,)<br />
Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "This was the first Ayah about fighting that was revealed in Al-Madinah. Ever since it was revealed, Allah's Messenger '''used to''' fight only those who fought him and avoid non-combatants. Later, Surat Bara'ah (chapter 9 in the Qur'an) was revealed." `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said similarly, then he said that this was later '''abrogated by the Ayah'''}}<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
===Surah Tawbah is the last Surah of the Qur'an===<br />
<br />
'''Al Taubah''' (Repentance) is considered to be the [[The Ultimate Message of the Qur'an|closing remarks]] of Allah. It is also the most aggressive chapter of the entire Qur'an.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|11|3941}}|Abu Ishaq said that he heard al-Bara' b 'Azib (Allah be pleased with him) say: The last complete sura revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura tauba (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to '''Kalala'''.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|176}}|(*They ask you for a legal verdict. Say: "Allah directs (thus) about Al-Kalalah- )|}}<br />
<br />
===Surah Tawbah cancels all peace treaties===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20750 This is the Ayah of the Sword]<BR>Tafsir ibn Kathir|2="Ibn `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said,<br />
<br />
'''I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah.''' <br />
<br />
This honorable Ayah (9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin Muzahim said, '''"It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet and any idolator, every treaty, and every term.'''" Al-`Awfi said that Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed. }}<br />
<br />
{{Core Scripture}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Abrogation|Abrogation}}<br />
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Islamic Theology]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.meforum.org/1754/peace-or-jihad-abrogation-in-islam Peace or Jihad? Abrogation in Islam]<br />
*[http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/abrogation-and-the-koran/ Abrogation and the Koran]<br />
*[http://www.fatherzakaria.net/books/qaf/pdf/22-Episode.pdf Examples of the Abrogation]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Child_Marriage_in_the_Qur%27an&diff=107408
Child Marriage in the Qur'an
2014-05-09T21:22:35Z
<p>Claustrum: Reverted edits by 75.132.39.14 (talk) to last revision by Sahab</p>
<hr />
<div>Prophet [[Muhammad]] married [[Aisha]] when she was [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Aisha#Aisha.27s_Age_at_Consummation_and_Marriage|six]], and had [[sex|sexual intercourse]] with her while she still remained [[Aisha Age of Consummation|pre-pubescent]] at the age of nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]]. This fact has been recorded many times in [[Sahih]] [[Hadith|ahadith]]. This article will discuss the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verse that allows [[Paedophilia]].<br />
[[File:Women protesters.jpg|right|thumb|300px|March 23, 2010: Women protesters hold up copies of the Qur'an outside parliament in Sanaa while stating that a proposed law banning marriages under the age of 17 in Yemen is un-Islamic<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88589 YEMEN: Deep divisions over child brides] - IRIN, March 28, 2010</ref>]] <br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The Qur'an has stipulated a waiting period which women must observe before they can remarry. This waiting period must be observed after they are divorced, or if their husbands have died. In the Qur'an, this is called ''Iddah'' or ''Iddat'' (العدة). However, there is one exception to this requirement in Qur'an 33:49:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|33|49}}| {{right|<br />
ياايها الذين امنوا اذا نكحتم المؤمنات ثم طلقتموهن من قبل ان تمسوهن فمالكم عليهن من عدة تعتدونهافمتعوهن وسرحوهن سراحا جميلا<br />
}}<br />
'''Transliteration:''' ''Ya ayyuha allatheena amanoo itha nakahtumu almuminati thumma tallaqtumoohunna min qabli an tamassoohunna fama lakum AAalayhinna min AAiddatin taAAtaddoonaha famattiAAoohunna wasarrihoohunna sarahan jameelan''<br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' O ye who believe! If ye wed believing women and divorce them before ye have touched them, then there is no period that ye should reckon. But content them and release them handsomely.}}<br />
<br />
From the verse above it is understood that Iddah (stipulated waiting period) is required if sexual contact has occurred within the marriage. If a woman is not touched by her husband, she should not have to observe any waiting period at all.<br />
<br />
After the mention of women who have not had their marriage consummated, the Qur'an goes further - discussing the women who need to observe the 'iddah, and the span of time required. We see in Qur'an 65.4: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|65|4}}|{{right|<br />
واللائي يئسن من المحيض من نسائكم ان ارتبتم فعدتهن ثلاثة اشهر واللائي لم يحضن واولات الاحمال اجلهن ان يضعن حملهن ومن يتق الله يجعل له من امره يسرا<br />
}} <br />
'''Transliteration:''' ''Waalla-ee ya-isna mina almaheedi min nisa-ikum ini irtabtum faAAiddatuhunna thalathatu ashhurin waalla-ee lam yahidna waolatu al-ahmali ajaluhunna an yadaAAna hamlahunna waman yattaqi Allaha yajAAal lahu min amrihi yusran''<br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' Such of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the prescribed period, if ye have any doubts, is three months, and for those who have no courses (it is the same): for those who carry (life within their wombs), their period is until they deliver their burdens: and for those who fear Allah, He will make their path easy.}}<br />
<br />
Here the 'Iddah is prescribed to three categories of women:<br />
<br />
#First the phrase: “Yaisna min al-maheedhi” which means “those women who are desperate of menses” is an indication to women who reached the stage of menstruation but do not menstruate and of those who reached menopause. Desperate of menses underlines that it concerns women who though reached the age, fail to menstruate too. Their 'Iddah period is three months. <br />
#Next comes, “Wallaee Lam yahidhna” which means “those who have not menstruated yet” This group of females are pre-pubescent girls who have not yet menstruated. Here the 'Iddah prescribed for them is equal to the previous group of women (ie. three months). <br />
#Lastly, the women who are pregnant - their prescribed 'iddah is until they have given birth.<br />
<br />
The above translation of the verse masks the real meaning, so the verse has to be studied in [[Arabic]]. The actual meaning of this verse and its implications are explicitly endorsed by [[tafsir]]s as will be shown below.<br />
<br />
==Analysis of Verse in Arabic ==<br />
<br />
The Qur'an says in Arabic:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://quran.al-islam.com/Tafseer/DispTafsser.asp?l=arb&taf=GALALEEN&nType=1&nSora=65&nAya=4 Quran 65:4]<BR>Tafsir from al-Islam.com<br />
|2= {{right|<br />
واللائي لم يحضن" فعدتهن ثلاثة أشهر <br />
}}<br />
<br />
"and those who never had menses" (because they are underage)}} <br />
<br />
The transliteration of the verse and the meaning of each portion of the verse is given below:<br />
<br />
''Wa Al-Lā'ī Lam Yaĥiđna'' <br />
<br />
''wa'' ( <font size=4>وَ</font> ) = and<br />
<br />
''Al-Lā'ī'' ( <font size=4>وَاللَّائِي</font> ) = for those who<br />
<br />
''Lam'' ( <font size=4>لَمْ </font>) = did not (negation in past tense) <ref name=EB>Elabbas Benmamoun, Arabic morphology: The central role of the imperfective, Lingua 108 (1999) 175-201</ref> <br />
<br />
''Yaĥiđna'' ( <font size=4>يَحِضْنَ</font> ) = menstruate. <br />
<br />
''Yaĥiđna'' comes from the verbal root H-Y-D ( <font size=4>حيض</font> ) which means "to menstruate". <br />
<br />
The addition of prefix "Ya" and suffix "na" to the root "HYD" shows that the word is used in used in third person, feminine gender, plural, imperfective aspect.<ref>[[w:Arabic grammar|Arabic grammar]] - Wikipedia</ref><br />
<br />
The imperfective aspect, by itself lacks any tense feature. <ref name=EB/> The tensed negatives like ''lam'' ( <font size=3>لَمْ </font> ) (negation in past tense), ''lan'' ( <font size=3>لن</font> ) (negation in future tense), ''laa'' ( <font size=3>لَ</font> ) (negation in present tense) combined with imperfectives decide the tense in this case. <br />
<br />
Thus ''lam Yadrus'' = He did not study. <br />
<br />
In the verse 65:4, '''''Lam Yaĥiđna'' = 'those who did not menstruate'.''' <br />
<br />
Further the imperfective verb in the context of ''lam'' ( <font size=3>لَمْ </font> ) (past tensed negatives) is in the [[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] mood. <ref name=EB/> <br />
<br />
{{Quote||'''The mood is similar to the cohortative mood, in that it expresses plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence.''' In some languages, the two are distinguished in that cohortative occurs in the first person and the jussive in the second or third. It is found in Arabic, where it is called the مجزوم, majzum. The rules governing the jussive in Arabic are somewhat complex. <ref>[[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] - Wikipedia</ref>|}} <br />
<br />
Supporting these meanings, from Lane's lexicon, ''Lam'' ({{arabic|ل}}) means 'not':<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=Lane's Lexicon for ''Lam''|2=Lam = ل<br />
<br />lam = Negative particle giving to the present the sense of the perfect; not.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/13_LAM.htm Lam = ل] - StudyQuran</ref>}}<br />
<br />
From the Lexicon, Arabic word for Menstruate is 'Haiz' ({{arabic|حيض}}):<br />
{{Quote|1= Lane's Lexicon for ''Haa''|2=Ha-Ya-Dad (Ha-Alif-Dad) = To have her courses, menstruate; Her blood flowed from her womb, to attain the age of menstruation, to make a thing flow.<br />
<br />
hada vb. (1) impf. act. 65:4<br />
<br />
mahid n.m. 2:222<br /><br />
Lane's Lexicon, Volume 2, page: 322, 323<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/9_HAA.htm ح = Ha] - StudyQuran</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Conclusion:<br />
<br />
* It is clear the verse 65:4 is given as a command to be followed (Jussive mood). <br />
* The verse itself refers to those women who did not menstruate(in all of past time until the present time), which can include children or girls before puberty or attainment of [[w:menarche|menarche]] (first period).<br />
<br />
Therefore, the exact translation of this portion of {{Quran|65|4}} is ''"Not menstruated yet"'' ( <font size=4>لَمْ يَحِضْنَ</font> ). In Arabic, the menstruating process is called HAIDH ( <font size=4>حيض</font> ). It is possible to turn this noun into its verb form. Like we do it with menstruation, "menstruate" is YAHIDH ( <font size=4>يَحِض</font> ). But it is LAM ( <font size=4>لَمْ </font> ) that appears before YAHIDH and the NA ( <font size=4>نَ</font> ) associated with YAHIDH and this puts Islamic apologists in a quandary because it cannot have any other meaning than ''“Not menstruated yet”''. This is the appropriate English translation.<br />
<br />
This verse 65:4 should be read as a continuation of Qur'an 33:49. If a woman who has not been used for sex should not have to observe any Iddah at all, as mentioned in 33:49, what is the reason for the prescribed Iddah for those women who have not yet menstruated? This is a clear indication marrying pre-pubescent girls and having sex with them is sanctioned by the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
The phrase found in Qur'an 65:4 as "Wallaee Lam Yahidhna" is sometimes mistranslated by [[apologists]]. Exact meaning of the phrase is available in Tafsirs (Quran interpretations).<br />
<br />
== Tafsirs of the Verse ==<br />
<br />
Only the relevant parts from the Tafsirs will be quoted, because quoting the tafsir's for the verse in their entirety will be space consuming and a waste of effort. What needs to be confirmed will be extracted from Tafsirs. If anyone doubts whether these have been quoted out of context, the reference is given on each tafsir so it can be verified by checking original sources.<br />
<br />
=== Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=65 Commentary on Qur'an Chapter 65:4]<BR>Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafhim al-Qur'an|2= Here, one should bear in mind the fact that according to the explanations given in the Quran the question of the waiting period arises in respect of the women with whom marriage may have been consummated, for there is no waiting-period in case divorce is pronounced before the consummation of marriage. (Al-Ahzab: 49). Therefore, '''making mention of the waiting-period for the girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl in marriage at this age but it is also permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her.''' Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Quran has held as permissible.}}<br />
<br />
Note here what Maududi mentions on giving pre-pubescent girls in marriage and consummating the marriage with them. The interpreter affirms it is permitted by the Qur'an and no Muslims can question or forbid it.<br />
<br />
=== Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Uthaymeen ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Uthaymeen, Majmoo’at As’ilah tahumm al-Usrah al-Muslimah, p. 61-63|Surah al-Talaaq 65:4: <br />
If a woman does not menstruate, either because she is very young or old and past menopause, then her ‘iddah is three months, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the ‘Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature) their ‘Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise.<ref>[http://www.islamqa.com/index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&QR=12667 The ‘iddah of a woman divorced by talaaq] - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12667</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The reason for bringing two more recent scholars is to show that ''nothing has changed'' in the Islamic tenets on marrying and having sex with pre-pubescent girls, even in this modern era.<br />
<br />
=== 'Ibn Kathir ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=65&tid=54196 The `Iddah of Those in Menopause and Those Who do not have Menses (Qur'an 65:4)]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir |2= The `Iddah of Those in Menopause and Those Who do not have Menses Allah the Exalted clarifies the waiting period of the woman in menopause. And that is the one whose menstruation has stopped due to her older age. Her `Iddah is three months instead of the three monthly cycles for those who menstruate, which is based upon the Ayah in (Surat) Al-Baqarah. [see 2:228] '''The same for the young, who have not reached the years of menstruation.''' Their `Iddah is three months like those in menopause. This is the meaning of His saying.}}<br />
<br />
=== Al-Jalalayn ===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2= And [as for] those of your women who (read allā'ī or allā'i in both instances) no longer expect to menstruate, if you have any doubts, about their waiting period, their prescribed [waiting] period shall be three months, and [also for] '''those who have not yet menstruated, because of their young age, their period shall [also] be three months''' - both cases apply to other than those whose spouses have died; for these [latter] their period is prescribed in the verse: they shall wait by themselves for four months and ten [days] [Q. 2:234]. And those who are pregnant, their term, the conclusion of their prescribed [waiting] period if divorced or if their spouses be dead, shall be when they deliver. And whoever fears God, He will make matters ease for him, in this world and in the Hereafter.}}<br />
<br />
=== Ibn Abbas ===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Abbas|2= (And for such of your women as despair of menstruation) because of old age, (if ye doubt) about their waiting period, (their period (of waiting) shall be three months) upon which another man asked: “O Messenger of Allah! '''"What about the waiting period of those who do not have menstruation because they are too young?” (along with those who have it not) because of young age, their waiting period is three months."''' Another man asked: “what is the waiting period for those women who are pregnant?” (And for those with child) i.e. those who are pregnant, (their period) their waiting period (shall be till they bring forth their burden) their child. (And whosoever keepeth his duty to Allah) and whoever fears Allah regarding what he commands him, (He maketh his course easy for him) He makes his matter easy; and it is also said this means: He will help him to worship Him well.}} <br />
<br />
=== Al-Wahidi ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=86&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Al-Wahidi, Asbab al-nuzul|2= (And for such of your women as despair of menstruation…) [65:4]. Said Muqatil: “When the verse (Women who are divorced shall wait, keeping themselves apart…), Kallad ibn al-Nu‘man ibn Qays al-Ansari said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, '''what is the waiting period of the woman who does not menstruate and the woman who has not menstruated yet?''' And what is the waiting period of the pregnant woman?’ '''And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse”.''' Abu Ishaq al-Muqri’ informed us> Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Hamdun> Makki ibn ‘Abdan> Abu’l-Azhar> Asbat ibn Muhammad> Mutarrif> Abu ‘Uthman ‘Amr ibn Salim who said: “When the waiting period for divorced and widowed women was mentioned in Surah al-Baqarah, Ubayy ibn Ka‘b said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, some women of Medina are saying: there are other women who have not been mentioned!’ He asked him: ‘And who are they?’ He said: '''Those who are too young [such that they have not started menstruating yet]''', those who are too old [whose menstruation has stopped] and those who are pregnant’. And so this verse (And for such of your women as despair of menstruation…) was revealed”.}}<br />
<br />
=== Al-Tabari ===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Al-Tabari, 14/142|The interpretation of the verse "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; '''and for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise". He said: The same applies to the 'idaah for girls who do not menstruate because they are too young, if their husbands divorce them after consummating the marriage with them.'''}}<br />
<br />
===Al-Zamakhshari===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=2&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Al-Zamakhshari, Al-Kashshaaf|2= {{right|<br />
روي أن ناساً قالوا: قد عرفنا عدة ذوات الأقراء، فما عدة اللائي لا يحضن؛ فنزلت: فمعنى إِنِ ٱرْتَبْتُمْ }: إن أشكل عليكم حكمهن وجهلتم كيف يعتددن فهذا حكمهنّ، وقيل: إن ارتبتم في ذم البالغات مبلغ اليأس وقد قدروه بستين سنة وبخمس وخمسين، أهو دم حيض أو استحاضة؟ { فَعِدَّتُهُنَّ ثَلَـٰثَةُ أَشْهُرٍ } وإذا كانت هذه عدة المرتاب بها، فغير المرتاب بها أولى بذلك '''{ وَٱلَّٰۤئى لَمْ يَحِضْنَ }''' هن الصغائر''' }} }}<br />
<br />
The bold text means “Those who have not menstruated” are young girls.<br />
<br />
=== Tabrasi ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=3&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=7&Size=1&LanguageId=1 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Tabrasi|2= {{right|<br />
{ واللآئي لم يحضن } تقديره واللآئي لم يحضن إن ارتبتم فعدتهن أيضاً ثلاثة أشهر وحذف لدلالة الكلام الأول عليه وهن اللواتي '''لم يبلغن''' المحيض ومثلهن تحيض على ما مرَّ بيانه.}} }}<br />
<br />
The bold text translates as “They are those who haven’t reached the age of menstruation”. Tabrasi comments on the phrase “Wallaee Lam yahidhna” = “Those who have not menstruated yet” in the verse.<br />
<br />
=== Al-Shoukani ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=9&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=3&Size=1&LanguageId=1 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Al-Shoukani, Fath al-Qadir|2= {{right|<br />
{ فَعِدَّتُهُنَّ ثَلَـٰثَةُ أَشْهُرٍ '''وَٱللاَّئِى لَمْ يَحِضْنَ } لصغرهن، وعدم بلوغهن سن المحيض،''' أي: فعدتهن ثلاثة أشهر }} }}<br />
<br />
The bold part translated as: “Those who have not menstruated yet” are young girls who have not reached the age of menstruation.<br />
<br />
=== Abu-Hayyan ===<br />
<br />
{{quote |1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=19&tSoraNo=65&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1 Qur'an 65:4]<BR>Abu-Hayyan|2= {{right|<br />
واللائي '''لم يحضن''' } ، فالعدة هذه، فتلخص في قوله: { إن ارتبتم } قولان: أحدهما، أنه على ظاهر مفهوم اللغة فيه، وهو حصول الشك؛ والآخر، أن معناه التيقن للإياس؛ والقول الأول معناه: إن ارتبتم في دمها، أهو دم حيض أو دم علة؟ أو إن ارتبتم في علوق بحمل أم لا؛ أو إن ارتبتم: أي جهلتم عدتهن، أقوال. والظاهر أن قوله: واللائي '''لم يحضن''' } يشمل من لم يحض لصغر، }} }}<br />
<br />
The bold: “Those who have not menstruated yet” denotes those not menstruated because of being young.<br />
<br />
== Evidence from the Hadith==<br />
<br />
From Imam Bukhari in his book of Tafsir and hadith collections:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhari33.html Sahih Al-Bukhari, Chapter 68: Book of Tafsir]|'''CCCLXXXIV: The Tafsir of Surat at-Talaq'''<BR><BR>Mujahid said that "if you have any doubt" (65:4) means if you do not know whether she menstruates or not. Those who do not longer menstruate and '''those who have not yet menstruated, their 'idda is three months'''.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://archive.org/download/SahihAl-bukhari9Vol.Set/SahihAl-bukhariVol.7-Ahadith5063-5969.pdf|title= The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari|publisher= Dar-us-Salam Publications|isbn= 9960-717-38-0|author= Al-Bukhari (au.), Muhammad M. Khan (tr.)|date= June 1, 1997|series=vol. 7, book 67, ch. 39|page= 57|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FSahihAl-bukhari9Vol.Set%2FSahihAl-bukhariVol.7-Ahadith5063-5969.pdf&date=2013-08-13|deadurl=no}}|'''(39) CHAPTER. Giving one's young children in marriage (is permissible).''' <br />
<br />
By virtue of the Statement of Allah : "...and for those who have no (monthly) <br />
courses (i.e. they are still immature).. (V.65:4) And the 'Idda for the girl before puberty is <br />
three months (in the above Verse). <br />
<br />
'''5133.''' Narrated 'Aishah; that the Prophet wrote the marriage contract with her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old, and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).}}<br />
<br />
From Sahih Muslim:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Capter heading for {{Muslim|8|3309}} to {{Muslim|8|3311}}|Chapter 10: It is permissible for the father to give the hand of his daughter in marriage '''even when she is not fully grown''' up.}}<br />
<br />
The following Muwatta hadith shows it's permissible to marry girls who have not reached puberty:<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Muwatta|29|33|108|}}|<br />
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited Umm Salama while she was in mourning for Abu Salama and she had put aloes on her eyes. He said, "What is this, Umm Salama?" She said, "It is only aloes, Messenger of Allah." He said, "Put it on at night and wipe it off in the daytime."<br />
<br />
'''Malik said, "The mourning of a young girl who has not yet had a menstrual period takes the same form as the mourning of one who has had a period. She avoids what a mature woman avoids if her husband dies." '''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "A slave-girl mourns her husband when he dies for two months and five nights like her idda.''<br />
<br />
Malik said, "An umm walad does not have to mourn when her master dies, and a slave-girl does not have to mourn when her master dies. Mourning is for those with husbands."}}<br />
<br />
The following is from Fath al-Bari, the most authoritative commentary on Sahih Al-Bukhari:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=|2= {{right|<br />
واللائي لم يحضن , فجعل عدتها ثلاثة أشهر قبل البلوغ ) أي فدل على أن نكاحها قبل البلوغ جائز <br />
}}<br />
<br />
"and those who never had menses, their prescribed period is three months before puberty, which indicates that giving her into marriage before puberty is permissible."<ref>[http://hadith.al-islam.com/display/Display.asp?Doc=0&Rec=7644 Al-Islam (Arabic text)]</ref><ref>[http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=9381&idto=9382&bk_no=52&ID=2847 IslamWeb (Arabic text)]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Recent Fatwas==<br />
<br />
IslamOnline.net is the sixth most popular Islamic website on the internet, according to Wikipedia. The following excerpt is taken from a December 2010 fatwa.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamonline.net%2Far%2FIOLCounsel_C%2F1278406761316%2F1278406720653%2F%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%9F-&date=2011-02-03 Is it permissible to restrict the age at which girls can marry?]<BR>Submitted by Ahmad, IslamOnline, December 24, 2010|2=The Noble Qur'an has also mentioned the waiting period [i.e. for a divorced wife to remarry] for the wife who has not yet menstruated, saying: "And those who no longer expect menstruation among your women - if you doubt, then their period is three months, and [also for] those who have not menstruated" [Qur'an 65:4]. Since this is not negated later, '''we can take from this verse that it is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a prepubescent girl'''. The Qur'an is not like the books of jurisprudence which mention what the implications of things are, even if they are prohibited. '''It is true that the prophet (PBUH) entered into a marriage contract with A'isha when she was six years old, however he did not have sex with her until she was nine years old''', according to al-Bukhari.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/61C5nBLpe <!-- original URL http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=88089 -->Child marriage in Islam]<BR>Islamweb, Fatwa No. 88089, June 24, 2004|2='''Getting married at an early age is something that is confirmed by the book of Allah''', the Sunnah of his Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), the consensus of the scholars and the actions of the companions, and the Muslims who came after them. <br />
<br />
Moreover, the interest of Shariah proves it. So the claim that this was abrogated is not correct. And the Hadith did not include that meaning; it just states that a virgin woman is not to be married until consulted. <br />
<br />
The evidence from the Qur'an is: <br />
<br />
1. The saying of Allah: "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubts (about their periods), is three months, and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise, except in case of death]". (At-Talaq 65:4)<br />
<br />
So, '''Allah set rulings of marriage, divorce and waiting period for the women who have not yet had menses, i.e. the young girls'''.<br />
<br />
The Iddah (waiting period) does not take place except after marriage.}}<br />
<br />
== Apologetic Objections ==<br />
<br />
=== The Qur'an prohibits marriage to pre-pubescent females ===<br />
<br />
Modern apologists who reject the tafsirs and the ahadith often wish to present Qur'an 65:4 as having been 'mistranslated' or 'misunderstood' throughout the ages by all of their own Islamic scholars. Instead they wish to re-translate 65:4 in a less harmful way, and then point to other verses in the Qur'an in an attempt to show that Allah did not allow Muslim men to marry pre-pubescent females. The favourite verse for this is usually Qur'an 4:6:<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Qtt|4|6}}|<br />
{{right|وابتلوا اليتامى حتى اذا بلغوا النكاح فان انستم منهم رشدا فادفعوا اليهم اموالهم ولاتاكلوها اسرافا وبدارا ان يكبروا ومن كان غنيا فليستعفف ومن كان فقيرا فلياكل بالمعروف فاذا دفعتم اليهم اموالهم فاشهدوا عليهم وكفى بالله حسيبا<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' Waibtaloo alyatama hatta itha balaghoo aln'''nikaha''' fa-in anastum minhum rushdan faidfaAAoo ilayhim amwalahum wala ta/kulooha israfan wabidaran an yakbaroo waman kana ghaniyyan falyastaAAfif waman kana faqeeran falya/kul bialmaAAroofi fa-itha dafaAAtum ilayhim amwalahum faashhidoo AAalayhim wakafa biAllahi haseeban<br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' Make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage; if then ye find sound judgment in them, release their property to them; but consume it not wastefully, nor in haste against their growing up. If the guardian is well-off, Let him claim no remuneration, but if he is poor, let him have for himself what is just and reasonable. When ye release their property to them, take witnesses in their presence: But all-sufficient is Allah in taking account. <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' Prove orphans till they reach the marriageable age; then, if ye find them of sound judgment, deliver over unto them their fortune; and devour it not by squandering and in haste lest they should grow up Whoso (of the guardians) is rich, let him abstain generously (from taking of the property of orphans); and whoso is poor let him take thereof in reason (for his guardianship). And when ye deliver up their fortune unto orphans, have (the transaction) witnessed in their presence. Allah sufficeth as a Reckoner.<br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And test the orphans until they attain puberty; then if you find in them maturity of intellect, make over to them their property, and do not consume it extravagantly and hastily, lest they attain to full age; and whoever is rich, let him abstain altogether, and whoever is poor, let him eat reasonably; then when you make over to them their property, call witnesses in their presence; and Allah is enough as a Reckoner.}}<br />
<br />
Both Yusuf Ali and Pickthal render the phrase of "marriageable age"/"age of marriage", whereas Shakir says "attain puberty", the actual word used is [[Nikah]] which literally translated means "fuck" <ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000102.pdf Lane's Lexicon: Volume 8, Page 102 - Nun-Kaf-Ha]</ref> . ''Zuwaj'' <ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/28_ZAY.htm Lane's Lexicon - Zay-Waw-Jiim]</ref> is the correct word for marriage in Arabic, but the Qur'an uses both words in reference to marrying women; Nikah for human females and Zuwaj for the Houris. This means that Shakir's translation of "attain puberty" is not correct, as the actual word being translated is used regarding marriage and has nothing to do with puberty.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, this verse is not even discussing marriage; it's talking about those who have guardianship over ''male'' orphans; that when they judge them to be mentally mature enough, they should give over their property to them. The verse simply says that you can start testing them for this maturity when they reach "marriageable age" - it does not specify that age. The Tafsir's agree with this understanding of 4:6:<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=10463 Giving Back the Property of the Orphans When They Reach Adulthood (Qur'an 4:6)]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=<br />
'''Giving Back the Property of the Orphans When They Reach Adulthood'''<br />
<br />
Allah said,<br />
{{right|<br />
[وَابْتَلُواْ الْيَتَـمَى]<br />
}}<br />
(And test orphans) meaning, test their intelligence, as Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Al-Hasan, As-Suddi and Muqatil bin Hayyan stated.<br />
{{right|<br />
[حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُواْ النِّكَاحَ]<br />
}}<br />
(until they reach the age of marriage), the age of puberty, according to Mujahid. The age of puberty according to the majority of scholars comes when the child has a wet dream. In his Sunan, Abu Dawud recorded that `Ali said, "I memorized these words from the Messenger of Allah ,<br />
{{right|<br />
«لَا يُتْمَ بَعْدَ احْتِلَامٍ، وَلَا صُمَاتَ يَوْمٍ إِلَى اللَّيْل»<br />
}}<br />
(There is no orphan after the age of puberty nor vowing to be silent throughout the day to the night.) In another Hadith, `A'ishah and other Companions said that the Prophet said,<br />
{{right|<br />
«رُفِعَ الْقَلَمُ عَنْ ثَلَاثَةٍ، عَنِ الصَّبِيِّ حَتَّى يَحْتَلِمَ، وَعَنِ النَّائِمِ حَتَّى يَسْتَيْقِظَ، وَعَنِ الْمَجْنُونِ حَتَّى يُفِيق»<br />
}}<br />
s(The pen does not record the deeds of three persons: the child until the age of puberty, the sleeping person until waking up, and the senile until sane.) Or, the age of fifteen is considered the age of adolescence. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Ibn `Umar said, "I was presented in front of the Prophet on the eve of the battle of Uhud, while I was fourteen years of age, and he did not allow me to take part in that battle. But I was presented in front of him on the eve of the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Trench) when I was fifteen years old, and he allowed me (to join that battle).'' `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz commented when this Hadith reached him, "This is the difference between a child and an adult.'' There is a difference of opinion over whether pubic hair is considered a sign of adulthood, and the correct opinion is that it is. The Sunnah supports this view, according to a Hadith collected by Imam Ahmad from `Atiyah Al-Qurazi who said, We were presented to the Prophet on the day of Qurizah, whoever had pubic hair was killed, whoever did not was left free to go, I was one of those who did not, so I was left free.'' The Four Sunan compilers also recorded similar to it. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih.'' Allah's statement,<br />
{{right|<br />
[فَإِنْ ءَانَسْتُمْ مِّنْهُمْ رُشْداً فَادْفَعُواْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَلَهُمْ]<br />
}}<br />
(if then you find sound judgment in them, release their property to them,) Sa`id bin Jubayr said that this portion of the Ayah means, when you find them to be good in the religion and wise with their money. Similar was reported from Ibn `Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and others among the Imams. The scholars of Fiqh stated that when the child becomes good in the religion and wise concerning with money, then the money that his caretaker was keeping for him should be surrendered to him.}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=6&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:6]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
{ وَٱبْتَلُواْ ٱلْيَتَامَىٰ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا بَلَغُواْ النِّكَاحَ فَإِنْ آنَسْتُمْ مِّنْهُمْ رُشْداً فَٱدْفَعُواْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ وَلاَ تَأْكُلُوهَآ إِسْرَافاً وَبِدَاراً أَن يَكْبَرُواْ وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيّاً فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيراً فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ فَإِذَا دَفَعْتُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فَأَشْهِدُواْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيباً }<br />
}}<br />
Try, test, well the orphans, before reaching maturity with regard [the duties of] religion and [before] they can [legally] manage their own affairs, until they reach the age of marrying, that is, until they have become eligible for it through puberty or [legal] age, which, according to al-Shāfi‘ī, is the completion of fifteen years; then, if you perceive in them maturity, that is, right [judgement] in matters of religion and their property, deliver their property to them; consume it not, O guardians, wastefully, without due merit, and in haste, that is, hastening to expend it, fearing, lest they should grow up, and become mature, at which time you will be obliged to hand it over to them. If any man, who is a guardian, is rich, let him be abstinent, that is, let him abstain from the orphan’s property and refrain from consuming it; if he is poor, let him consume, of it, honourably, that is, in line with the wage for his work. And when you deliver to them, the orphans, their property, take witnesses over them, that they have received it and that you are absolved [of the obligation], so that if any dispute occurs, you are able to refer to a clear proof: this is a command [intended] for guidance. God suffices as a reckoner, as a guardian of His creatures’ deeds and as a reckoner of these [deeds] (the bā’ [in bi’Llāhi] is extra).}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=6&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:6]<BR>Tafsîr Ibn Abbas|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
{ وَٱبْتَلُواْ ٱلْيَتَامَىٰ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا بَلَغُواْ النِّكَاحَ فَإِنْ آنَسْتُمْ مِّنْهُمْ رُشْداً فَٱدْفَعُواْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ وَلاَ تَأْكُلُوهَآ إِسْرَافاً وَبِدَاراً أَن يَكْبَرُواْ وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيّاً فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيراً فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ فَإِذَا دَفَعْتُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فَأَشْهِدُواْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيباً }<br />
}}<br />
(Prove orphans) test the intelligence of orphans (till they reach the marriageable age) the age of puberty; (then, if ye find them of) if you see that they possess (sound judgement) righteousness in Religion and a tendency to protect their wealth, (deliver over unto them their fortune) then give their wealth which is with you; (and devour it not squandering) it in transgression and unlawfully (and in haste) in haste lest the orphan grows older and consumes it little by little (lest they should grow up) for fear that they grow older and stop you from devouring their wealth. (Whoso (of the guardians) is rich) and needs not the orphan's wealth, (let him abstain generously) because of his richness from taking of the property of orphans, nor should he diminish anything from their wealth; (and whoso is poor) and needy (let him take thereof in reason (for his guardianship)) in measure, such that he is not in need for the wealth of orphans; it is also said that this means: he should take from the wealth of orphans in proportion with the measure of his work regarding this wealth; and it is also said that this means: he can take from the wealth of orphans as a loan to be paid back. (And when ye deliver up their fortune unto orphans) when they reach the legal age, (have (the transaction) witnessed in their presence) when you deliver it to them. (Allah sufficeth as a Reckoner) Allah suffices as a witness. This verse was revealed about Thabit Ibn Rifa'ah al-Ansari.}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|1=[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=86&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=6&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:6]<BR>Al-Wahidi, Asbab Al-Nuzul|2=<br />
{{right|<br />
{ وَٱبْتَلُواْ ٱلْيَتَامَىٰ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا بَلَغُواْ النِّكَاحَ فَإِنْ آنَسْتُمْ مِّنْهُمْ رُشْداً فَٱدْفَعُواْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ وَلاَ تَأْكُلُوهَآ إِسْرَافاً وَبِدَاراً أَن يَكْبَرُواْ وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيّاً فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيراً فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ فَإِذَا دَفَعْتُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فَأَشْهِدُواْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيباً }<br />
}}<br />
(Prove orphans…) [4:6]. This was revealed about Thabit ibn Rifa‘ah and his uncle. Rifa‘ah died when his son Thabit was very young. The uncle of Thabit went to the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, and said: “The son of my brother is an orphan under my care, what is lawful for me from his wealth? And when should I give him back his wealth?” And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse.}}<br />
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=== The Arabic word “Nisa” does not refer to young females ===<br />
<br />
Apologists claim that the Qur'an only uses the word ''Nisa'' to refer to mature, adult women, therefore 65:4 cannot be talking about pre-pubescent females. This is indeed a weak argument, which we can refute using the Qur'an itself. Here are some verses that use the word ''"nisa"'':<br />
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{{Quote|{{Qtt|2|49}}|'''Transliteration:''' ''Waith najjaynakum min ali firawna yasoomoonakum sooa alAAathabi yuthabbihoona abnaakum wayastahyoona '''Nisa'''akum wafee thalikum balaon min rabbikum AAatheemun''<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' And remember, We delivered you from the people of Pharaoh: They set you hard tasks and punishments, slaughtered your sons and let your women-folk live; therein was a tremendous trial from your Lord.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|7|127}}|'''Transliteration:''' ''Waqala almalao min qawmi firawna atatharu moosa waqawmahu liyufsidoo fee alardi wayatharaka waalihataka qala sanuqattilu abnaahum wanastahyee '''Nisa'''ahum wainna fawqahum qahiroona'' <BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' Said the chiefs of Pharaoh’s people: “Wilt thou leave Moses and his people, to spread mischief in the land, and to abandon thee and thy gods?” He said: “Their male children will we slay; (only) their females will we save alive; and we have over them (power) irresistible."}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|7|141}}|'''Transliteration:''' ''Waith anjaynakum min ali firawna yasoomoonakum sooa alAAathabi yuqattiloona abnaakum wayastahyoona '''Nisa'''akum wafee thalikum balaon min rabbikum AAatheemun''<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' And remember we rescued you from Pharaoh’s people, who afflicted you with the worst of penalties, who slew your male children and saved alive your females: in that was a momentous trial from your Lord.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|14|6}}|'''Transliteration:''' ''Waith qala moosa liqawmihi othkuroo niAAmata Allahi AAalaykum ith anjakum min ali firawna yasoomoonakum sooa alAAathabi wayuthabbihoona abnaakum wayastahyoona '''Nisa'''akum wafee thalikum balaon min rabbikum AAatheemun''<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' Remember! Moses said to his people: “Call to mind the favour of Allah to you when He delivered you from the people of Pharaoh: they set you hard tasks and punishments, slaughtered your sons, and let your females live: therein was a tremendous trial from your Lord.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Qtt|40|25}}|'''Transliteration:''' ''Falamma jaahum bialhaqqi min AAindina qaloo oqtuloo abnaa allatheena amanoo maAAahu waistahyoo '''Nisa'''ahum wama kaydu alkafireena illa fee dalalin''<BR><BR><br />
<br />
'''Yusuf Ali:''' Now, when he came to them in Truth, from Us, they said, "Slay the sons of those who believe with him, and keep alive their females," but the plots of Unbelievers (end) in nothing but errors (and delusions)!...}}<br />
<br />
In the above verses, the word ''"Nisa"'' is referring to female infants. To understand this clearly, we must look to the Exodus account, because these verses were plagiarized from the Bible.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%201:15-16;&version=49; Exodus 1:15-16]|2=<br />
<br />
''"And the king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah; and he said: ‘When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, ye shall look upon the birthstool: if it be a son, then ye shall kill him; but if it be a daughter, then she shall live.’''}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%201:22;&version=49; Exodus 1:22]|2=<br />
''And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying: ‘Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive.''}}<br />
<br />
Moreover the Quran itself clarifies “Who the ''Nisa'' are”. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{qtt|4|127}}|{{right|<br />
ويستفتونك في النساء قل الله يفتيكم فيهن ومايتلى عليكم في الكتاب في يتامى النساء اللاتي لاتؤتونهن ماكتب لهن وترغبون ان تنكحوهن والمستضعفين من الولدان وان تقوموا لليتامى بالقسط وماتفعلوا من خير فان الله كان به عليما }}<br />
<br />
'''Transliteration:''' ''Wayastaftoonaka fee alnnisa-i quli Allahu yufteekum feehinna wama yutla AAalaykum fee alkitabi fee yatama alnnisa-i allatee la tu/toonahunna ma kutiba lahunna watarghaboona an tankihoohunna waalmustadAAafeena mina alwildani waan taqoomoo lilyatama bialqisti wama tafAAaloo min khayrin fa-inna Allaha kana bihi AAaleeman'' <br />
<br />
'''Literal:''' And they ask for your opinion/clarification in the women, say: "God decreed/clarifies in them (F), and what is read/recited on you in The Book in the women orphans/minors that lose their father, those who (F) you did not give them (F) what was written/dictated to them (F), and you desire that you marry them (F), and the weakened from the children/new borns, and that you take care of to the orphans/minors that lose their father with the just/equitable; and what you make/do from goodness, so that God was/is with it knowledgeable."<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://iknowledge.islamicnature.com/quran/surah/4/lang/englishliteral/|2=2011-11-27}} 4. An-Nisa - Women (سورة النساء) - Revealed in Madinah (English: Literal)] - IslamicNature, accessed November 27, 2011</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In summary, when Muslims asked Muhammad who the "Nisa" were, he said they were the:<br />
<br />
# Orphans <br />
# Female wards <br />
# Those you desire to marry <br />
# The weakened from the children or new born.<br />
<br />
=== This verse applies to married teenagers ===<br />
<br />
{{quote || There is an alternative interpretation that does not involve pederasty, which is sexual activity between young girls and boys, i.e. early teenage years when menstruation may not have begun (or become regular) among girls, who are married to boys similar in age. This type of marriage was not uncommon in Semitic cultures, for example some scholars suggest that Mary (the mother of Jesus) was somewhere between the ages of twelve and fourteen when she married Joseph (although it should be noted that non-canonical gospels suggest Joseph was a mature man, possibly as old as ninety<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm St. Joseph] - New Advent (For more on the marriage between Joseph and Mary, see [[Joseph the Pedophile]])</ref>).<br />
<br />
Given that sexual activity among teenagers is common among many cultures, including Western ones, this appears to be the most reasonable interpretation. }}<br />
<br />
Given the evidence from the Islamic texts themselves, this interpretation is not the 'most reasonable' as asserted. We have ample [[Aisha Age of Consummation|evidence]] that Muhammad (who is considered the [[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]] - perfect example) married and had sex with a pre-pubescent Aisha, we have evidence that [[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia|Muhammad's companions also did it]] and that [[Contemporary Pedophilic Islamic Marriages|Muslims to this very day]] are marrying pre-pubescent females and having intercourse with them. In none of these cases are the husbands comparable in age to the wife. So even though this is a ''possible'' interpretation, it is by no means the ''only reason'' that Muhammad revealed this verse - as evidenced also in the tafsir's provided above. Simply put, Muhammad did not specify an 'iddah for those whom menstruation was not present, so one had to be sent regarding these 3 groups of women. Nowhere in the Qur'an or the ahadith does it discuss teenagers marrying teenagers (ie. to 'explain' this verse) and all the evidence that we have points to [much] older men marrying and having sexual relations with pre-pubescent females.<br />
<br />
=== 65.4 talks only of the 'Iddah and not of sexual activity ===<br />
<br />
Often pointed out is the fact that 65.4 does not explictly discuss consummation or other sexual activity in regards to any of the females discussed in the verse; it merely sets the prescribed 'Iddah required for each. The 'iddah (prescribed waiting period) for females is required after a divorce or widowing, so that a child's father can be correctly idenfitied. This is established in Qur'an 33:49. The verse is quoted above. <br />
<br />
Here are some tafsirs on this ayah:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1841&Itemid=89#1 A Gift and no (Iddah) for Women Who are divorced before Consummation of the Marriage (Qur'an 33:49)]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2= {{right|<br />
(يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ فَمَا لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ عِدَّةٍ تَعْتَدُّونَهَا فَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ وَسَرِّحُوهُنَّ سَرَاحاً جَمِيلاً)}}<br />
<br />
49. O you who believe! When you marry believing women, and then divorce them before you have sexual intercourse with them, no `Iddah have you to count in respect of them. So, give them a present, and set them free in a handsome manner.)<br />
<br />
This Ayah contains many rulings, including the use of the word Nikah for the marriage contract alone. There is no other Ayah in the Qur'an that is clearer than this on this point. It also indicates that it is permissible to divorce a woman before consummating the marriage with her.<br />
{{right|<br />
(الْمُؤْمِنَـتِ)<br />
}}<br />
(believing women)<br />
This refers to what is usually the case, although there is no difference between a believing (Muslim) woman and a woman of the People of the Book in this regard, according to scholarly consensus. Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, `Ali bin Al-Husayn Zayn-ul-`Abidin and a group of the Salaf took this Ayah as evidence that divorce cannot occur unless it has been preceded by marriage, because Allah says,<br />
{{right|<br />
(إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ)<br />
}}<br />
(When you marry believing women, and then divorce them) <br />
<br />
The marriage contract here is followed by divorce, which indicates that the divorce cannot be valid if it comes first. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "If someone were to say, `every woman I marry will ipso facto be divorced,' this does not mean anything, because Allah says:<br />
{{right|<br />
(يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ)<br />
}}<br />
(O you who believe! When you marry believing women, and then divorce them....).'' It was also reported that Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "Allah said,<br />
{{right|<br />
(إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ)<br />
}}<br />
(When you marry believing women, and then divorce them.) Do you not see that divorce comes after marriage'' A Hadith to the same effect was recorded from `Amr bin Shu`ayb from his father from his grandfather, who said: "The Messenger of Allah said:<br />
{{right|<br />
«لَا طَلَاقَ لِابْنِ آدَمَ فِيمَا لَا يَمْلِك»<br />
}}<br />
(There is no divorce for the son of Adam with regard to that which he does not possess.) This was recorded by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, At-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah. At-Tirmidhi said, "This is a Hasan Hadith, and it is the best thing that has been narrated on this matter.'' It was also recorded by Ibn Majah from `Ali and Al-Miswar bin Makhramah, may Allah be pleased with them, that the Messenger of Allah said:<br />
{{right|<br />
«لَا طَلَاقَ قَبْلَ نِكَاح»<br />
}}<br />
(There is no divorce before marriage.)<br />
{{right|<br />
(فَمَا لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ عِدَّةٍ تَعْتَدُّونَهَا)<br />
}}<br />
(no `Iddah have you to count in respect of them.) This is a command on which the scholars are agreed, that if a woman is divorced before the marriage is consummated, she does not have to observe the `Iddah (prescribed period for divorce) and she may go and get married immediately to whomever she wishes. The only exception in this regard is a woman whose husband died, in which case she has to observe an `Iddah of four months and ten days even if the marriage was not consummated. This is also according to the consensus of the scholars.<br />
{{right|<br />
(فَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ وَسَرِّحُوهُنَّ سَرَاحاً جَمِيلاً)<br />
}}<br />
(So, give them a present, and set them free in a handsome manner.) The present here refers to something more general than half of the named dowery or a special gift that has not been named. Allah says:<br />
{{right|<br />
(وَإِن طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ وَقَدْ فَرَضْتُمْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً فَنِصْفُ مَا فَرَضْتُمْ)<br />
}}<br />
(And if you divorce them before you have touched (had a sexual relation with) them, and you have fixed unto them their due (dowery) then pay half of that) (2:237). And Allah says:<br />
{{right|<br />
(لاَّ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِن طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَآءَ مَا لَمْ تَمَسُّوهُنَّ أَوْ تَفْرِضُواْ لَهُنَّ فَرِيضَةً وَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ عَلَى الْمُوسِعِ قَدَرُهُ وَعَلَى الْمُقْتِرِ قَدْرُهُ مَتَـعاً بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ)<br />
}}<br />
(There is no sin on you, if you divorce women while yet you have not touched them, nor fixed unto them their due (dowery). But bestow on them gift, the rich according to his means, and the poor according to his means, a gift of reasonable amount is a duty on the doers of good.) (2:236) pIn Sahih Al-Bukhari, it was recorded that Sahl bin Sa`d and Abu Usayd, may Allah be pleased with them both, said, "The Messenger of Allah married Umaymah bint Sharahil, and when she entered upon him he reached out his hand towards her, and it was as if she did not like that, so he told Abu Usayd to give her two garments.'' `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said "If the dowery had been named, she would not be entitled to more than half, but if the dowery is not been named, he should give her a gift according to his means, and this is the "handsome manner.''}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=33&tAyahNo=49&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0 Qur'an 33:49]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2= {{right|<br />
(يٰأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوۤاْ إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ فَمَا لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ عِدَّةٍ تَعْتَدُّونَهَا فَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ وَسَرِّحُوهُنَّ سَرَاحاً جَمِيلاً)<br />
}}<br />
O you who believe if you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them (read tamassūhunna or tumāsūhunna) that is, before you have copulated with them, there shall be no [waiting] period for you to reckon against them, [no] waiting period [needed to preclude pregnancy] or otherwise. But provide for them, give them what they can use for [securing] comforts, in cases where no dowry has been fixed for them; otherwise theirs is to retain half of what was fixed, but no more — this is what Ibn ‘Abbās said and it is [the opinion] followed by al-Shāfi‘ī’; and release them in a gracious manner, leave them be without [the intention to cause them any] harm.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=33&tAyahNo=49&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0 Qur'an 33:49]<BR>Tafsir 'Ibn Abbas|2= {{right|<br />
(يٰأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوۤاْ إِذَا نَكَحْتُمُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقْتُمُوهُنَّ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَمَسُّوهُنَّ فَمَا لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ عِدَّةٍ تَعْتَدُّونَهَا فَمَتِّعُوهُنَّ وَسَرِّحُوهُنَّ سَرَاحاً جَمِيلاً)<br />
}}<br />
(O ye who believe! If ye wed believing women) without naming the amount of their dowry (and divorce them before ye have touched them) before you had sexual intercourse with them, (then there is no period that ye should reckon) by counting the months or the periods of menstruation. (But content them) as is due by divorce by giving them at least a scarf or shawl (and release them handsomely) divorce them without any harm done to them.}}<br />
<br />
This verse effectively removes the apologist's objection to Qur'an 65.4 as we see clearly that if a man has not consummated his marriage with his wife then she does not need to observe an 'iddah. If Qur'an 65.4 specifies that pre-pubescent females must observe a 3 month 'iddah then clearly sexual intercourse is halal to Allah.<br />
<br />
=== This verse is only talking about adult women who don't know if they are pregnant ===<br />
<br />
The very reason 65:4 was revealed in the first place, was as a clarification to an existing revelation by Allah. Allah had already revealed that women must wait 3 menstrual periods before they can end the 'iddat and be free to marry again. This is in Qur'an 2:228:<br />
<br />
{{quote|{{Quran|2|228}}|'''And the divorced women should keep themselves in waiting for three courses; and it is not lawful for them that they should conceal what Allah has created in their wombs''', if they believe in Allah and the last day; and their husbands have a better right to take them back in the meanwhile if they wish for reconciliation; and they have rights similar to those against them in a just manner, and the men are a degree above them, and Allah is Mighty, Wise. }}<br />
<br />
However, after this, Muslim men went to Muhammad to ask about those who did not presently have their menses - how do they measure the 'iddat in those cases? It is in this circumstance that Allah sent down the clarification (65:4) for the three groups of women that did not have menstruation, therefore they could not wait the '3 menstrual cycles' as mandated by Qur'an 2:228.<br />
<br />
Those Muslims who make this claim are ignoring what all of their own scholars have said about 65:4; that it is referring to the peri-menopausal and post menopausal women, the pre-pubescent girls and the pregnant women. The women who are currently menstruating are told in Qur'an 2:228 that they must wait 3 menstrual cycles, therefore this apologetic is also debunked.<br />
<br />
=== This verse is applied to unconsummated widows ===<br />
<br />
Another claim is that Qur'an 65.4 doesn't necessarily mean that Muslim men can have sex with pre-pubescent females because there may be cases where a man has married a pre-pubescent female, but while waiting for her to attain menstruation before consummating the marriage, he died. The 'iddah could be referring to a situation such as this. This claim is invalid because the Qur'an specifies the 'iddah for ''all'' widows to be 4 months and 10 days; in Qur'an 2:234:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|234}}|And (as for) those of you who die and leave wives behind, they should keep themselves in waiting for four months and ten days; then when they have fully attained their term, there is no blame on you for what they do for themselves in a lawful manner; and Allah is aware of what you do.}}<br />
<br />
This verse clearly contradicts this particular apologist claim, since the 'Iddah specified in Qur'an 65.4 is for a different amount of time, therefore the verses are referring to different situations.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion== <br />
<br />
The Qur'an in verse 33:49 states that no 'Iddah is prescribed for a woman who has ''not'' had intimate contact with her husband, but goes on to stipulate the 'Iddah for pre-pubescent girls in verse 65:4, meaning the holiest text of Islam supports marrying and having sex with prepubescent girls. This is definitive proof that the Qur'an endorses pedophilia, something that is considered by many people to be the most serious of all sexual crimes.<br />
<br />
{{Core Pedophilia}}<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
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*[[Contemporary Pedophilic Islamic Marriages]]<br />
*[[Responses to Apologetics - Muhammad and Aisha|Responses to Apologetics: Muhammad and Aisha]]<br />
<br />
{{Translation-links-english|[[Pedophilie_dans_le_Coran|French]]}}<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
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*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Versions/065.004.html Marriage to Minors: Surah At-Talaq (65:4)] - ''[[Answering Islam]]''<br />
<br />
The following links show that girls as young as 8 months have been able to menstruate. This does not mean it is acceptable to have sex with them:<br />
<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Medina Lina Medina, The youngest mother in history]<br />
*[http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=2610353 Puberty Hitting Girls as Young as 4 Years Old]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Pedophilia]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Dhul-Qarnayn_and_the_Alexander_Romance&diff=106247
Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance
2014-03-24T15:49:53Z
<p>Claustrum: /* Destroyed at the End of Times */</p>
<hr />
<div><metadesc>The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) from the Qur'an (Koran) and its relation to the romance (legend, folklore) of Alexander the Great</metadesc><br />
[[File:Alexander the Great.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Alexander the Great depicted with horns on a silver tetradrachm of Lysimachos, circa 297-281 B.C.]]<br />
This article discusses the story of [[Dhul-Qarnayn]] from the [[Qur'an]] and its relation to the Alexander romance.<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in [[Arabic]] ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is found in the 18<sup>th</sup> [[Surah]] of the Qur'an, [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Kahf (The Cave)|al-Kahf]] (the Cave). While he is never mentioned explicitly by name, the story is clearly based upon a [[legends|legendary]] account of Alexander the Great. For centuries, most Muslim historians and Qur'anic commentators endorsed the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander, though some also proposed alternatives. In recent years, this identification of Dhul-Qarnayn has become particularly problematic and controversial for Muslim scholars, as historians have gradually discovered that the historical Alexander was a Greek [[Paganism|pagan]] who fashioned himself as a [[god]]. This has prompted many [[apologists]] to create and advance alternative theories that identify Dhul-Qarnayn as other prominent historical kings, most notably Cyrus the Great. These alternative theories have major deficiencies and fall short of the strong parallels between the Qur'anic story and legends of Alexander that date to the early 7<sup>th</sup> century.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===Historical vs Legendary Alexander===<br />
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What is overlooked by most apologists when discussing the identify of Dhul-Qarnayn<ref>For example, [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understanding-islam.com%2Fq-and-a%2Fsources-of-islam%2Fwho-is-the-prophet-zulqarnain-5247&date=2013-11-25 Amar Ellahi Lone] completely ignores the Alexander Legends of the 4<sup>th</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century and focuses on a historical account of Alexander. [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fzolqarnain_cyrus_quran.php&date=2013-11-25 Baha'eddin Khoramshahi] rejects Alexander based solely on his historical identity. And [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fanswering-islam.org%2FAuthors%2FNewton%2Falex.r.html&date=2013-11-25 Khalid Jan] gives background information on the historical Alexander and why he is not a fit to the Qur'anic story. Expresses no knowledge of the Alexander legends.</ref> is that the story in the Qur'an is not based on an historically accurate account of Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BC). Instead, it is based entirely upon legendary stories of Alexander which bare little resemblance to the Alexander of history. In particular, the Qur'an parallels a Syriac legend where Alexander is portrayed as a monotheistic king who awaits the second coming of the Messiah and the end of the world.<ref name="Budge">{{cite web|url= http://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Alexander_the_Great_Being.html?id=_14LmFqhc8QC|title= The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes, Volume 1|publisher= The University Press|author= Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge|date= 1889|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been well understood for many centuries that legendary accounts of Alexander's life began shortly after his death in 323 BC. These were popular across most of [[Europe]], North [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Iran|Persia]] and even [[India]] and [[China]]. In the subsequent centuries after his death, the historical accounts of Alexander were largely forgotten and legendary accounts of his deeds and adventures replaced them in popular folklore. It is these legendary depictions of Alexander that would have been known in the 7<sup>th</sup> century and not the historically accurate accounts of his life. It was not until the Renaissance in the 16<sup>th</sup> century that the first historical accounts of Alexanders life were rediscovered and investigated.<br />
<br />
===Oral Tradition===<br />
<br />
Some may object to the literary link between the Qur'anic story and the legendary Alexander story on the basis that they believe Prophet [[Muhammad]] was not a literate man and could not have read the Alexander legend. Muhammad's ability to read, however, is irrelevant to the inclusion of the story in the Qur'an as most stories in ancient communities were shared orally. Since the vast majority of people in 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabia and the Middle East were illiterate, most stories were passed on through word of mouth. It is through this telling and re-telling of stories that this legend likely came to be known by the author of the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
==Parallels to the Syriac Legend==<br />
<br />
In 1889, the renowned scholar and philologist, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge, translated five Alexander stories from Syriac manuscripts into English. One of these stories was a legend that detailed the exploits of Alexander, the son of Philip the Macedonian, and how he traveled to the ends of the world, made a gate of iron, and shut behind it the Huns so they might not come forth to spoil the land.<ref name="Budge"/> The parallels between this story and the story of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Qur'an are detailed below.<br />
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===Two Horns===<br />
<br />
Alexander in the Syriac legend is described as having horns on his head. An Ethiopic variation of the story refers to Alexander as "the two horns".<ref name="Budge"/> Coins depicting Alexander with ram horns on his head were first minted shortly after his death. By the 1<sup>st</sup> century BC, silver coins depicting Alexander with ram horns were used as the primary currency in Arabia. Imitation coins were issued by an Arab ruler named Abi'el who ruled in the south-eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula and other minting of these coins occurred throughout Arabia for another thousand years.<ref> "The impact of Alexander the Great’s coinage in E Arabia" at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040603181636/www.culture.gr/nm/presveis/Pages/museum/13/p1302.html culrute.gr].</ref> This connection of Alexander with two-horns was widely known across the region at the time.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 146|<br />
And king Alexander bowed himself and did reverence, saying, "0 God, Lord of kings and judges, thou who settest up kings and destroyest their power, I know in my mind that thou hast exalted me above all kings, and thou hast '''made me horns upon my head''', wherewith I might thrust down the kingdoms of the world;<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
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===Established with Power===<br />
<br />
At the beginning of the Syriac legend, Alexander says a prayer to God that he might be given power from heaven to rule over the kingdoms of the earth. The Qur'anic story, speaking from the perspective of Allah, says that he has given Alexander power on earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 146|<br />
'''Give me power from thy holy heavens that I may receive strength greater than [that of] the kingdoms of the world''' and that I may humble them, and I will magnify thy name, O Lord, for ever, and thy memorial shall be from everlasting to everlasting, and I will write the name of God in the charter of my kingdom, that there may be for Thee a memorial always.<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|84}}|Verily '''We established his power on earth''', and We gave him the ways and the means to all ends.}}<br />
<br />
===Journey to the Fetid Sea===<br />
<br />
The first destination for the hero in both the Syriac and Qur'anic stories is a place near the setting of the sun. The Syriac legend identifies this location as Oceanus, a mythical sea believed to encircle a [[Flat Earth and the Quran|flat earth]]. In both accounts, the water is described as being muddy or fetid.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 145-147|<br />
"As to the thing, my lord, which thy majesty (or thy greatness) desires to go and see, namely, upon what the heavens rest, and what surrounds the earth, the terrible seas which surround the world will not give thee a passage'; because there are eleven bright seas, on which the ships of men sail, and beyond these there is about ten miles of dry land, and beyond these ten miles '''there is the fetid sea''', Oceanus (the Ocean), which surrounds all creation. <br />
<br />
And they put ships to sea and sailed on the sea four months' and twelve days, and they arrived at the dry land beyond the eleven bright seas.<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|85|86}}|One (such) way he followed, until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it set in a spring of '''murky water''': Near it he found a People: We said: "O Zul-qarnain! (thou hast authority,) either to punish them, or to treat them with kindness."}} <br />
<br />
Dr. Kevin Van Bladel, professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, states in his comparison of the two stories, that the water at the place where the sun sets is 'fetid' in both texts, a coincidence of two uncommon synonyms (Syriac saryâ, Arabic hami'a).<ref name="VanBladel"> Van Bladel, Kevin, “The Alexander legend in the Qur‘an 18:83-102″, in [http://books.google.com/books?id=DbtkpgGn4CEC&pg=PA175 "The Qur’ān in Its Historical Context"], Ed. Gabriel Said Reynolds, New York: Routledge, 2007.</ref> Similar connections can be found in Islamic poetry contemporary to the time of Muhammad. Muhammad ibn Ishāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār recorded many pre-Islamic Arabic poems in his [[Sirat Rasul Allah]] (Biography of Muhammad); This included a poem about Dhul-Qarnayn that he claims was composed by a pre-Islamic king of ancient [[Yemen]]. Here we can see that the sun sets into a pool of water that is described as being both muddy and fetid, a perfect linking of the two adjectives in both the Qur'anic and Syriac stories.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah|<br />
Conquered kings thronged his court, East and west he ruled, yet he sought Knowledge true from a learned sage. He saw where the sun sinks from view, In a '''pool of mud and fetid slime'''.<ref> Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume, Alfred, ed. (2002) [?-767 AD]. "The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah". Oxford University Press. pp. 138–140. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Punishment of Wrongdoers===<br />
<br />
The Qur'anic story next gives the reader a cryptic speech by Dhul-Qarnayn where he says that "whoever does wrong" will be sent back to the Lord (i.e. killed). The Syriac legend gives a much fuller account; it explains that Alexander asked for criminals to be sent to the shore of the fetid sea to test a rumor that anyone who approaches the sea dies. When the prisoners drop dead, Alexander notes that it is good that those already "guilty of death should die". Not only is there a direct parallel between the stories, but the Syriac legend helps makes sense of the short and cryptic Qur'anic version of the story.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 147-148|<br />
And Alexander and his troops encamped, and he sent and called to him the governor who was in the camp, and said to him, "Are there any men here guilty of death?" They said to him, "We have thirty and seven '''men in bonds who are guilty of death'''." And the king said to the governor, "Bring hither '''those evil doers'''." And they brought them, and the king commanded them and said, "Go ye to the shore of the fetid sea, and hammer in stakes that ships may be tied thereto, and prepare everything needful for a force about to cross the sea." And the men went, and came to the shore of the sea. Now Alexander thought within himself, "If it be true as they say, that everyone who comes near the fetid sea dies, '''it is better that these who are guilty of death should die'''," and when they had gone, and had arrived at the shore of the sea, '''they died instantly'''.<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|87}}|He said: "'''Whoever doth wrong, him shall we punish'''; then shall he be sent back to his Lord; and He will punish him with a punishment unheard-of (before).}}<br />
<br />
===Sun Rises on People with No Cover===<br />
<br />
After leaving the muddy sea, The Qur'an tells us that Dhul-Qarnayn travels to the east where the sun rises. The author then conveys an odd and cryptic detail that the people living there have "no covering protection against the sun"; however, it gives no further explanation as to what that means. Again, the Syriac legend not only has an expanded, parallel account but it helps clarify the Qur'anic story. We are told that the people who live near the location where the sun "enters the window of heaven" (i.e. rises above the flat earth) must seek cover because the sun is much closer to the ground and its rays burn the people and animals there.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 148|<br />
So the whole camp mounted, and Alexander and his troops went up between the fetid sea and the bright sea '''to the place where the sun enters the window of heaven'''; for the sun is the servant of the Lord, and neither by night nor by day does he cease from his travelling. The place of his rising is over the sea, and the people who dwell there, when he is about to rise, flee away and hide themselves in the sea, that they be not burnt by his rays; and he passes through the midst of the heavens to the place where he enters the window of heaven; and wherever he passes there are terrible mountains, and those who dwell there have caves hollowed out in the rocks, and '''as soon as they see the sun passing [over them], men and birds flee away from before him and hide in the caves''', for rocks are rent by his blazing heat and fall down, and whether they be men or beasts, as soon as the stones touch them they are consumed.<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|89|90}}|Then followed he (another) way, Until, when '''he came to the rising of the sun''', he found it rising on a people for whom We had '''provided no covering protection against the sun'''. }}<br />
<br />
===Travel to the Valley between Two Mountains===<br />
<br />
On his final journey, the Qur'an tells us that Dhul-Qarnayn traveled to a valley between two mountains. The Syriac legend tells us that Alexander heads north and likewise arrives at a plain between mountains. Here he sets up his camp near a mountain pass.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 149|<br />
And Alexander said, " Let us go forth by the way to the north "; and they came to the confines of the north, and entered Armenia and Adarbaijan and Inner Armenia And they crossed over the country of TurnAgios, and BethPardia, and Beth-Tekil, and Beth-Drubil, and Beth-Katarmen, and Beth-Gebul, and Beth-Zamrat Alexander passed through nil these places; and '''he went and passed mount Musas and entered a plain''' which is Bahi-Lebta, and '''he went and encamped by the gate of the great mountain.'''<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|18|92|93}}|Then followed he (another) way, Till, when '''he came between the two mountains''', he found upon their hither side a folk that scarce could understand a saying. }}<br />
<br />
===Gog and Magog Spoil and Ravage the Land===<br />
[[File:Gogmagogmap.JPG|right|thumb|200px|12<sup>th</sup> century map by the Muslim geographer Al-Idrisi (south up). "Yajooj" and "Majooj" (Gog and Magog) appear in Arabic script on the bottom-left edge of the Eurasian landmass, enclosed within dark mountains. Note that the earth is encircled by water that corresponds to the ocean at the end of the world in the Alexander Legend.]]<br />
<br />
The Syriac legend then states that Alexander meets with people who live near the mountain pass. These natives tell of a tribe, the Huns, who live beyond the pass. These Huns spoil and ravage the land and then return back to their lands on the other side of the mountain. The legend identifies the first two kings of this tribe as Gog and Magog, the exact same names used in the Qur'anic account.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, pp. 149-150, 152|<br />
Alexander said, "This mountain is higher and more terrible than all the mountains which I have seen." The old men, the natives of the country, said to the king: "Yea, by your majesty, my lord the king, neither we nor our fathers have been able to march one step in it, and men do not ascend it either on that side or on this, for it is the boundary which God has set between us and the nations within it" Alexander said, "Who are the nations within this mountain upon which we are looking? "The natives of the land said, " They are the Huns." He said to them, " Who are their kings?" The old men. said: "'''Gog and Magog'''..."<br />
<br />
Alexander said to the natives of that country," '''Have they come forth to spoil in your days?'''" The old men answered and said to the king: "May God establish thy kingdom and thy crown, my lord the king! These fortresses which have been overturned in our lands and in the lands of the Romans, have been overthrown by them; by them have these towers been uprooted; '''when they go forth to spoil, they ravage the land''' of the Romans and of the Persians, and then they enter their own territory."<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|94}}|They said: "O Zul-qarnain! the '''Gog and Magog (People) do great mischief on earth''': shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect a barrier between us and them?"}}<br />
<br />
===Build a Barrier===<br />
<br />
After speaking with the people about Gog and Magog, Alexander says he will build a barrier (a wall or dam) between the people and the tribes that harass them. Both stories record Alexander proclaiming this in a speech. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 153|<br />
When Alexander had heard what the old men said, he marveled greatly at the great sea which surrounded all creation; and Alexander said to his troops, " Do ye desire that we should do something wonderful in this land?" They said to him, "As thy majesty commands we will do." The king said, "'''Let us make a gate of brass and close up this breach'''."<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|95}}|He said: "(The power) in which my Lord has established me is better (than tribute): Help me therefore with strength (and labour): '''I will erect a strong barrier between you and them'''}}<br />
<br />
===Made of Iron and Brass===<br />
<br />
Another similarity between the two stories is that the wall will be made of both iron and brass. Here the Qur'anic translators use different words for the second metal: "lead" (Yusif Ali), "copper" (Pickthall), "brass" (Shakir) but the connection with the Syriac legend is apparent.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 153|<br />
And Alexander commanded and fetched three thousand smiths, workers in iron, and three thousand men, workers in brass And '''they put down brass and iron''', and kneaded it as a man kneads when he works clay. Then they brought it and made a gate, the length of which was twelve cubits and its breadth eight cubits. And '''he made a lower threshold from mountain to mountain''', the length of which was twelve cubits;<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|96}}|"'''Bring me blocks of iron'''." At length, when '''he had filled up the space between the two steep mountain-sides''', He said, "Blow (with your bellows)" Then, when he had made it (red) as fire, he said: "Bring me, that I may pour over it, '''molten lead [brass]'''."}}<br />
<br />
===Cannot be Breached===<br />
<br />
After constructing the barrier, the Syriac legend says that it is very difficult to penetrate and the Huns will not be able to dig under it. A similar phrase is used in the Qur'an to convey that the barrier is very difficult to pass.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 153|<br />
He fixed the gate and the bolts, and he placed nails of iron and beat them down one by the other, so that '''if the Huns came and dug out the rock which was under the threshold''' of iron, even if footmen were able to pass through, '''a horse with its rider would be unable to pass''', so long as the gate that was hammered down with bolts stood.<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|97}}|Thus were they made powerless to '''scale it or to dig through it'''}}<br />
<br />
===Destroyed at the End of Times===<br />
<br />
An often overlooked aspect of the story of Dhul-Qarnayn is that it ends with a prophetic prediction of the wall being destroyed and the tribes of Gog and Magog surging and destroying everything in their path. In particular, it notes that this will occur on the day of Judgement when the "trumpet is blown" and the people of the world are gathered together to account for their sins. The Syriac legend also ends with a similar prophecy that likewise occurs when the nations have been gathered together at the end of times.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version, p. 154|<br />
And '''the Lord will gather together the kings and their hosts''' which are within this mountain, and they shall all be assembled at His beck, and shall come with their spears and swords, and shall stand behind the gate, and shall look up to the heavens, and shall call upon the name of the Lord,"saying, 'O Lord, open to us this gate.' And the Lord shall send His sign from heaven and '''a voice shall call on this gate, and it shall be destroyed and fall''' at the beck of the Lord, and it shall not be opened by the key which I have made for it. And a troop shall go through this gate which I have made, and a full span shall be worn away from the lower threshold" by the hoofs of the horses which with their riders '''shall go forth to destroy the land by the command of the Lord''';<ref name="Budge"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|98}}|<br />
He said: "This is a mercy from my Lord: But when the promise of my Lord comes to pass, '''He will make it into dust'''; and the promise of my Lord is true." On that day We shall leave them to surge like waves on one another: the trumpet will be blown, and '''We shall collect them all together'''.}}<br />
<br />
The connection with the destruction of the wall and the end of times is further explained in the classic Qur'anic [[tafsir]] by Ibn Kathir.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir Ibn Kathir, "The Barrier restrains Them, but It will be breached when the Hour draws nigh"|(We shall leave some of them to surge like waves) meaning mankind, on that day, the day when the barrier will be breached and these people (Ya'juj and Ma'juj) will come out surging over mankind to destroy their wealth and property. As-Suddi said: "That is when they emerge upon the people." All of this will happen before the Day of Resurrection and after the Dajjal, as we will explain when discussing the Ayat: (and As-Sur [the trumpet] will be blown.) As-Sur, as explained in the Hadith, is a horn that is blown into. The one who will blow into it is (the angel) Israfil, peace be upon him, as has been explained in the Hadith quoted at length above, and there are many Hadiths on this topic.<ref> Tafsir Ibn Kathir. Ch 18: "The Barrier restrains Them, but It will be breached when the Hour draws nigh". Full text at [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2700&Itemid=73 qtafsir.com] </ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
<br />
After seeing the numerous and explicit connections between the Qur'an and the Syriac Legend, it is easy to agree with Van Bladel who summaries the parallels between the two stories.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Alexander legend in the Qur‘an 18:83-102, p. 182|<br />
Thus, quite strikingly, almost every element of this short Qur'anic tale finds a more explicit and detailed counterpart in the Syriac Alexander Legend. In both text the related events are given in precisely the same order.<br />
<br />
As it is, the correspondences shown earlier are still so exact that it is obvious in comparison that the two texts are at least connected very closely. They relate the same story in precisely the same order of events using many of the same particular details.<ref name="VanBladel"/>}}<br />
<br />
==Dating the Alexander Legend==<br />
<br />
The parallels between the Syriac Legend and the Qur'an are obvious and striking and both accounts are clearly telling the same story. After establishing this fact, we must now determine the dependency between the two stories. Is the Qur'anic story based on the Syriac story? Is the Syriac story based on the Qur'an? Are both dependent upon earlier stories? In order to determine the answer to those questions, we must look at scholarly works that date both the Qur'anic account, the Syriac legend, and prior Alexander folklore.<br />
<br />
While the Syriac story tells a specific version of the Alexander Romance, many aspects of this legend draw from earlier materials. Similar stories of Alexander pre-date both the Qur'an and Syriac legends by many centuries including folklore found in earlier Christian and Jewish writings. Parallels to the ancient Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Gog and Magog can be clearly identified in the story as well.<br />
<br />
===Epic of Gilgamesh===<br />
<br />
One of the earliest and most influential stories, the Epic of Gilgamesh was written sometime before 2000 BCE. In one of the tablets of his many adventures, Gilgamesh travels far to the east, to the mountain passes at the ends of the earth. He slays mountain lions, bears and other wild animals. Eventually he comes to the twin peaks of Mount Mashu at the end of the earth, from where the sun rises. Here he finds a large gate, guarded by scorpion-people who protect the sun and forbidden anyone to enter through the gate without their permission.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab9.htm|title= Epic of Gilgamesh: Tablet IX|publisher= Academy for Ancient Texts|author= Maureen Gallery Kovacs (trans.)|series= |date= I998|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancienttexts.org%2Flibrary%2Fmesopotamian%2Fgilgamesh%2Ftab9.htm&date=2013-11-23|deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is in this very ancient mythology, that we have the basic outline of the adventure found in the Qur'an and the Alexander legends: a powerful hero, who travels from west to east, the setting and rising of the sun, two mountains and a gate.<br />
<br />
===Early Jewish Legends===<br />
<br />
The Jewish historian Josephus (37-100 CE), records in his two books legendary stories of Alexander that were known to the Jews of the first century. In his first book, "The Antiquities of the Jews", he mentions that the tribes of Magog are called the Scythians by the Greeks. In his second book, "The Wars of the Jews", he further details that these people are held behind a wall of iron that has been built by Alexander the Great. In this legend, Josephus relates that Alexander allows the tribes of Magog to come out from behind the wall and create havoc in the land. Here we see a very clear connection of Alexander to an iron gate and the tribes of Magog being prevented from plundering the land. This shows that local folklore already contained the basic backbone of the Alexander story almost six centuries before the story found in the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I, Ch6, v1|<br />
'''Magog''' founded those that from him were named Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called '''Scythians'''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link2HCH0006|title= The Antiquities of the Jews: Book I, Ch6, v1|publisher= Project Gutenberg|author= Flavius Josephus, William Whiston (trans.)|date= accessed November 24, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2848%2F2848-h%2F2848-h.htm%23link2HCH0006&date=2013-11-24|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Wars Of The Jews, Book VII, Ch7, v4|<br />
Now there was a nation of the Alans, which we have formerly mentioned some where as being '''Scythians''' and inhabiting at the lake Meotis. This nation about this time laid a design of falling upon Media, and the parts beyond it, in order to plunder them; with which intention they treated with the king of Hyrcania; for he was master of that '''passage which king Alexander [the Great] shut up with iron gates'''. This king gave them leave to come through them; so they came in great multitudes, and fell upon the Medes unexpectedly, and plundered their country.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/war-7.htm|title= The Wars Of The Jews: Book VII, Ch7, v4|publisher= Christian Classics Ethereal Library|author= Flavius Josephus, William Whiston (trans.)|date= accessed November 24, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fj%2Fjosephus%2Fworks%2Fwar-7.htm&date=2013-11-24|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Early Christian Legends===<br />
<br />
As early as the 399 CE, local stories of Alexander building a wall against the Huns had made their way into Christian writings as well. St. Jerome, an early church father, writes about rumors of attacks against Jerusalem by invaders from the north. He refers to these invaders as Huns who live near the gate that was built by Alexander.<br />
<br />
{{Quote| Letters of St. Jerome, Letter 77| For news came that the hordes of the Huns had poured forth all the way from Mæotis (they had their haunts between the icy Tanais and the rude Massagetæ; where '''the gates of Alexander keep back the wild peoples''' behind the Caucasus); and that, speeding here and there on their nimble-footed horses, they were filling all the world with panic and bloodshed.<ref>Translated by W.H. Fremantle, G. Lewis and W.G. Martley. From "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series", Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1893.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001077.htm Letters of St. Jerome: Letter 77] <small>([http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3001077.htm&date=2013-11-24 archived])</small>>.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Gog and Magog in the Bible===<br />
<br />
The story of Gog and Magog being let loose at the end of the world, on Judgement Day, can be found in the Book of Revelation. We are told that they will swarm across the earth and surround the "camp of God's people" who have been gathered together in the "city he loves" (namely Jerusalem). This writing dates to the second half of the 1<sup>st</sup> century.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/Before-Jerusalem-Fell-Dating-Revelation/dp/0930464206/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1385273746&sr=8-1|title= Before Jerusalem Fell|publisher= Powder Springs, Georgia: American Vision|author= Kenneth Gentry|isbn= 0-930464-20-6|date= 1989|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=6FAookts4MUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title= The Book of Revelation|publisher= Cambridge: Eerdman's|author= Robert Mounce|pages=15-16|date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote|Revelation 20:7-9|When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth—Gog and Magog—and to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore. They marched across the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of God’s people, the city he loves. But fire came down from heaven and devoured them.<ref name="NIV1">New International Version of the Bible. Zondervan 1971. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%2020&version=NIV Rev 20:7-19].</ref> }}<br />
<br />
===Dating the Syriac Legend===<br />
<br />
The Alexander Legend was composed by a Mesopotamian Christian probably in Amid or Edessa. It was written down in 629-630 CE after the victory of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius over the Sasanian king Khusrau Parvez. Dr. Reinink, a Near East philogist and scholar, highlights the political agenda of the legend which is clearly written as a piece of pro-Byzantine propaganda. Its purpose was probably to win the separated Syrian Christians back to a union with the church at Constantinople.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=PtxOXRlPMA0C|title= Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Chrisitan and Islamic Sources|publisher= BRILL|author= Ed. Emeri J. van Donzel, Andrea Barbara Schmidt|page= 18|date= 2010|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dating the Qur'anic Verses===<br />
<br />
According to Muslim scholars, Al-Kahf (The Cave) was generally revealed in Mecca, except verse 28 and verses 83-101 which were revealed in Medina.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tanzil.net/pub/ebooks/History-of-Quran.pdf|title= The History of the Quran|publisher= Al-Tawheed|author= Allamah Abu Abd Allah al-Zanjani, Mahliqa Qara'i (trans.)|page=34|date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref> Based on this information, we can date the story of Dhul-Qarnayn, contained in verses 83-101, sometime after the Hijra in June 622 CE and before Muhammed's death in June 632 CE; a more specific date is difficult to ascertain with any certainty. Since the community of Muslims in Mecca were far from well known outside of Arabia, the possibility of their story influencing Christians in Syria is extremely remote. The Syriac work also contains no references to the Arabic phrases used in the Qur'anic account, which would be expected if the Syrian story was using that as its source.<ref name="VanBladel"/> While the timelines are tight, it is clear that the composition of the Syriac legend fits into the timeline of the Qur'anic revelation and likely pre-dates it.<br />
<br />
===Spread of the Syriac Legend to Arabia===<br />
<br />
The popularity of the Syriac legend of Alexander is evidenced by its inclusion in other works soon after its composition. The "Song of Alexander", composed a few years later but before the Arab conquest of Syria sometime between 630 CE and 636 CE. The Syriac apocalypse, "De Fine Munid" composed between 640 CE and 683 CE and the "Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius" composed around 692 CE.<ref name="VanBladel"/> Since the work was composed as a piece of propaganda, its intentional dissemination makes sense of its rapid adoption and popularity in the region. This would have included Christian Arabs of the Ghassanid. It is even possible that early Muslim followers heard the story of the Syrian legend during their raids on Mu'ta on the borders of Syria around September 629 CE.<ref name="VanBladel"/><br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
<br />
It should be clear that all the major elements of the Alexander story were in place by the 4<sup>th</sup> century, predating both the Qur'anic and the Syriac account by hundreds of years. The strong, point-by-point connection between the story of Dhul-Qarnayn and prior legends is undeniable. In effect, the story of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Qur'an is simply another example of the widespread inclusion of Alexander folklore into the stories and traditions of the religious groups in the Middle East. Rebecca Edwards in a address to the American Philological Association in 2002 states:<br />
<br />
{{Quote||Alexander's association with two horns and with the building of the gate against Gog and Magog occurs much earlier than the Quran and persists in the beliefs of all three of these religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The denial of Alexander's identity as Dhul-Qarnayn is the denial of a common heritage shared by the cultures which shape the modern world--both in the east and the west.<ref>Rebecca Edwards. "Two Horns, Three Religions. How Alexander the Great ended up in the Quran". American Philological Association, 133<sup>rd</sup> Annual Meeting Program (Philadelphia, January 5, 2002)</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander in Islamic Sources==<br />
<br />
While the Qur'an and Hadith never explicitly identify Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander, a number of Islamic scholars and commentators have endorsed this view. This was especially true in the early centuries after the founding of Islam when the legends of Alexander were still widely known and popular. In more recent years, some prominent scholars have also supported the connection between Alexander and Dhul-Qarnayn of the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
===Early Islamic Scholars===<br />
<br />
The Sirat Rasul Allah of Ibn Ishaq, circa 761 CE, mentions that Dhul-Qarnayn was of Egyptian and Greek origins, a pretty good description of Alexander who came from Macedonia in Greece and conquered Egypt.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah|<br />
A man who used to purvey stories of the foreigners, which were handed down among them, told me that Dhul-Qarnayn was an Egyptian whose name was Marzuban bin Mardhaba, the Greek.<ref>Ibn Ishaq; Guillaume, Alfred, ed. (2002). "The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah". Oxford University Press. pp. 138–140. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Tafsir al-Jalalayn, a classical Sunni tafsir of the Qur'an, composed by Jalal ad-Din al-Mahalli in 1459 CE identifies Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafsir al-Jalalayn|And they, the Jews, question you concerning '''Dhū’l-Qarnayn, whose name was Alexander'''; he was not a prophet. Say: ‘I shall recite, relate, to you a mention, an account, of him’, of his affair.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=18&tAyahNo=83&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageID=2|title= Tafsir al-Jalalayn: Surah 18, Ayah 83|publisher= Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought|author=Jalal ad-Din al-Mahalli, Feras Hamza (trans.)|date= 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Faltafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D0%26tTafsirNo%3D74%26tSoraNo%3D18%26tAyahNo%3D83%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26UserProfile%3D0%26LanguageID%3D2&date=2013-11-24|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Another influential Tafsir author who endorsed the identify of Alexander is the Indian scholar Shah Waliullah (1763 CE).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=jbVWRp56XxsC|title= Al-Fawz al-Kabir fi Usul al-Tafsir|publisher= Islamic Book Trust|author= Shah Waliullah (1763)|date= 2013|page= 27|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Modern Islamic Scholars===<br />
<br />
One of the most prominent modern scholars to defend the fidelity between Dhul-Qarnayn and Alexander the Great is the famous Qur'anic translator Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Yusuf Ali gives a detailed defense of the Alexander theory in the Appendix of his commentary on the Qur'an, including assertions that the Qur'an accurately depicts an historical account of Alexander and not a legendary one.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Noble Quran's Commentary, appx. 6, p. 738. |Personally, '''I have not the least doubt that Dhu al Qarnayn is meant to be Alexander the Great''', the historic Alexander, and not the legendary Alexander, of whom more presently. My first appointment after graduation was that of Lecturer in Greek history. I have studied the details of Alexander's extraordinary personality in Greek historians as well as in modern writers, and have since visited most of the localities connected with his brief but brilliant career. Few readers of Quranic literature have had the same privilege of studying the details of his career. It is one of the wonders of the Quran, that, spoken through an Ummi's (illiterate) mouth, it should contain so many incidental details which are absolutely true.<ref name="YusufAli"> Sheikh Abdullah Yusuf Ali, "The Noble Quran's Commentary", appx. 6, p. 738.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Reconstructing the Historical Alexander==<br />
<br />
While legendary accounts of Alexander's life dominated Europe and the Middle East for almost two thousands years, eventually more historical biographies about his life were unearthed. This included information about Alexander as a polytheist, Zeus worshiping pagan and insight into his personal and sexual preferences. Such historical facts about Alexander the Great became well known only after the Renaissance period (1300-1600 CE) when Greek documents from the 2<sup>nd</sup> century were rediscovered. <br />
<br />
These included the "Anabasis Alexandri" or "the Campaigns of Alexander" by Arrian. It is generally considered the most important source on Alexander the Great. Written in the 2<sup>nd</sup> century, it gives a detailed history of Alexander's military complains and is based on early sources that are now lost. The other is the "Life of Alexander" and two orations "On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great" , by the Greek historian and biographer Plutarch of Chaeronea. This work detailed much of Alexander's personal life, desires, motivations, and other personal insights.<ref name="Plutarch">Plutarch (1919). Perrin, Bernadotte, ed. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0243 "Plutarch, Alexander"]. Perseus Project. Retrieved December 6, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
===Polytheism===<br />
<br />
Alexander the Great was a polytheist who believed in the pantheon of Greek gods, the dominant religious belief at the time of the 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE in Macedon Greece and throughout most of the Mediterranean. When his army first invaded Asia, Alexander dedicated the lands of his conquests to the gods. He visited the Oracle at Delphi and sought prophecies about his future. After his death, Alexander apparently left instructions in his will for a monumental temple to Athena be built at Troy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC |title= A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|author= Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington|date= 2010|isbn=1-4051-7936-8|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Son of Zeus-Ammon===<br />
[[File:Zeus Ammon.png|right|thumb|200px|A terracotta cast of Zeus Ammon with ram horns. 1st century CE. Alexander is depicted with similar ram horns in coins as a reference to his deity.]]<br />
Alexander appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/Alexander-Great-Hellenistic-Peter-Green/dp/0753824132/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1385374702&sr=8-1|title= Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age|publisher= London: Phoenix|author= Peter Green|date= August 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref> Olympias, his mother, always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,<ref name="Plutarch"/> a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa in [[Libya]].<ref name="Plutarch"/> Shortly after his visit to the oracle, Alexander began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon and often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father. This god, an amalgamation of both the Greek god Zeus and the Egyptian god Ammon was often depicted with ram horns on his head. Subsequent currency depicted Alexander adorned with similar rams horn as a symbol of his divinity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/Legend-Alexander-Great-Greek-Roman/dp/0415394511/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1385374897&sr=8-1|title= The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins|publisher= Routledge|author= Karsten Dahmen|date= February 23, 2007|isbn=0-415-39451-1|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Personal Relationships and Sex Life===<br />
<br />
Alexander had two wives : Roxana, daughter of a Greek nobleman, and Stateira II, a Persian princess and daughter of Darius III of Persia. He fathered at least two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon with Roxana and Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine.<ref name="Plutarch"/> Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy. Alexander may have been bisexual, and while no ancient sources state that Alexander had homosexual relationships, many historians have speculated that Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion, his life long friend and companion, was of a romantic nature.<ref>Ogden, Daniel (2009). "Alexander's Sex Life". In Heckel, Alice; Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A. [http://www.amazon.com/Alexander-Great-A-New-History/dp/1405130822 "Alexander the Great: A New History"]. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-3082-2.</ref><br />
<br />
==Cyrus the Great==<br />
<br />
Recent historical and archaeological evidence clearly points to the real Alexander of Macedon as a polytheistic pagan who fashioned himself after Greek and Egyptian gods. The more recent questions about Alexander's sexuality and personal relationships also raises serious problems for anyone who believes he was a follower of Islam. Based on this information, some apologists have constructed alternative theories to the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn. The most prominent alternative theory among modern apologists is that Dhul-Qarnayn was Cyrus the Great of Persia. This theory has been advanced by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi,<ref name="Maududi">{{cite web|url= http://www.islamicstudies.info/result.php?sura=18&verse=83|title= Tafsir Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an|publisher= |series= Surah 18 Ayah 83|author= Maududi|date= 1972|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Fresult.php%3Fsura%3D18%26verse%3D83&date=2013-11-22|deadurl=no}}</ref> Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,<ref name="Azad"> Baljon , Johannes Marinus Simon. [http://books.google.com/books?id=IOEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33 "Modern Muslim Koran Interpretation: (1880 - 1960)"]. pp. 32-33. 1961. Relates a typical defense by Azad of the Cyrus theory by explaining first why Alexander should be rejected based on the historical Alexander and not the legendary one.</ref> Allameh Tabatabaei,<ref>Allameh Tabatabae. Tafsir al-Mizan Vol 26 </ref> and Naser Makarem Shirazi.<ref>Naser Makarem Shirazi. Bargozideh Tafseer-i Nemuneh, Vol 3, p. 69</ref><br />
<br />
It is important to note that these rejections of Alexander as Dhul-Qarnayn are primarily motivated by theological concerns and are not based on any convincing evidence. As we shall see, the claims of Cyrus the Great being Dhul-Qarnayn are far weaker than the obvious connection to the legendary stories of Alexander. Proponents of this theory, however, pre-suppose that the Qur'an is relaying an accurate, historical story and thus never take into consideration the possibility that the story is based on myth and folklore.<br />
<br />
===Turning-point of Alexander as Dhul-Qarnayn===<br />
<br />
In the first few centuries after the founding of Islam, there was little controversy in identifying Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander. Alexander's deeds and exploits were almost universally admired. However this slowly changed after the Renaissance in the 16<sup>th</sup> century when proper archaeological and historical methods were first applied to the life of Alexander the Great.<br />
<br />
Once an accurate picture of the historical Alexander emerged, Christians and Jews easily discarded the legends of Alexander as a believing king. Since these accounts were not present in the Bible, rejecting Alexander as a Greek pagan held no theological consequences for them. Muslims, on the other hand, are forced to defend these accounts because the stories found their way into the Qur'an. While some Muslims have embraced Alexander and rejected modern scholarship around his historical identify,<ref>A brief defense of Alexander against Cyrus by a Muslim apologist can be viewed [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answering-christianity.com%2Fking_cyrus.htm&date=2013-11-25 here].</ref> most apologists have gone the other way and decided to accept that Alexander was a pagan but reject his association with Dhul-Qarnayn.<br />
<br />
===Rejection of Alexander===<br />
<br />
Since most early Muslim scholars and commentators believed that Dhul-Qarnayn was Alexander, any defense of the Cyrus theory is first obligated to state why Alexander should be rejected from consideration.<ref name="Azad"/> Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, one of the first to advance the theory of Cyrus, gives a typical justification for his rejection of Alexander by appealing to the historical man as an unrighteous polytheist:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Modern Muslim Koran Interpretation: (1880 - 1960), p. 32|When treating the Dhul-Qarnayn story, Azad beings by setting forth that it follows from verse 82/83 that the hero's epithet was familiar to the Jews, being an expression used by the questioners. Then, he must have been a righteous (see verse 86/87) and godly (see verses 87/88, 94/95 and 97/98) sovereign. In other words, he cannot represent Alexander the Great: "That man was neither godly, nor righteous, nor generous towards subjected nations; moreover, he did not build a wall"<ref name="Azad"/>}}<br />
<br />
The apologist insists that the only possible connection to Alexander must be to the historical man. On this basis, it is easy to agree that the historical Alexander is not portrayed in the Qur'anic story, as he does not fit the description at all. However, the legendary Alexander is a perfect fit. He is portrayed as a godly and righteous man, he shows generosity to the people harassed by the Huns, and he builds a wall of iron and brass. While these legendary stories were popular in the 7<sup>th</sup> century, they are virtually unknown outside of academic circles today. The apologist simply ignores these facts and never presents the option that these verses are about a legendary figure.<br />
<br />
===Two Horns===<br />
[[File:Cyrushorns.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sketch of a relief of Cyrus.]]<br />
In order to connect Cyrus to the epithet Dhul-Qarnayn (i.e. man with two-horns), proponents of this theory have pointed to reliefs found at the tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae, Iran. In these depictions of Cyrus, a set of horns can be seen at the bottom of an elaborate head dress. However, the horns are extremely small and difficult to identify. When you compare this to the prominent placement of horns in Alexander coins and the depiction of Zeus-Ammon, upon which the Alexander coins are based, the horns on the Cyrus relief pale by comparison. We have no other physical engravings or any other archaeological evidence that connects Cyrus with the epithet "two horns".<br />
<br />
===Questions from the People of the Book===<br />
<br />
Another attempt to connect Cyrus to Dhul-Qarnayn comes from an analysis of the events that prompted the revelation of the Qur'anic story in the first place. The story begins in verse 83 by stating that someone has asked Muhammad about the story of Dhul-Qarnayn:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|83}}|'''They ask thee''' concerning Zul-qarnain. Say, "I will rehearse to you something of his story."}}<br />
<br />
The "they" in question is often identified as Jews, or sometimes generally as the [[Islam and the People of the Book|People of the Book]], living near Mecca who use the question as a test of Muhammad's prophet-hood<br />
<br />
{{Quote|The Meaning of the Qur'an, Introduction to Chapter 18|This Surah was sent down in answer to the three questions which the mushriks of Makkah, in consultation with the people of the Book, had put to the Holy Prophet in order to test him. These were: (1) Who were "the Sleepers of the Cave"? (2) What is the real story of Khidr? and (3) What do you know about Dhul-Qarnayn? As these three questions and the stories involved concerned the history of the Christians and the Jews, and were unknown in Hijaz, a choice of these was made to test whether the Holy Prophet possessed any source of the knowledge of the hidden and unseen things.<ref name="Maududi18">{{cite web|url= http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/maududi/introductions/mau-18.php|title= Tafsir Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an|publisher= |author= Maududi|date= 1972 |series= Introduction to Chapter 18|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fmaududi%2Fintroductions%2Fmau-18.php&date=2013-11-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Apologists then argue that the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn must have been well known to the Jews and should therefore be found in the Bible. However, no justification is ever given as to why only the Bible is considered and not other literature used by Jews and Christians of the 7<sup>th</sup> century. This includes the Talmud, apocryphal books, and other non-canonical writings. In fact, this very account refers to another non-canonical story, [[Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Quran|the Sleepers of the Cave]], which is a 5<sup>th</sup> century legend popular in both Syria and Arabia. This story is not found in the Bible and therefore provides definitive proof that the people questioning Muhammad relied on extra-Biblical material for their questions. <br />
<br />
Another detail about this account that is completely ignored by Islamic scholars, is that Muhammad is not asked to simply identify Dhul-Qarnayn. If that were the case, he could have given a one sentence answer such as "he is Alexander" or "he is Cyrus". He is actually asked to relate a ''story'' about Dhul-Qarnayn. In this context, it is assumed that everyone at the time is familiar with this person, but they are asking Muhammad for details of Dhul-Qarnayn's deeds. In order for the People of the Book to know the "right" answer to that question, they must already know the details of this story. This story does not appear anywhere in the Bible; but it does occur, point-by-point and detail-by-detail in the Alexander legend. Therefore, they must be using the Alexander legend as their source for the "right" answer.<br />
<br />
Again, apologists are simply ignoring the wide range of stories used by Jews and Christians of the 7<sup>th</sup> century. They project a modern understanding of the cannon of scripture back upon the people of that time. When we consider that the Alexander legends were incorporated into the writings and theology of the Jews and Christians in Syria and Arabia, it is easy to see why it should be included as the most likely source of these questions.<br />
<br />
===Reference in the Bible===<br />
<br />
While trying to link the phrase "two horns" to Cyrus in the Bible, the apologists will cite a passage from Daniel 8 that mentions a ram with two horns:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Daniel 8:2-7|In my vision I saw myself in the citadel of Susa in the province of Elam; in the vision I was beside the Ulai Canal. I looked up, and there before me was '''a ram with two horns''', standing beside the canal, and the horns were long. '''One of the horns was longer than the other''' but grew up later. I watched the ram as it charged toward the west and the north and the south. No animal could stand against it, and none could rescue from its power. It did as it pleased and became great. As I was thinking about this, suddenly '''a goat with a prominent horn between its eyes came from the west''', crossing the whole earth without touching the ground. It came toward the two-horned ram I had seen standing beside the canal and charged at it in great rage. I saw it attack the ram furiously, striking the ram and shattering its two horns. The ram was powerless to stand against it; the goat knocked it to the ground and trampled on it, and none could rescue the ram from its power.<ref>New International Version of the Bible. Zondervan 1971. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel%208:2-7&version=NIV Dan 8:2-7].</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The meaning of this prophetic vision is explained a few verses later; the identities of the two-horned ram and the one-horned goat are given:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Daniel 8:19-21|He said: “I am going to tell you what will happen later in the time of wrath, because the vision concerns the appointed time of the end. '''The two-horned ram that you saw represents the kings of Media and Persia'''. The shaggy '''goat is the king of Greece''', and the large horn between its eyes is the first king.}}<br />
<br />
On the one hand, the two-horned ram is associated with Persia, and it conquering foes to the west, north, and south is a reference to Cyrus leading Persia to become a great power in the region. However, linking Cyrus explicitly to both of the "two horns" is problematic. First, the author of Daniel clearly says that the ram represents two kings and not only one king. The implication is that Persia is the longer and newer of the two horns, since Persia was more powerful and rose in ascension later than Media. The horn was a common metaphor for rulers or kings in the Middle East, so this imagery is not unique to Persian kings or Cyrus the Great. The clear explanation given in the text is that the ram represents the Persia-Media empire in general and not Cyrus in particular. Since the ram was considered a symbol of Persia, this is not a unique depiction.<ref name="Guzik">Guzik, David. "[http://www.studylight.org/com/guz/view.cgi?book=da&chapter=008 Commentary on Daniel 8:1]". "David Guzik's Commentaries on the Bible". 1997-2003 <small>([http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcom%2Fguz%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dda%26chapter%3D008&date=2013-11-25 archived])</small>.</ref><br />
<br />
Another problem with identifying Cyrus as the ram is that the ram is defeated and disgraced by the goat. It is well known that Cyrus was responsible for freeing the Jews from slavery in Babylon<ref>Ezra 1:1-2</ref> and he is always portrayed favorably in the Bible. In the Book of Isaiah, Cyrus is even called God's anointed <ref>Isaiah 45:1</ref> which is the same word used for Messiah or Savior. However, in this prophetic vision, the goat defeats the ram and tramples it, which is completely at odds with how Cyrus is portrayed throughout the rest of Jewish scripture. Again, this clearly shows that the Ram represents Persia as a whole and not Cyrus as an individual. <br />
<br />
We must also consider that Cyrus is mentioned explicitly by name 23 times<ref> Chron 36:22-33, Ezra 1:1-8, Ezra 3:7, Ezra 4:3-5, Ezra 5:13-17, Ezra 6:3,14, Isaiah 44:28, Isaiah 45:1,13, Daniel 1:21, Daniel 6:28, Daniel 10:1</ref> in the Bible including other parts of the Book of Daniel; yet he is never given the epitaph of "Two Horns". If the Jews knew Cyrus by this epitaph then we should expect to see it mentioned in at least one of these verses. When we consider that Alexander is said to have two horns in the Alexander legend, this lack of direct reference to Cyrus further weakens this theory.<br />
<br />
The horn on the goat is considered by many to be a reference to Alexander the Great. The horn is called "the king of Greece" that comes form the west and charges to the east destroying everything in its path; a basic summary of Alexander's conquest of the Persians. Later in the chapter, we are told that the horn is broken (a reference to Alexander's death) and four horns appear in its place (a reference to the four rulers that divided up Alexander's kingdom).<ref name="Guzik"/> This again provides further evidence that the ram is not Cyrus, as Alexander lived three centuries after Cyrus and the two never fought each other on the battle field.<br />
<br />
===Building a Wall===<br />
<br />
We have no evidence that Cyrus the Great built large walls or was famous for such deeds. In his commentary, Maududi all but admits as much:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tafhim al-Qur'an, Introduction to Chapter 18|As regards Gog and Magog, it has been nearly established that they were the wild tribes of Central Asia who were known by different names: Tartars, Mongols, Huns and Scythians, who 'had been making inroads on settled kingdoms and empires from very ancient times. It is also known that strong bulwarks had been built in southern regions of Caucasia, though '''it has not been as yet historically established that these were built by Cyrus'''.<ref name="Maududi18"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
When we compare this to the legendary version of Alexander, who not only built a wall against Gog and Magog but made it of iron and bronze, we have the final piece of evidence that the Legendary Alexander is the person identified as Dhul-Qarnayn in the Qur'an and not Cyrus.<br />
<br />
==Historicity of the Story==<br />
<br />
Another problem for apologists is the complete lack of physical evidence for the existence of this massive wall of iron and bronze that Dhul-Qarnayn supposedly built at the end of his final journey. If this story is historically accurate then they should be able to point to the location of this large wall, between two mountains that is holding back a tribe of people bent on destroying the earth.<br />
<br />
===Historical Claims in the Hadith===<br />
<br />
The historical nature of the story is affirmed by the following Sahih Hadith by Bukhari which relates that Muhammad viewed this wall (here called a dam) holding back Gog and Magog as a real structure that was facing immanent demise. In this account, he also reiterates that the wall's destruction will bring about death and destruction of the land when the tribes held behind it are let loose.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|88|249}}|Narrated Zainab bint Jahsh:<br />
<br />
That one day Allah's Apostle entered upon her in a state of fear and said, "None has the right to be worshipped but Allah! Woe to the Arabs from the Great evil that has approached (them). Today a hole has been opened in the dam of Gog and Magog like this." The Prophet made a circle with his index finger and thumb. Zainab bint Jahsh added: I said, "O Alllah's Apostle! Shall we be destroyed though there will be righteous people among us?" The Prophet said, "Yes, if the (number) of evil (persons) increased."}}<br />
<br />
===Great Wall of Gorgan===<br />
<br />
The Great Wall of Gorgan is sometimes offered as a possible candidate for the wall built by Dhul-Qarnayn. Made of clay from the local soil, the wall is called the Red Snake due to the color of its bricks. The wall is 195 km (121 mi) long and interspersed with forts. It covers an area between the Caspian Sea and the mountains of northeastern Iran. Dr. Kiani, who led an archaeological team in 1971, believed that the wall was built during the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), and that it was restored during the Sassanid era (3<sup>rd</sup> to 7<sup>th</sup> century CE).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/academic/esauer/pubs/iranian_walls.pdf|title= The enigma of the red snake: revealing one of the world’s greatest frontier walls|publisher= Current World Archaeology|series= No. 27|pages= 12-22|author= Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, E., Wilkinson, T. & Nokandeh, J. (2008)|date=February/March 2008 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shca.ed.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Facademic%2Fesauer%2Fpubs%2Firanian_walls.pdf&date=2013-11-25|deadurl=no}}</ref><br />
<br />
This wall cannot be same as the one described in the story of Dhul-Qarnayn for a number of reasons. First, it is made of bricks not iron and brass. It also does not cover an area between two mountains. The story in the Qur'an says that the wall built by Dhul-Qarnayn holds back a tribe but this wall in northern Iran is not holding back anyone; it is in a state of disrepair. The Qur'an also says the wall of iron will not be destroyed until the Day of Judgement; unless apologists are willing to admit that this Qur'anic prophecy has failed, then this cannot be the wall described in Surat 18. Finally, even its earliest dating of 247 BC puts it almost three centuries after the reign of Cyrus the Great (576–530 BC) and almost a century after Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).<br />
<br />
===Caspian Gates of Derbent===<br />
<br />
Derbent, a city on the other side of the Caspian Sea from the Great Wall of Gorgon is located just north of the Azerbaijani border. Historically, it occupied one of the few passages through the Caucus mountains and it has often been identified with the word 'gate'. Fortresses and walls have been built at this location probably dating back thousands of years. The historical Caspian Gates were not built until the reign of Khosrau I in the 6<sup>th</sup> century, long after Alexander, but they likely were attributed to him in the following centuries. The immense wall had a height of up to twenty meters and a thickness of about 3 meters when it was in use.<br />
<br />
This wall cannot be the same as the one in the Qur'an because it is not built between two mountains. The walls near Derbent were built with the Caspian sea as one border. In his comments on Derbent, Yusuf Ali mentions, that "there is no iron gate there now, but there was one in the seventh century, when the Chinese traveler Hiouen Tsiang saw it on his journey to India. He saw two folding gates cased with iron hung with bells".<ref name="YusufAli"/> Again, if this gate is the same as the one in the Qur'anic story then the apologist must admit that the revelation of the gate holding back Gog and Magog must have failed since they did not rampage over the nations nor bring about judgement day. Additionally, the solitary claim of a single eye witness from the 7<sup>th</sup> century is spurious at best. We should expect a massive structure would have left copious amounts of archaeological evidence, instead all we have are rumors and folktales.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
In summary, the overwhelming preponderance of the evidence supports that:<br />
<br />
* The story in the Qur'an parallels a medieval Syriac legend of Alexander; it portrays him as a believing king who traveled the world and built a barrier of iron which holds back the tribes of Gog and Magog until Judgement Day.<br />
* Almost every major element of the Qur'anic story can be found in Christian and Jewish folklore that dates hundreds of years prior to the time of Prophet Muhammad.<br />
* Most early Muslim commentators and scholars identified Dhul-Qarnayn as Alexander the Great, and some modern ones do too.<br />
* Historical and Archaeological evidence has revealed that the real Alexander was a polytheistic pagan who believed he was the literal son of Greek and Egyptian gods.<br />
* The theory that Dhul-Qarnayn is Cyrus the Great has little evidence in its favor compared to the overwhelming evidence that the story is actually based on a legendary version of Alexander.<br />
* Today, there is no giant wall of iron and brass between two mountains that is holding back a tribe of people; it likely never existed.<br />
<br />
From all of this it can be concluded that the story of Dhul-Qarnayn is a myth about Alexander the Great and has no basis in history.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Dhul-Qarnayn|Dhul-Qarnayn}}<br />
{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Non-Muslims]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Fard&diff=104524
Fard
2014-02-25T10:43:07Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fard''' (الفرض) is an [[Islam|Islamic]] term meaning ''Compulsory''. It refers to religious duties incumbent upon all Muslims, of which there are two types:<br />
<br />
*''Individual duty'' (لواجب الع fard al-ayn)<br />
<br />
Meaning something all individual Muslims must perform.<br />
<br />
*''Sufficiency duty'' (الواجب الكفائي fard al-kifaya)<br />
<br />
Meaning something that is a collective duty among the body of believers, but may not require each individual Muslim to perform.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Five Pillars of Islam]]<br />
*[[Jihad is Compulsory (Fard)]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Ummah&diff=104523
Ummah
2014-02-25T10:42:48Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ummah''' (أمة) is an [[Arabic]] word meaning "community" or "nation".<ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ummah ummah]." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Aug. 2011.</ref> In [[Islam]] the word is used to refer to the collective worldwide body of Muslim believers,<ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ummah ummah]." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 15 Aug. 2011.</ref> including both the Muslim population of [[Dar al-Islam]] and the Muslim population of [[Dar al-Harb]] who are living outside the lands where Islam rules. The leader of the ummah is known as the [[Caliph]].<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Muslim Statistics]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Ibn_Taymiyyah&diff=103879
Ibn Taymiyyah
2014-02-14T10:38:25Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ibn Taymiyya''' (1263-1328) was an Islamic theologian and scholar of the [[Qur'an]] who was influential in promoting fundamentalism in [[Islam]], and curtailing the spread of [[philosophy]] in the Islamic world. He was a staunch defender of [[Sunni]] Islam, today comprising up to 90 percent of all Muslims,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam Islām] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite Sunnite] - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref><ref>[http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 7, 2009</ref><ref>Tracy Miller - [http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population] - Pew Research Center, October 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam] - ReligionFacts</ref> arguing for strict adherence to the Qur'an and the [[Sunnah]] of Prophet [[Muhammad]], which contained all the religious and spiritual guidance necessary for human salvation. <br />
<br />
He rejected the arguments and ideas of the philosophers, arguing that [[Logical Fallacies|logic and reason]] are not reliable means of reaching religious truth and that the intellect must be subservient to revealed truth.<br />
<br />
He was also known for his devotion to [[Terrorism|jihad]] saying it was the best of the forms of voluntary service man can devote to [[Allah]], being superior to [[Hajj|pilgrimage]], as well as to [[Salah|prayer]] and supererogatory [[Fasting|fasts]], "as is shown in the Book and in the Prophetic Sunnah". This view is indeed supported by [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic Scripture]].<ref>''"Standing for an hour in the ranks of battle is better than standing in prayer for sixty years."'' - Saheeh related by Ibn Ade and Ibn Asakir from Abu Hurayrah 4/6165. Sahih al Jaami as Sagheer no. 4305</ref><ref>''"Allah's Apostle was asked, "What is the best deed?" He replied, "To believe in Allah and His Apostle (Muhammad). The questioner then asked, "What is the next (in goodness)? He replied, "To participate in Jihad (religious fighting) in Allah's Cause.""'' - {{Bukhari|1|2|26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Probably his most famous [[fatwa]] was issued against the Mongols, when he declared that jihad upon the Mongols was not only permissible, but obligatory, on the grounds that the Mongols could not be true Muslims despite the fact that they had converted to Sunni Islam because they ruled using 'man-made laws' (their traditional Yassa code) rather than Islamic law or Shari'ah, and thus were living in a state of jahiliyya, or pre-Islamic pagan ignorance.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Philosophy|Philosophy}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
[[Category: Islamic scholars]]<br />
[[ru:Ибн Таймия]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Help:Contents&diff=103080
Help:Contents
2014-01-28T08:17:07Z
<p>Claustrum: /* How to Create a New Page */</p>
<hr />
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<br />
===Communicating with other editors===<br />
<br />
* The [[forum]] page can be used as a discussion area for any topic or for asking for assistance.<br />
* 'My talk' (top left) is a page where people can leave you messages. When your talk page is changed by a user, you will see a "new message" notice. Keep discussions on the pages they were started on. Do no use the other person's talk page for replies. <br />
* Private communication: If you have set an email in your Preferences (top left), you can email another user who has also set their email by clicking the "Email this user" link in the Toolbox menu.<br />
<br />
Here is how to create a new page, format text, make references, insert images and tables and do more.<br />
<br />
==Sandboxes==<br />
User Sandboxes can be created in the format [[User:MyUserName/Sandbox4]]<br />
<br />
Article Sandboxes can be created in the format: [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Name of Article]]. Article Sandboxes are excluded from search indexing and can be safely used to work on articles if needed. Articles can also be created directly without any sandboxes.<br />
<br />
==How to Create a New Page==<br />
<br />
Enter the name of the page to be created in this box:<br />
{| class="simpleborder1px" width="400"<br />
| <br />
<inputbox><br />
type=create<br />
break=yes<br />
bgcolor=#eeeeff<br />
</inputbox><br />
|}<br />
You can also type in the name of the article for example <tt><nowiki>[[My new article]]</nowiki></tt> and it will appear as [[My new article]]. When you click this link, it will create your new page with the title ''"My New Article"''. Another way of creating an article is typing its name in the URL above, such as: <tt><nowiki>http://wikiislam.net/wiki/My New Article</nowiki></tt><br />
===Changing the name of a page===<br />
After a page has already been created and edited, its title can be changed by clicking the "move" tab to move the page to a new title.<br />
<br />
===Page titles===<br />
Page URL's should only have these characters in them: letters (any case; non-English/Latin script is fine), numbers, dashes and spaces. Other characters (colon, brackets, dots, commas, apostrophes, quotation marks, ampersand, etc) may break links posted on some forums and websites. Page titles can be set different from the page URL by using <nowiki>{{</nowiki>page_title|Desired page title}}. Page titles should be used only when we have to take out link-breaking characters from the URL.<br />
<br />
==Formatting Text==<br />
See the [[Help:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]. [[WikiIslam:Sandbox|Practice using the wiki software here]]<br />
<br />
==Referencing the Qur'an, Hadith and other Sources==<br />
It is easy to make automatic linked references to the Qur'an and Hadith - no longer will you have to find the URL of the verse or hadith you're looking for. Refer to [[WikiIslam:Standardization]] for how to use this method. Also, below the edit box and on the editing toolbar, you'll find shortcuts to these Islamic markups.<br />
<br />
==Making links==<br />
===Links to other articles===<br />
Links to other articles on the wiki are easy to make:<br />
* <nowiki>[[</nowiki>The Meaning of Nikah]], produces: [[The Meaning of Nikah]]<br />
We can also change the appearance of a link in the following way:<br />
* The <nowiki>[[</nowiki>The Meaning of Nikah|article]] produces: [[The Meaning of Nikah|article]]<br />
** Easy to remember which variable comes first: <nowiki>[[</nowiki>What it is|What it looks like]]<br />
Sometimes a URL and the page title may look different. In that case use what is present in the URL to link to the page and change the visual text as needed.<br />
<br />
===Citations and External links===<br />
<br />
Links used in the Ref template can be made using the [[Template:Cite web|Cite web]] template.<br />
<br />
Links in an "External links" section can be made using the [[Template:external link|External link]] template.<br />
<br />
[[w:Wikipedia:Link_rot|Link rot]] is a problem. In a 2003 experiment, one link out of every 200 links became inactive each week. Links to other websites should be archived if possible using archiving sites like [http://www.webcitation.org/ Web Citation] or [http://archive.is/ Archive.is]. <br />
<br />
Both the Cite Web and External links templates provide variables for saving archive links. Higher priority should be given to links where the information is not likely to be found anywhere else.<br />
<br />
====How to archive links====<br />
Archiving links is very easy and only takes a moment. Simply copy and paste the link URL into any one of these two archiving websites:<br />
* [http://www.webcitation.org/ Web Citation] - Enter the link URL and any email address for the citing author, then press submit. Using the "transparent" WebCite URL is preferred over the short one. This site archives PDF and other media files.<br />
* [http://archive.is/ Archive.is] - Enter the link URL and press submit. You will then see the new archive URL that can be used in the 'archiveurl' parameter for the 'cite web' template. This site does ''not'' archive PDF and other media files.<br />
<br />
===Anchor links===<br />
Anchor links are links within the same page usually used on length pages to jump from one section to another. A set of anchor links is automatically generated in the "Table of contents" section at the top. For manual links:<br />
* Use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>anchor|foo}}, to create a hidden anchor which can be accessed on the page with [[#foo<nowiki>]]</nowiki><br />
* Top of page: Links to the top of a page are already included in the software and don't have to be defined. Just use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>pagetop}} to place a link to the top, or use <nowiki>[[</nowiki>#top]]<br />
* See: [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Link#Anchors mediawiki] help page<br />
* Headings and subheadings (e.g. foo) automatically create anchors which can be used to link to those headings by using [[#foo<nowiki>]]</nowiki> as a link. For example [[#See Also]] (<nowiki>[[</nowiki>#See Also]]) will take you to that section below.<br />
<br />
===Making interwiki links===<br />
<br />
Here's how to make a link to the Russian translation in the [[72 virgins]] article:<br />
# Go to the Russian site and find the URL of the page you need. In this case we need: http://ru.wikiislam.net/wiki/72_девственницы <br/>When you try to copy that URL, the output may become encoded and unusable in the editor: http://ru.wikiislam.net/wiki/72_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B<br />
#Go to this site: '''http://urldecode.org/'''<br />
#*Paste the encoded URL, which has all the % signs in it.<br />
#*Press the button: Decode<br />
#Now you have the decoded URL, which comes out to be: http://ru.wikiislam.net/wiki/72_девственницы . You can copy the last portion of this URL and make a link:<br />
#*To make an automatic link to an RU page, use this on the english page: <nowiki>[[ru:72_девственницы]]</nowiki>. This will make an automatic link in the left menu under the section "In other languages".<br />
#*To make a regular link to any RU page, use: <nowiki>[[:ru:72_девственницы|My link title]]</nowiki> (notice the extra colon at the beginning). This produces: [[:ru:72_девственницы|My link title]]<br />
<br />
==Uploading Images==<br />
#'''Filesize:''' Images should be of the minimum quality that is needed for the site, and file sizes should be as small as possible. JPGs saved with 70% or 80% quality are recommended. The images should not have too many pixels on either side (for example 2000 pixels). For very small images and icons, use the GIF format unless you plan to resize it. Use other image file formats (PNG for example) only if you have to. You can use online image processing websites ([http://www.picresize.com/]) for reducing the file size or image dimensions. Ideally it should contain letters, numbers, dashes and underscores only. Do not use commas and ampersands (&).<br />
#'''Filenames:''' Use a filename that is not too long (a few words for example). A long file name will cause problems in site backups as some systems do not accept files with names that are too long. Make sure there are no foreign characters in the filename. If you are not sure about that, the best way to write a filename is to delete the original name and make up your own.<br />
When you have the file ready to be uploaded:<br />
#Click on the "Upload file" link on the left [[Image:Upload-image-help.gif]]<br />
#Browse for your file and upload it<br />
#Insert the uploaded image into the page by using: <tt><nowiki>[[File:My-New-Image.jpg|right|thumb|This is my caption|200px]]</nowiki></tt><br />
Right can be changed to left to left align and 200px is the width of the image's size.<br />
===Images that you can use===<br />
*[[List of Flags]]: For making flag icons for countries, for example: <tt><nowiki>{{flag|Egypt}}</nowiki></tt> gives {{flag|Egypt}}<br />
*[[:Category:Icons and other related images]]<br />
*[[Image:updated.gif]]: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:updated.gif]]</nowiki></tt><br />
*[[Image:new.gif]]: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:new.gif]]</nowiki></tt><br />
*Audio logos: [[Image:Real-player-logo.gif]]: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:Real-player-logo.gif]]</nowiki></tt><br />
*Email sign: [[Image:At-sign.gif]]: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:At-sign.gif]]</nowiki></tt><br />
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_Clear_icons Crystal: A list of free good looking icons] <br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvola Nuvola: Another list of free icons] <br />
All uploaded files are accessible in the [[Special:Log/upload|Upload log]]<br />
<br />
==Using Content from Wikipedia==<br />
*Copying articles from Wikipedia is not encouraged. To link to an article on Wikipedia (for example, for non-Islam related articles), use <tt><nowiki>[[w:Chicago|this city]]</nowiki></tt>, which will produce: [[w:Chicago|this city]].<br />
<br />
*The [[WikiIslam:Wikipedia Content Converter|Wikipedia Content Converter]] ([http://www.wikiislam.com/external/wp-to-wi.htm link to tool]) can be used to automatically convert <nowiki>[[article]]</nowiki> formatted links into <nowiki>[[w:article|article]]</nowiki> format. This is helpful when you have a page with a lot of links that should be linked to articles in Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
==Search and Replace==<br />
A "Search and Replace" feature is available in the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:WikiEditor WikiEditor] interface. After clicking Edit, click the Search and Replace icon (notepad with pen and magnifying glass) on the top right of the editing window. You should see a popup. This feature changes the text in the editing interface but will not save the page unless you save it manually (like any other edit).<br />
<br />
For advanced Search and Replace, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression Regular expressions] are also supported.<br />
<br />
==Advanced Editing==<br />
===Making links on images===<br />
Making links on images is possible as in HTML. Here is an example: <tt><pre><br />
[[File:Flag of UAE.png|link=FAQ]]<br />
</pre></tt><br />
Produces this image with a link to the FAQ:<br />
[[File:Flag of UAE.png|link=FAQ]]<br />
<br />
To link the image to an external web address simply replace FAQ by the complete URL.<br />
<br />
===Defining CSS styles===<br />
You can define CSS styles here [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] and apply them anywhere in the Wiki. See the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Catalogue_of_CSS_classes MediaWiki] page for examples of CSS used on Mediawiki.<br />
<br />
===Making HTML forms===<br />
Using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Inputbox#Box_types InputBox] extension, you can make search boxes, enable page edits from a box and create userboxes. An example is the [[#How_do_I_create_a_new_page.3F|Create box]] at the top of this page.<br />
<br />
===Templates===<br />
Templates are a very useful tool for re-using content. See [[WikiIslam:Templates]] for more detail.<br />
<br />
===Columns===<br />
See [[Islam_and_Violence#Images_and_Videos|'''this''']] section for an example of column breaks which will adjust automatically with screen width, so it works on both computer screens and mobile screens. Widths like 15 or 30ems are used instead of pixels. The column breaks will activate automatically on a smaller screen to transform multi-column content into a single column that can fit on a smaller screen. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Col-float more info] on Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
==Link Search==<br />
[[Special:LinkSearch]] can be used to search links to external sites.<br />
* This will work: http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Special:LinkSearch&target=www.islamawakened.com<br />
Due to a bug, the various links (next 50, 500 etc) do not work. Use this instead to see more, or just add '''&limit=500''' at the end:<br />
* http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Special:LinkSearch&target=www.islamawakened.com&limit=500<br />
This to see the next 50 or 500 and so on (add '''&offset=50''' at the end):<br />
*http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Special:LinkSearch&target=www.islamawakened.com&limit=50&offset=50<br />
<br />
==Useful Shortcuts and Hints==<br />
*'''Hide Edit links:''' Use <tt><nowiki>__NOEDITSECTION__</nowiki></tt> to hide "edit" links in an article. Use this only if you are sure the article is finalized and/or you want to discourage editing such as in the case of a "read-only" article.<br />
*'''Adding Hidden Comments:''' Adding editing comments that dont appear in a rendered version of the page: <tt><nowiki><!-- This is a comment --></nowiki></tt><br />
*[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words Variables on a page]: Other Useful variables that you can use in a page:<br />
**<tt><nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki></tt>: For this page, gives: {{PAGENAME}}<br />
**<tt><nowiki>{{fullurl:pagename}}</nowiki></tt>: For this page gives: {{fullurl:pagename}}<br />
**'''Controls for TOC:''' Putting <tt><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></tt> anywhere forces the TOC (table of contents) to appear at that point (instead of just before the first header). Putting <tt><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></tt> anywhere forces the TOC to disappear. <tt><nowiki>{{TOCright}}</nowiki></tt> causes the table of contents to float to the Right like on the top of [[#top|this]] page. <tt><nowiki>{{TOCleft}}</nowiki></tt> causes the TOC to float to the left.<br />
**To '''make a link to the Discussion tab''' of the present page: <tt><nowiki>[[{{NAMESPACE}} Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|Discussion]]</nowiki></tt>. If there's a namespace (such as for this page, Help:), you'll have to use the specific namespace e.g.: <tt><nowiki>[[{{ns:13}}:{{PAGENAME}}|Discussion]]</nowiki></tt>, which for this page produces this link: [[{{ns:13}}:{{PAGENAME}}|Discussion]]. <tt><nowiki>[[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]]</nowiki></tt> also works.<br />
**To '''make a link to the Edit tab''' of the present page: <tt><nowiki>[{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Edit this page]</nowiki></tt>. If there's a namespace (for this page, it is "Help:"), then use: <tt><nowiki>[{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Edit this page]</nowiki></tt>, which produces for this page: [{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} Edit this page]<br />
**To make a direct link for account creation, use: <tt><nowiki>[{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=signup}} Create an account]</nowiki></tt>. This results in: [{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=signup}} Create an account]<br />
*":" indents text<br />
*";" shortcut for a small bold heading<br />
* <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Special:Mypage]]: This produces a link to the logged in user's page: [[Special:Mypage]]. <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Special:Mytalk]] produces a link to the logged in user's talk page. For other Special page names, see [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special_page_names Special page names] on the Mediawiki site.<br />
* '''Refresh Page cache''': Add this at the end of a URL to refresh the page cache: <tt><nowiki>?action=purge</nowiki></tt><br />
More help on variables and general editing at WikiPedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page How to edit a page]<br />
<br />
==Saving your Work==<br />
Clicking the Submit/Save/Preview button for any website is sometimes a risky situation where our submitted text may be lost due to a bad internet connection, browser crash or server issue. Its helpful to get in a habit of "copying" text that has had some work put into it. These tips will help prevent loss of text on our site and also on any other webpage with a submission form (saving text on a wiki, writing an email, submitting a forum post and so on):<br />
* '''Copying text''': Right before you submit text into a website, copy it into the copy buffer by doing the following steps:<br />
*# "Select All" text: This is done by either (1) pressing CTRL-A, or (2) right clicking in the Edit window to get a popup menu and choosing "Select All". You will see all the text being selected.<br />
*# Copy the text into the copy buffer by (1) pressing '''CTRL-INSERT''' or CTRL-C (Windows) or (2) right clicking in the Edit window to get the popup menu and click "Copy".<br />
*# If you're not sure whether the text was copied, open Notepad and paste the text in by pressing SHIFT-INSERT, or click "Paste" in the Edit menu of Notepad. Once you learn this copy-paste method, you will become confident that your text has been copied after you do step 2.<br />
*# The quickest way in Windows is: (1) CTRL-A to select all text (2) CTRL-INSERT to copy the text<br />
* Submit: You can now submit the text to the website using the Save/Submit button.<br />
** If you see an "Edit Conflict" you text is saved at the bottom of that edit page. Scroll to the bottom to find another text box named "Your text" which has the text you tried to submit. You can copy that text and re-submit it.<br />
* '''Restoring text''': If there's a submission error, you can now either press Back (usually works in Firefox but not IE) and get your text back, or if the browser does not restore the text for you, you can now press '''SHIFT-INSERT''' or CTRL-V to paste the text. If by mistake you press CTRL-INSERT at this point, you will lose the copied text. So when you are pasting text, always make sure you are pressing doing a paste (Edit->Paste, or SHIFT-INSERT).<br />
;Notes<br />
* Please note that the text copied using this method is only saved into a temporary location which is overwritten if another text copy operation is done.<br />
* For additional tips on other websites, see any of these links: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c66pvfilotA How to Copy and Paste] and [http://www.bravenet.com/help/copypaste.php?t=practice Cut and Paste Practice]<br />
<br />
'''Summary:''' In short, getting into a habit of doing a '''CTRL-A''' [select all], and '''CTRL-INSERT''' (or CTRL-C) [copy] right before a text submission into any website will make sure you have your work saved in the temporary copy buffer. When needed, you can retrieve that text by using SHIFT-INSERT (or CTRL-V, or right click and ''paste'' from the popup menu).<br />
<br />
==Search engine text==<br />
About 70% of our traffic comes from search engines. Therefore the preview text for each result that is seen in a search is important. These texts are especially important for high traffic pages. This preview text is meant to give a short summary of the page so the visitor knows what they will be looking at. The following code generates the preview text. For example for the [[72 virgins]] article, we have:<br />
:<nowiki><metadesc>What the Qur'an, hadith and Islamic scholars say about the 72 Virgins, and their physical, sexual and personality attributes.</metadesc></nowiki><br />
When preview text is not defined, the search engine usually takes text from the page (usually whatever is found first) and this may or may not be helpful but is never as good as our own defined text.<br />
<br />
The best time to use this <nowiki><</nowiki>metadesc> feature is when a page is created. Google indexes new pages very soon after they are created (a few hours to a few days). At that time it will also index the search engine text.<br />
<br />
==Dealing with Vandalism==<br />
* For sysops: After blocking the vandal, click on their Contributions link and then add <tt>'''&bot=1'''</tt> at the end of their contribution URL to hide edits in Recent Changes from vandals and press Enter to generate the new Contributions page. For example:<br />
:<tt><nowiki>http://www.wikiislam.com/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Example</nowiki>'''?bot=1'''</tt><br />
:After this if you click on the rollback links from this new page with the 'bot' modified URL, the edits of the vandal and your reverts both will be hidden from the Recent Changes. The edits will still be stored on the individual page histories. Also see [[WikiIslam:Vandalism]]<br />
* If you are not a sysop: The simplest way to revert vandalism is to see the History of the page in question and click on the "Last" link (you'll see 2 links together for each version of a page: ''(cur) (last)'') for the most recent legitimate version of the article. Then click "Edit" (it will give a prompt which you can ignore: ''You are modifying a previous version of this page'') and save the article. This will revert the vandalism. In steps:<br />
**See History of the page in Question<br />
**Click on "Last" link for the most recent legitimate version of the page<br />
**Click "Edit"<br />
**Save page with comment "reverting vandalism"<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[WikiIslam:Embedding Multimedia|Embedding Multimedia]] (audio/video)<br />
*[[WikiIslam:Standardization]]<br />
<br />
==Helpful Links==<br />
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing Mediawiki's help page for Help on Editing]<br />
*[[Help:Making References|How to cite References]]<br />
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext_examples Wikitext examples]<br />
*[[WikiIslam:Sandbox|Practice using the wiki software here]]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax Extended Image Syntax]<br />
<br />
===Policies and guidelines=== <br />
* [[WikiIslam:Policies and Guidelines|Policies and Guidelines]]<br />
<br />
===Administration===<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Administrators]] - Admin related help<br />
<br />
If you would like further assistance with anything on this website or have questions, please use the [[WikiIslam:Forum/Help and Inquiries|Help and Inquiries]] page.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Help Pages]]<br />
{{page_title|Editing Help}}</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Under-construction.png&diff=102887
File:Under-construction.png
2014-01-24T14:17:20Z
<p>Claustrum: Category:Icons and other related images</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Icons and other related images]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Islam_and_Science&diff=98523
Islam and Science
2013-10-15T15:04:56Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>One of the most widely used tools to propagate [[Islam]] among non-Muslims is the alleged harmony between its [[Islam and Scripture|scriptures]] and modern science. This page contains easy-to-read summaries of articles discussing Islam in relation to science.<br />
{{Core}}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
When evaluating claims of miraculous scientific information in “revealed” scriptures such as the [[Qur’an]], it is critical to remember the dictum, “Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary proof.” For certainly, [[Islam and Miracles|miracles]] are not to be taken lightly. If miracles really are the results of direct intervention by God/gods, and if they truly are meant as signs to prove both his/her/their existence and power, then we should expect them to serve those purposes in a clear and unambiguous manner. If God is going through all that trouble to provide us with signs, it would defeat his purpose to make the signs difficult to recognize. <br />
<br />
If we assume that [[Allah]] exists, it is safe to say that he is not a Las Vegas magician, and his miracles should reasonably be several cuts above the prestidigitation of Penn and Teller. An all-powerful universal God would doubtlessly be capable of providing miracles that were unchallengeable, unambiguous and dramatic. And it is fully conceivable that God would embed such clear signs of his power and omniscience within his revelation. <br />
<br />
The claim of “scientific miracles” in the Qur’an rests upon the contention that the book contains specific and detailed scientific knowledge that can only have been revealed to Prophet [[Muhammad]] miraculously, i.e. that there was no possible non-miraculous way for such information to have been known to a 7<sup>th</sup> Century Arab. <br />
<br />
So it stands to reason that if there actually were non-miraculous ways for such information to be available, no miracle can be demonstrated. And it is important to test such claims, for we are not involved in a casual conversation about fashion or dietary preferences. We are talking about alleged proofs for the divine origin of the Qur’an. <br />
<br />
===The Four Part Test===<br />
<br />
For a “scientific statement” in the Qur’an to be considered miraculous, it must be capable of passing a four-part test that removes the possibility of a non-miraculous origin of the information: <br />
<br />
'''''1. It must be an unambiguous statement of scientific fact requiring no elaborate interpretation to discern its factual meaning.''''' <br />
<br />
This point cannot be stressed too intensely. For the scientific information in question must actually be in the Qur’an itself, and not something added later as part of a commentary. If the critical information that distinguishes a “scientific miracle” from a casual statement of obvious fact is not explicitly in the clear words and meaning of the Qur’an, we cannot trust it as even being there. <br />
<br />
If the verse has to be “interpreted” to extract hidden meaning that is not obviously there, the claim of a miracle has been “corrupted” by the commentary, and cannot be considered valid. <br />
<br />
'''''2. The fact must have been previously unknown to every other non-Islamic civilization that had contact with the Arabian Peninsula.''''' <br />
<br />
Key to the claim of “scientific miracles” in the Qur’an is the contention that the information included was unknown until recently, or at least until many years after the death of Muhammad. So, of course, if it can be shown that the information was already available to other peoples or cultures with whom the Arabs were in contact, this claim is shown to be simply false. <br />
<br />
It does not matter the source of that other culture’s information. It may have been a lucky guess, it may have been the result of precocious scientific achievement… in fact it may even potentially have been a miracle the other culture had experienced years before. <br />
<br />
But if that information was available before the Qur’an was written down, there can be no credit to the claim of a “Qur’anic miracle.” <br />
<br />
'''''3. It must not be obvious to any casual observer.''''' <br />
<br />
This may sound like an obvious point, but given the nature of many of the stock “miracles” claimed by Muslim apologists, it still must be discussed explicitly. For often, what is claimed to be a miracle of the Qur’an is something of which any individual with his or her eyes open would have been aware. <br />
<br />
If the information in question is available to anyone who simply looks at the phenomenon, requiring no sophisticated instruments, tools or interpretation, then it cannot be considered miraculous. <br />
<br />
'''''4. It must be true.''''' <br />
<br />
As with the previous point, this one sounds intuitively obvious. But it too requires explicit mention as occasionally the claims of Qur’anic “miracles” depend on misunderstandings or misstatements about reality and science. If the information in question is not actually true, then certainly it cannot be a miraculous revelation from God, as God should be expected to know what is or is not true.<br />
<br />
==Medicine, Healthcare and Biology in Islam==<br />
<br />
===Medicine and Healthcare===<br />
{{Main|Medicine and Healthcare in Islam}}<br />
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Islamic medicine, healthcare and Biology relies on superstitions, general beliefs among the people during the prophet's time and borrowings from the practices and beliefs of other civilizations. For example; today you will find Muslims who champion the self-alleged health benefits of drinking camel urine (as instructed by Muhammad), but those who are actually willing to practice such things are far less forthcoming. The allowance and even encouragement of marriages between relatives, such as cousins, is another issue that deserves to be sent back to the 7<sup>th</sup> century. Medically, this common Muslim practice is harmful because it raises the probability for genetic disorders to occur in offspring. And the much lauded embryology found within the Qur'an is in reality plagiarized from Greek medicine. Therefore embryology, as described in the Qur'an, is neither original nor correct. These are but a few of the example which are covered in our articles.<br />
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===The Medicinal Value of Camel Urine===<br />
{{Main|Camel Urine and Islam}}<br />
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This article is about the use of camel urine as medicine in the Hadiths and how such usage is viewed in the Muslim world. Muhammad prescribed camel urine as medicine to the followers from Uraynah. Because Muhammad is a prophet, Muslims believe he received a divine revelation from God. As a result they continue to study and prescribe camel urine as medicine despite the lack of evidence proving there is any medicinal value in camel urine and that there is some evidence that drinking urine is actually harmful.<br />
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===Dipping Flies Into Drinks===<br />
{{Main|Diseases and Cures in the Wings of Houseflies}}<br />
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The thesis put forward by some Muslims is that it has recently been proven by modern science that flies carry not only pathogens but also the agents that limit these pathogens, thus proving the fly wing hadiths that tell us "If a fly falls into one of your containers [of food or drink], immerse it completely before removing it, for under one of its wings there is venom and under another there is its antidote." They principally identify these agents to be bacteriophages, though they also sometimes refer to fungi. <br />
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The scientific evidence does not support the veracity of the fly wing hadiths for the following reasons: (1) Contrary to their innovative interpretations of relevant hadith, bacteriophages are not limited to any specific wing of the fly. (2) Contrary to their innovative interpretations of relevant hadith, bacteriophages in the natural state and concentration are not antidotal to bacterial diseases, particularly for temperate or lysogenic phages. (3) Bacteriophages are ineffective against non-bacterial diseases carried by flies, meaning even if the wings were to provide you with an antidote to bacterial diseases, they could infect you with another non-bacterial disease (i.e. dipping a fly into your drink is not good advice). (4) Phage therapy is not a generally-accepted medical therapy at present because it is largely ineffective and requires large quantities of purified, possibly genetically-engineered, phages not present in the natural condition.<br />
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===Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting===<br />
{{Main|Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting}}<br />
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Medical fasting is different from Islamic fasting (Sawm), and contrary to popular Muslim beliefs, Islamic fasting, unlike Medical fasting, has numerous adverse effects that have been observed using scientific studies and news sources. Intermittent and prolonged fasting is generally not conducive to a healthy lifestyle. Depriving the body of water and essential nutrients by dividing and postponing meals to irregular intervals does nothing to limit consumption. In-fact it causes a host of health, performance and mood disorders. Fasting is not normally prescribed for the well being of human beings. Instead, it is commonly understood that eating healthy, smaller-portioned meals, interspersed throughout the day is far better in maintaining a well-balanced diet and far more forgiving on a person's metabolism. Any claims that prolonged and intermittent fasting contributes to the well-being of an individual's health are misleading, based on the scientific studies that prove otherwise. If the Islamic argument in favor of fasting is that “we fast because God commanded us to do so," then it is obvious that God is not a nutritionist or a dietitian because the negatives definitely outweigh the positives. So the question to the Muslim world is: what benefit does the Muslim world get for 1 billion people staying hungry throughout the day for one full month every year? Did Allah actually want Muslims to suffer physically, economically and socially for one month every year? Also, if fasting is beneficial as Muslims claim, why do Muslims not fast the entire year instead of just one month?<br />
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===Moderate Alcohol Consumption and its Health Benefits===<br />
{{Main|Moderate Alcohol Consumption and its Health Benefits}}<br />
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Alcohol and other intoxicants are strictly prohibited (haram) in Islam. At first this aspect of Islam may seem inspired and full of wisdom, considering the abuse of alcohol can lead to a lot of misery and suffering. To be sure, we are in no way endorsing the consumption or abuse of alcohol. However, we are asking the question 'should you throw the baby out with the bath water?' When used in moderation, research suggests that there are numerous benefits in the consumption of alcohol, and an all-knowing deity would have been aware of this. The Jews and Christians are allowed to consume alcohol. The pagan Arabs before and shortly after their conversion to Islam also consumed alcohol. So why did Allah prohibit something that may be beneficial and which was an accepted norm among the religions before Islam? Of course the Muslims will cite Qur'an 2:219 and state "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." However, if this was the true reason behind its prohibition then it only exposes Allah's flawed logic. Surely the "all-wise" would have only prohibited its abuse and not given us an outright ban. Furthermore, if the potential health risk of alcohol was the cause of the prohibition, why not also warn Muslims against the dangers of drinking milk?<br />
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===Milk is Agreeable/Good for Humans to Drink?===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and Milk}}<br />
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The Qur'an clearly encourages people to drink milk and calls it "pure and agreeable to those who drink it." It's even being served in the Muslim Paradise. In reality, one glass of milk is potentially more harmful than a glass of alcoholic beverage. The Northern Europeans are among the rather small group of the totality of humankind to whom consumption of milk after the weaning stage is most 'agreeable' due to evolutionary changes. For much of the rest of humanity lactose-intolerance after the weaning stage is default. <br />
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So it seems that the Qur'anic statement "And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign...We produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it" is more appropriate to the genetic cluster of (kafir) Northern Europeans and their US descendants than to the other genetic clusters among humanity.<br />
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===Drinking Zamzam Water and its Health Risks===<br />
{{Main|Drinking Zamzam Water and its Health Risks}}<br />
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Millions of Muslims visit the Zamzam well in Mecca each year while performing the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages, in order to drink its water and, in many cases, to take home some of its water for distribution among friends and relations believing the well and the water which it pumps to be miraculous.<br />
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As with urine, milk, and alcohol, Muslims often make claims of their religious beliefs being backed by science. However, in May 2011, a BBC investigation found that genuine Zamzam water taken from the well contained arsenic levels three times the legal limit, something which could contribute to increasing people's risk of cancer. In addition to the dangerous arsenic levels, the holy water contained high levels of nitrate and potentially harmful bacteria.<br />
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===Health Effects of Islamic Dress===<br />
{{Main|Health Effects of Islamic Dress}}<br />
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The majority of female Muslims worldwide, following the Islamic requirement of observing Hijab, wear some form of Islamic dress. This ranges anywhere from wearing a simple head covering, to the burqa (a form of "full hijab"), which covers almost all exposed skin.<br />
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There is concern among the medical community about some of the health effects of the extreme styles of Islamic dress, with the main issues arising from Vitamin D deficiency due to lack skin exposed to UV light. It has been established by credible scientific evidence that almost all women who observe the full hijab are chronically deficient in Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient and deficiency of this kind can lead to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. There is also a strong association between deficiency in Vitamin D and an increased risk of developing several deadly cancers, including breast cancer.<br />
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For Islam as a religion, the implications are troublesome. Islam is considered by its adherents to be the perfect way of life for mankind. If Islam was mandated by Allah, and if he wanted women to observe hijab, then logically he would not have created humans with the need to get Vitamin D from exposing their skin to the sun.<br />
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===Embryology in Islamic Scripture===<br />
{{Main|Embryology in Islamic Scripture|History of Embryology}}<br />
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“Islamic embryology” is derived from both the Qur’an and the hadith, and is quite consistent across all the contributing sources. The core of the story can be found in the Qur’an, 22:5. There are a handful of additional ayaat that deal with this subject, and none of them disagree with the basic scenario. There is also more to learn from the hadith, particularly that of Bukhari and Muslim. Again, the accounts are quite consistent, and the additional information they provide is important. <br />
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The details of embryology as reflected in the Qur’an and the hadith can be summarized as follows; the embryo spends 40 days as a drop of sperm or seed, the embryo then spends another 40 days as a “clot” or a “leech-like clot” of blood, the embryo then spends another 40 days as a “lump of flesh” during which the gender of the child is assigned by an angel at Allah’s direction. <br />
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These then are the details that must be correlated with actual embryonic development to evaluate the accuracy or inaccuracy of the Islamic account. The question is actually a simple one: Does this account describe the first 120 days of embryonic development or doesn’t it?<br />
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===Reproduction in the Qur'an and Hadith===<br />
{{Main|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|l1=Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Qur'an and Hadith}}<br />
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The hadith contain many statements about fluids from both the man and woman that were believed to form the human embryo. The Qur’an too says that the embryo is formed from emitted fluid, and in one verse perhaps indicates a mingling of male and female fluids. In this article we shall present new research to trace the origins of each of these ideas at least as far back as the Jewish Talmud and the ancient Greek physicians. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the influence of ideas from other cultures on the Qur’an and hadith regarding reproduction. It will go without saying that these ideas are inaccurate compared with current scientific knowledge of reproduction and embryology.<br />
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===Cousin Marriage in Islam===<br />
{{Main|Cousin Marriage in Islam}}<br />
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Cousin marriage is explicitly allowed in Islam as seen in verse 4:23 of the Qur'an. Muhammad himself married cousins, as he did with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who was not only the daughter of his father's sister, but was also divorced from a marriage with Muhammad's adopted son, Zayd ibn Haritha. Muhammad also allowed the marriage of his daughter, Fatimah, to his cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib, who would later go on to become the fourth Rightly-guided Caliph of Islam. The second Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, also married his cousin, Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl.<br />
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From a biological point of view it becomes clear that first cousin marriage is not recommended because close relatives have a higher than normal consanguinity which means an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits. With this high amount of shared DNA, you have a higher risk of birth defects in a baby. The British geneticist, Professor Steve Jones, giving The John Maddox Lecture at the 2011 Hay Festival had stated in relation to Muslim inbreeding, "It is common in the Islamic world to marry your brother’s daughter, which is actually [genetically] closer than marrying your cousin." A rough estimate shows that close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred.<br />
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==The Universe According to Islam==<br />
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===Adam, Eve, and the Six Days of Creation===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Creation}}<br />
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This page simply quotes authoritative Islamic sources, i.e. the Qur'an, hadith, and scholars, to provide you with an accurate picture of what Islam teaches of the creation of the universe and its human inhabitants. The basic creation narrative is consistent throughout.<br />
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It began six thousand years before the advent of Islam. The first thing to be created was the planet Earth, which took two days to complete, from Sunday to Monday. Then it took another two days to create the mountains, trees, and everything else. The final two days, Thursday and Friday, were spent creating the "heavens", the sun, moon, other planets, and a sixty cubits (approximately ninety feet) tall Adam.<br />
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Hawwa' (Eve) was created from Adam's left rib, whilst he was asleep in the Garden. She is blamed by Adam for persuading him to eat from the forbidden tree. As a result, they are both cast out from the garden in Paradise and sent down to the planet Earth, where their decedents continue to decrease in size.<br />
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As punishment for her transgression in particular, Allah makes Eve menstruate, suffer pregnancy and become stupid. Therefore, according to Islamic beliefs, today all women menstruate (are deficient in religion) and are created stupid (deficient in intelligence).<br />
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===A Qur’anic Understanding of the Universe===<br />
{{Main|A Qur’anic Understanding of the Universe}}<br />
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This article is designed to uncover and explain the actual state of scientific knowledge that is presented to us in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Specifically, we will explore Islamic Cosmology, in particular the Qur'ans understanding of the nature and structure of the physical universe. To no surprise, the Qur'an's understanding of the universe matches that of the mythical cosmos believed by 7<sup>th</sup> century Arabians rather than an accurate description of the real universe.<br />
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In the Qur'an, the entire universe is very small and contains simply the earth and its surrounding heavens. There are no galaxies, other solar systems, or such a thing as “outer space.” The earth is the top-most of seven, flat discs, surrounded by the seven solid concentric domes of the heavens. The celestial objects that do exist (sun, moon, stars and planets) are quite small, very close, and they follow semi-circular paths within the innermost of the seven heavenly domes. When they are not in the sky above the earth, they are resting somewhere underneath it, except while petitioning Allah’s permission to return the following day (or night). Paradise exists between the seven heavens, and hell exists between the seven earths. All of this is submerged in a cosmic sea, above which is the throne of Allah.<br />
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===The Flat Earth===<br />
{{Main|Flat Earth and the Qur'an}}<br />
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As recently as 1993 the supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia ''Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz'' declared "The earth is flat. Whoever claims it is round is an atheist deserving of punishment."<ref> Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia, 1993 - printed in "Muslim Edicts Take on New Force", NY Times, February 12, 1995.</ref> and in a televised debate aired on Iraqi Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007), Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel ''Al-Sa'd'' also declared that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it. <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F5kYWceTsI The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun] - Youtube</ref> As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this. While many have attempted to explain away this oddity, they prey on their listeners ignorance of the Arabic language. As such, their apologetic claims have been easily refuted by native Arabic speakers. There is no escaping the fact that, according to the Qur'an, the earth is flat.<br />
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===The Motionless Center - Planet Earth===<br />
{{Main|The Geocentric Qur'an}}<br />
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This article examines the evidence for Qur'anic geocentric cosmology. Some may confuse geocentricism with the the idea that the Earth is flat. This is not the case. These are two different ideas. Geocentrism simply is the notion that the earth is the (immovable) center of our universe, thus all celestial bodies mover around it. According to the Qur'an, the Sun (and the moon and the five known planets) follow a curved (rounded) course (a Falak). This falak starts in the east (where the sun goes up), goes high above the earth and ends after sunset with the Sun resting at night at a hidden place. All this took place around an earth that was spread out and had a firmament built on invisible pillars above it. This was a common belief at the time. Sahih (authentic) hadiths affirm this geocentric cosmology (so Muhammad or at least the people around him agree with it), and great ancient, and even modern-day, Muslim astronomists agree that the Qur'an is geocentric. In ancient times, many people - but certainly not all - did not know any better than what they seemed to observe everyday: the sun appeared to be going around the earth through our skies. We cannot blame a 7<sup>th</sup> century Bedouin for not knowing this, but should not the omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient creator of the universe know better?<br />
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===Sun Sets in a Muddy Spring===<br />
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Controversy in the Qur'an}}<br />
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The precise meaning of the opening phrases in verses 86 and 90 in the 18<sup>th</sup> chapter of the Qur’an, Surah al-Kahf, or “The Cave”, is a matter of considerable controversy. These verses occur within an account concerning a powerful figure called Dhu’l Qarnayn, “the two-horned one”, who Allah guides on a series of three fantastic journeys in Qur’an 18:83-101. They are controversial due to Muslim sensitivity to claims that they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations on or at the edges of Earth. <br />
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Our analysis shows that the various interpretations that have been proposed for verses 18:86 and 18:90 in the Qur’an to reconcile them with scientific facts do not stand up to detailed scrutiny. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the clear and obvious interpretation that this is intended to be understood as a historical account in which Dhu’l Qarnayn traveled until he reached the place where the sun sets and actually found that it went down into a muddy spring near to where a people were, and that he then traveled until he reached the place where the sun rises and actually found that it rose up above a people who lived close to the place where the sun rises.<br />
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===Ramadan and the North and South Poles===<br />
{{Main|The Ramadan Pole Paradox}}<br />
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This article consists of a set of questions and answers exploring Ramadan's relation to the North and South Poles. According to Islamic rules, the length of a fast is governed by the rising and the setting of the sun. This can cause a huge problem for those who live close to these poles. The closer we get to the poles, the longer our days or nights become. They can eventually extend for up to several months each, making the fourth Pillar of Islam impossible to practice without starving yourself to death. Obviously Muhammad was unaware of the poles.<br />
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===Islamic Writing and the Universe===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Cosmology}}<br />
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Islamic scriptures and scholars have much to say in regards to the cosmology of the universe.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|297}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}}<br />
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==Islamic Science and the Golden Age==<br />
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===The Miracle of Islamic Science===<br />
{{Main|Setting the Record Straight: The Non-Miracle of Islamic Science}}<br />
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This is a refutation of Dr K. Ajram's ''Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science''. The purpose of this analysis is to put the achievements of Golden Age Muslim scientists in the proper perspective; neither denigrating their achievements nor inflating them. All scientific and technological progress is accomplished in progression; Muslim achievements are but links in the chain. Few of the great Muslim scientific achievements stood alone, but were derived by Muslim scientists standing on the shoulders of those who came before them. This analysis also highlights the fatal flaw of the Islamic Golden Age. There were few ‘follow-up’ breakthroughs on the backs of the works of the great Muslim scientists. In effect, the Ummah allowed or encouraged these works to wither on the vine or die stillborn, even before the rise of mysticism at the expense of rational thinking, an event often attributed to al-Ghazzali around the turn of the 12th century. Indeed, it would seem orthodox Islam utterly stifles intellectual reasoning. Therefore, Islam is not the cause of scientific progress during the Golden Age. Many people would say that the Golden Age scientific progress was made in spite of Islam, not because of it. A prime example is the great philosopher-physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) whose work is constantly referenced by Dr K. Ajram. It is true that Avicenna was one of the most influential medieval philosophers, but he was also one of the most frequently attacked by Muslims. Today, the majority of Muslims would consider Ibn Sina, and many of the other great 'Islamic' scientists, as heretical apostates for their beliefs, and therefore non-Muslim disbelievers.<br />
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===Muslims 'Saved' the Work of Greek Philosophers from Destruction===<br />
{{Main|Arab Transmission of the Classics}}<br />
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The ''Arab transmission of the classics'' is a common and persistent myth that Arabic commentators such as Avicenna and Averroes 'saved' the work of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from destruction. According to the myth, these works would otherwise have perished in the long European dark age between fifth and the tenth centuries. Thus the versions of Aristotle used in the West were translations from the Arabic, which came from the South West of Europe in the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims during the twelve and thirteenth centuries<ref>The myth persists even on 'scholarly' websites. See e.g. [http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/islam.htm here]. "It was only through the transfer of Greek knowledge (including Aristotle's philosophy, Ptolemy's geography, Hippocrates' medicine) by Islam Spain that this information ''ever'' got to Western Europe." [our emphasis]</ref>. This is incorrect. It was actually the Byzantines in the East who saved the ancient learning of the Greeks in the original language, and the first Latin texts to be used were translation from the Greek, in the 12th century, rather than, in most cases, the Arabic, which were only used in default of these.<br />
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It is nevertheless true, and no myth, that the work of the Arabic commentators, particularly Averroes, had a profound influence on the scholastic philosophers of the Latin West in the thirteenth century. Aristotle's Greek is terse and very difficult to understand. The work of the Arabic commentators helped in explaining and clarifying Aristotle's dense and apparently obscure thought. Thus Western intellectual tradition owes a great debt to the Arabic scholars in terms of ''understanding'' Aristotle's thought. In terms of the ''texts'', however, these would have survived had the Arabic commentators never existed.<br />
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===Islamic Inventions that Changed the World===<br />
{{Main|Islamic Inventions? How Islamic Inventors Did Not Change The World}}<br />
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These past few years have seen many inventions falsely claimed and attributed to Islamic inventors, which in fact either existed in pre-Islamic eras, were invented by other cultures, or both. However, this detail has not halted Muslim, and non-Muslim apologists alike, from perpetuating these false claims. Such claims, which are basically altering the world's history in order to show Islam in a better light, have even been forced upon the unsuspecting public in a nationwide tour which opened with an exhibition at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester and the University of Manchester, England. To celebrate this series of events, an article titled “How Islamic inventors changed the world” was written by Paul Vallely and published in ''The Independent''. This inaccurate piece of propaganda has received much praise from Muslims and is still being widely circulated on Islamic websites, forums and blogs. This article lists and examines all twenty of these “Islamic inventions that changed the world”, and in doing so, it reveals their actual inventors and the true role of Islam/Muslims, if any, behind the inventions. In short, we find that Paul Vallely's article is fundamentally misleading. It omits, distorts, and makes blunders concerning the most basic of historical facts to give the reader a false impression. It leaves you wondering what could have possibly motivated him into writing such a deceptive piece of journalism? This exhibition claimed to have shown 1001 Islamic inventions. If the best twenty are proven false, what of the other 981?<br />
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===Islamic Science in Wikipedia Articles===<br />
{{Main|Islam, Science and the Problems at Wikipedia}}<br />
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At Wikipedia, Islam-related articles are severely compromised by Muslim editors. An example of this is a 2010 incident where an editor with over 67,000 edits was caught intentionally inserting false information into articles. <br />
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Jagged 85 is the main contributor to the many inaccurate Islam/Science/Golden Age articles which are still being copied and pasted all over the internet by Muslims, and more than 20% of Wikipedia's "Timeline of historic inventions" was provided by him. <br />
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With contributions to over 8,100 separate articles, it is unlikely that all of Jagged 85's edits will ever be fixed. And even if they were, these Wikipedia articles have already been reproduced all over the net by other sites which use Wikipedia as a source.<br />
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==Science in the Qur'an==<br />
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===Scientific Errors in the Qur'an and Hadith===<br />
{{Main|Scientific Errors in the Qur'an|Scientific Errors in the Hadith}}<br />
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This page lists various types of scientific errors found in the Qur'an. The subjects of these errors include; Evolution, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which are often confirmed by the hadith.<br />
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===Non-Muslims finding Science in the Qur'an===<br />
{{Main|Dr. Keith Moore and the Islamic Additions|l1=Dr. Keith Moore and the "Islamic Additions"|Bucailleism}}<br />
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The new Mullahs and other Islamists feel very happy whenever they find an occidental (western white person) who talks in favor of their faith (Islam). This is especially true when these western people try to associate the Qur'an and Hadith with anything resembling an inkling of scientific truth. For the last 25 years or so, Muslims have found several non-Muslim supporters (pseudo) of their faith. One of the results of such liaisons is ''Bucailleism'', the belief that "the Qur'an prophesied the Big Bang theory, space travel and other contemporary scientific breakthroughs," and that "there are more than 1200 verses (Ayat) which can be interpreted in the light of modern science."<ref>[http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_1_50/all_things_in_pair.htm QUR'AN AND SCIENCE]</ref> It has been called "a fast-growing branch of Islamic fundamentalism." Named after none-other than the French (Catholic) surgeon Maurice Bucaille, its proponents believe that "one of the main convincing evidences" that lead many to convert to Islam "is the large number of scientific facts in the Quran."<ref>Zaghloul El-Naggar, an Egyptian geologist, quoted in [http://www.cafearabica.com/wwwboard/social/messages/5948.html Strange Bedfellows]</ref> These articles take a critical look at this fairly recent phenomena.<br />
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===Scientific Miracles in...the Georgics===<br />
{{Main|NATVRAE MIRABILIS ORIGINISQVE DIVINAE GEORGICAE VERGILII}}<br />
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This article argues that the Georgica, written by Virgil in Golden Latin in the year 28 BC, contains many scientific miracles (i.e. scientific foreknowledge). Furthermore, Virgil was an ancient Roman poet and the ancient Romans were polytheists, thus the Roman pantheon of deities must exist. Of course this article is written as part satire. It parodies the logic of Muslim apologists, and demonstrates very effectively how easy it is to reinterpret any ancient poetry, such as the Qur'an, and reveal so-called scientific miracles.<br />
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===Qur'an and the Big Bang===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and the Big Bang}}<br />
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Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “Big Bang” is actually described by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text. However on closer examination, Muslim claims of miraculous scientific information in the Qur’an are shown to be, yet again, in error. In reality, the Qur’an is completely silent on the “big bang” because it clearly has no awareness whatsoever of a universe that preexisted the creation of the planet Earth, or extended outwards into infinite space. It has no understanding of galaxies, or clusters of galaxies, or quasars or pulsars or any of the other things that could have easily been mentioned by an omniscient Allah, and left us no room for quibbling.<br />
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===Qur'an Predicted Black Holes And Pulsars===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an Predicted Black Holes And Pulsars}}<br />
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Harun Yahya, makes many claims of Qur'anic Science. This article seeks to debunk two such claims, namely that the Qur'an predicted black holes and pulsars. We will show the absurdity of the black hole claim, while showing the pulsar claim to be conjectural and devoid of factual basis. In doing so, we will also show Harun Yahya’s self-contradiction as he used the same Qur'anic verse to ‘prove’ both the black hole and the pulsar. Now, even to the uninitiated, it would seem impossible for something to be both a black hole and a pulsar. However, apologists do not appear to be inhibited by such constraints of logic.<br />
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===Speed of Light in the Qur'an===<br />
{{Main|Speed of Light in the Qur'an}}<br />
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In an article published in Islami City, Dr. Mansour Hassab-Elnaby claims the verse 32:5 reveals that light in one day travels a distance equal to 12,000 lunar orbits, and upon calculating that distance we find the exact speed of light. This verse clearly has nothing to do with the speed of light. There is no mention of the moon, light or even distance in this verse. If these methods were to be applied to other texts, such as Shakespeare's writings or Virgil's Georgics, they too can be "proven" divine. No matter how we look at Dr. Hassab-Elnaby's calculations, they are mathematically incorrect. Even the notion of measuring the speed of light with the orbit of the Moon or the length of the day is a fallacy. Dr. Hassab-Elnaby also makes many deliberate errors to doctor his scientific miracle, and in his zeal to ascribe miracles to the Qur'an, he throws out of the window the concept of Allah's omnipresence. The maker of the Universe, according to him, depends on the speed of light to manage his affairs. Even if we assume there really is a miracle in this plagiarized allegory, shouldn't the credit go to the Bible from which it originates? <br />
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===Earth Made of Seven Layers===<br />
{{Main|Earth Made of Seven Layers}}<br />
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Many Muslims have come up with some extraordinary claims, including the claim that modern science proves the Qur'an correct in asserting the earth is made of 7 "layers". This article seeks to show the error of the claim that verse 65:12 shows the earth is composed of 7 layers. In truth, the earth is not composed of 7 layers, but 5. Even if the earth was composed of 7 layers, it doesn't alter the fact that if these apologists cared to delve a little deeper into their own sources they would discover that the 7 earths being referred to in verse 65:12 are in fact flat islands, one under the other.<br />
<br />
===Qur'an and the Descent of Iron Miracle===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and the Descent of Iron Miracle}}<br />
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Many apologists propagate the ‘iron sent down from heaven miracle’ pseudoscience. A chief proponent of this claim is Harun Yahya. There is nothing miraculous about surah 57:26 describing iron being ‘sent down’ by some deity. The ancient Egyptians already derived that concept three thousand years before Islam. They called iron “ba-en-pet” or ‘metal from heaven’. This concept was also shared by the ancient Mesopotamians. We have also shown many of the other 'miraculous' claims in connection with iron to be patent scientific nonsense.<br />
<br />
===Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness}}<br />
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This article discusses and refutes the claim that the Qur'an's description of altitude sickness in verse 6:125 is somehow miraculous, scientifically accurate, or prophetic. If we take the verse figuratively, then it is not miraculous at all, since it is describing a phenomenon that would have been well-known to the wandering Arab nomads long before the revelation of the Qur'an. <br />
<br />
If we take the verse literally, then it is scientifically inaccurate. There is no “tightening” of the chest. The constrictive sensation experienced at high altitudes is simply a result of having less air to breathe into your lungs, in addition to the gas already there actually expanding. In fact, when we take modern scientific knowledge into consideration, problems with a literal interpretation are two-fold since it has been postulated that human adaption has lead to people born and raised in high altitudes (exceeding 3000 meters) to have enlarged chests which "could allow for increased lung volumes and thereby increase oxygen uptake."<br />
<br />
===The Qur'an and Mountains===<br />
{{Main|The Qur'an and Mountains}}<br />
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This article refutes the claim that the Qur'an had foreshadowed the scientific knowledge about Mountains as Pegs stabilizing the crust or even the earth. There are two elements to this ‘Qur'anic Science’ claim: A. Mountains are Pegs. This is untrue as not all mountains have peg-like roots. B. Mountains stabilize the crust or the earth. This is unproven. There is no scientific evidence for this assertion, therefore the Qur'an cannot be validated by scientific evidence that does not exist. The mere fact of isostacy is not proof that mountains stabilize the crust or the earth. The mere fact that collision-type mountains are formed at the edges of tectonic plates is not proof that mountains stabilize the plates. The mere fact that mountains have deep roots is not proof that mountains stabilize anything.<br />
<br />
===Qur'an Predicted Land Decreasing===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an Predicted Land Decreasing}}<br />
<br />
Dr. Al Zeiny, PhD, claims a so-called ‘proof’ of Qur'anic Science by positing the proposition that the Qur'an correctly predicted the geological fact that land is decreasing due to the movements of tectonic plates. He cites verses 13:41 and 21:44 as evidence. Alas for Dr. Zeiny, the geological facts do not support his case that land is decreasing as the Qur'an supposedly suggests. <br />
<br />
In fact, we'd like to thank Dr. Zeiny for helping to prove the Qur'an incorrect in asserting that land is decreasing, and thereby also prove that the Qur'an is false and therefore man-made. By extension, Dr. Zeiny has also proven that Allah is also false and therefore man-made.<br />
<br />
===Creation of Humans from Clay===<br />
{{Main|Creation of Humans from Clay}}<br />
<br />
Many Muslims use the recent scientific hypothesis of clay particles as catalysts for abiogensis as evidence of the veracity of their scripture. However, the scientific hypothesis postulates that the clay merely 'match-makes' RNA and membrane vesicles - and therefore does not form a building block. This is contrary to the Islamic Faith which postulates that human beings were created from clay, implying clay was a building block. Notwithstanding this key distinction, is Islam the only religion which postulated the creation of human beings from clay? The answer is no. <br />
<br />
Many religions pre-dating Islam also carry this 'creation of human beings from clay' story. The earliest are the pre-cursors of the Abrahamic Faiths - namely the early Mesopotamian religions. Other faiths that postulate the 'creation of human beings from clay' stories include the ancient Egyptians, some African tribes and the Incas. In fact, the ‘creation of humans from clay’ stories are common throughout the world, including far-flung places like Australia and the Pacific Islands which were not in contact with Islam or any of the other Abrahamic Faiths until recent times.<br />
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===Qur'an and Semen Production===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and Semen Production (Qur'an 86:7)|l1=Qur'an and Semen Production}}<br />
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This article lists and refutes all the various Islamic attempts to show that the Qur'an correctly describes semen production from between the ''sulb'' and the ''tara’ib'' in verse 86:7. There are at least seven distinct classes of Islamic explanations, and these propositions are frequently conflicting. For example, Ibn Kathir refers to ''tara’ib'' as a female organ, while other tafsirs claim it belongs to the man.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040329050755/http://www.montazar.net/eng/menu/1/quran/tafseer/tafseer-of-holy-quran/light/html/086/86_1-10.htm Tafseer sura tariq (the night) no.86 (verses 1-10)]</ref> Another conflict is the definition of ''sulb'' to mean either the backbone or the ‘hardening’ of the loins.<br />
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===Qur'an Describes Gender Determination By Sperm ===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an Describes Gender Determination By Sperm }}<br />
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Various apologists make the usual Islamic polemic about how the Qur'an can be proved by modern scientific knowledge, using the old canard about how the Qur'an is the only ancient book that states that gender is determined by the sperm. In this, they may point out the ignorance of the Greeks who thought gender was determined by the relative strengths of sperm from the male and female parents as Hippocrates imagined. <br />
<br />
This article does not seek to prove that the ancient Egyptians shared some aspects of our modern understanding of gender determination and reproduction. It merely aims to show that the Qur'an was not the first religious text to suggest that gender is determined by the semen of the male parent.<br />
<br />
===Qur'an and Embryology===<br />
{{Main|Embryology in the Qur'an}}<br />
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There are propagations of the Qur'anic ‘so-called’ Embryology by such luminaries as Dr. Keith Moore and Dr. Maurice Bucaille. These works are aped by such Islamic scholars as Dr. Al Zeiny, Dr. Zakir Naik, Dr. Ibrahim Syed, Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal, and the ubiquitous Harun Yahya aka Adnan Oktar. A good additional material is provided by Dr. Omar Abdul Rehman in which he goes into even greater detail in his attempt to validate the Qur'anic ‘human reproduction’ verses with modern scientific facts. On the net, you will find many excellent debunkings of the Qur'anic Embryology Pseudoscience (“QEP”). Here we attempt to add to this debate, concentrating solely on the Qur'anic verses.<br />
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===Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs===<br />
{{Main|Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs}}<br />
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This article refutes the claim that Man did not know anything about the "creation in pairs" at the time of the 'descent' of the Qur'an. The case against the Qur'an is really very simple. All one has to do is to show that not all creatures are ‘created’ in pairs. <br />
<br />
Muhammad, being who he was, did not have access to a microscope or a good Level 1 biology textbook. It was all too easy for him to observe male and female humans, camels, dogs, and even devils, jinns, and angels. But as he had no idea about micro-organisms and herpetology he was unaware that he was mistaken in his belief that all creatures came in males and females.<br />
<br />
Based on the existence of the schizophyllum commune, and asexual, hermaphroditic and parthenogenetic organisms, the Qur'anic verses about Allah creating all creatures in pairs (male and female) is refuted.<br />
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===Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum}}<br />
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Several apologists promulgate Professor Keith L. Moore's Qur'anic Pseudoscience of the lying sinful prefrontal area of the cerebrum (here referred to as the prefrontal cerebrum). There are many web sites that are copy-pasting this proposition, and a search of the internet reveals that all the Muslim claims that the cerebrum is responsible for lying and sin comes from the same source, i.e. from Keith Moore. <br />
<br />
However, Modern medical research utilizing fMRI conduct brain scans has revealed that the prefrontal cerebrum is not responsible for lying. Other brain regions are responsible, particularly the anterior cingulate gyrus which lies in the medial part of the brain in the frontal-parietal area and not in the prefrontal cerebrum. Thus, the scientific evidence does not support the pseudoscientific claim that the Qur'an correctly asserts that the prefrontal region is responsible for lying as it is not the region responsible for the decision-making process of lying.<br />
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===Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Qur'an===<br />
{{Main|Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Quran|l1=Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Qur'an}}<br />
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Muslim apologists believe that Surah 25:53 of the Qur’an is scientifically accurate. They conclude that since the process was unknown to humankind during the time of Prophet Muhammad, this verse (and the Qur’an as a whole) is revealed by Allah. This article will prove that the verse in question is scientifically wrong. Also it will prove that a layman could make a better guess than the allegedly divine author of the Qur'an. <br />
<br />
In summary, this article will: A. briefly introduce you to a real river-estuary-ocean system. B. make logical deductions based on the verse and see how far only common sense can take us. C. explain what the verse claims on the meeting of fresh and salt water. D. explain what elementary science tells us about the process. E. explain what modern science tells us about the process. F. show you how Islamic apologists "prove" this “scientific miracle” G. state our analysis on the “scientific miracle”.<br />
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==See Also==<br />
<br />
'''Articles'''<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Zakir Naik|Zakir Naik}}<br />
{{Hub4|Harun Yahya|Harun Yahya}}<br />
* [[Averroes| Averroes (Ibn Rushd: 1126-98)]]<br />
* [[Islamization of Knowledge]]<br />
* [[Muslim Statistics - Science|Muslim Statistics (Science)]]<br />
<br />
'''Multimedia'''<br />
<br />
* [[Videos on Islam:Arabic Analysis]]<br />
* [[Videos on Islam:Evolution]]<br />
<br />
'''Other Core Articles'''<br />
<br />
''Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue, and serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to learn about Islam:''<br />
* [[Islam and Apostasy]]<br />
* [[Islam and Homosexuality]]<br />
* [[Islam and Miracles]]<br />
* [[Islam and Pedophilia]]<br />
* [[Islam and Propaganda]]<br />
* [[Islam and the People of the Book]]<br />
* [[Islam and Scripture]]<br />
* [[Islam and Violence]]<br />
* [[Islam and Women]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Science/index.htm Qur'an and Science] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.adherents.com/people/100_scientists.html|2=2012-12-16}} The Scientific 100] ''- 3 different rankings from Adherents.com showing how little Muslims contributed to science''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Article]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:THHuxley]]<br />
__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[ru:Ислам и наука]]</div>
Claustrum
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<div>[[Category:Icons and other related images]]</div>
Claustrum
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<p>Claustrum: </p>
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Claustrum
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Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Rape_in_Islamic_Law&diff=95623
Rape in Islamic Law
2013-08-07T20:18:20Z
<p>Claustrum: Reverted edits by Ayin (talk) to last revision by WIBot</p>
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<div>{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2012-01-17}} <!-- BACKUP LINK: http://web.archive.org/web/20051125031608/63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&QR=10382 -->Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005|2=Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married...Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars. }}<br />
<br />
==Definitions==<br />
<br />
===Rape===<br />
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{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rape|2=2012-02-17}} Rape]<BR>Dictionary.com|2='''rape''' [reyp] '''''noun, verb,'' raped, rap·ing.''' <br />
'''''noun''''' <br />
<br />
# the unlawful compelling of a person through physical force or duress to have sexual intercourse.}}<br />
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====Duress====<br />
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{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress|2=2012-02-17}} Duress]<BR>Wikipedia|2=In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner [they] otherwise would not [or would]". Duress is pressure exerted upon a person to coerce that person to perform an act that he or she ordinarily would not perform. The notion of duress must be distinguished both from undue influence in the civil law and from necessity.<br />
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Duress has two aspects. One is that it negates the person's consent to an act, such as sexual activity or the entering into a contract; or, secondly, as a possible legal defense or justification to an otherwise unlawful act.<ref>Gaines, Larry; Miller, LeRoy (2006). Criminal Justice In Action: The Core. Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-00305-0.</ref> A defendant utilizing the duress defense admits to breaking the law, but claims that he/she is not liable because, even though the act broke the law, it was only performed because of extreme unlawful pressure.<ref>[http://www.pi1stclass.com/glossary.htm 1st Class Investigations Glossary]</ref> In criminal law, a duress defense is similar to a plea of guilty, admitting partial culpability, so that if the defense is not accepted then the criminal act is admitted.<br />
<br />
Duress or coercion can also be raised in an allegation of rape or sexual assault to negate a defense of consent on the part of the person making the allegation.}}<br />
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==Qur'an==<br />
<br />
There is no equivalent term for ‘[[rape]]’ in the [[Qur'an]]. Likewise, there is not a single verse in the Qur'an which even remotely discourages forced sex. In contrast, there are several verses in this book which give the green light to rape and other sexual crimes against [[Islam and Women|women]].<br />
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[[Surah]] [[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nisa (Women)|an-Nisa]] discusses lawful and forbidden women for pious Muslims. Before we delve into the particular verse, it should be noted that it is not easy to understand what is being suggested using the verse alone. Therefore, relying on authoritative [[Tafsir]]s (Qur'an interpretations) and [[Sahih]] (authentic) [[Hadith]]s associated with it, are necessary to get the exact picture. <br />
<br />
===Verse 4:24===<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}<br />
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What we see in the beginning of this verse as “forbidden” refers to sexual intercourse. The Qur'an dictates, women already married are forbidden for Muslims except those whom their right hands possess (sex [[Slavery|slaves]]). <br />
<br />
====Context====<br />
<br />
It is important to know the context of this verse, as it sheds light onto the nature of allowance. If we go through a Sahih Hadith in Sunan Abu Dawud:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Abu Dawud 2:2150| Abu Said al-Khudri said: "The apostle of Allah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Quranic verse, "And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess". That is to say, they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period." [The Quran verse is 4:24]}}<br />
<br />
Here in the above hadith, we are told why verse 4:24 was revealed to [[Muhammad]]. It was to encourage his fighters, who were reluctant, to have sexual contacts with female captives even while their husbands were alive as prisoners of war. This is made clear when we read:<br />
<br />
:'''"Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers."'''<br />
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The Abu Dawud hadith is confirmed by the two Sahih collections, namely Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. <br />
<br />
In Sahih Bukhari we read:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|459}}|Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I entered the Mosque and saw Abu Said Al-Khudri and sat beside him and asked him about Al-Azl (i.e. coitus interruptus). Abu Said said, "We went out with Allah's Apostle for the Ghazwa of Banu Al-Mustaliq and we received captives from among the Arab captives and we desired women and celibacy became hard on us and we loved to do coitus interruptus. So when we intended to do coitus interrupt us, we said, 'How can we do coitus interruptus before asking Allah's Apostle who is present among us?" We asked (him) about it and he said, 'It is better for you not to do so, for if any soul (till the Day of Resurrection) is predestined to exist, it will exist."}} <br />
<br />
Similarly in Sahih Muslim:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}<br />
<br />
There is an entire chapter devoted to this in the Sahih Muslim collection. The title of the chapter speaks in volumes as we read:<br />
<br />
:'''Sahih Muslim. Chapter 29: Title: It is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a captive woman after she is purified of menses or delivery. In case she has a husband, her marriage is abrogated after she becomes captive.''' <br />
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Ibn Kathir, the most prominent of all Qur'an interpreters, had this to say in regards to verse 4:24:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=10803 Forbidding Women Already Married, Except for Female Slaves]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=The Ayah (verses) means Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess.), you are prohibited from marrying women who are already married, except those whom your right hands possess) except those whom you acquire through war, for you are allowed such women after making sure they are not pregnant. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri said, "We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah (verse) was revealed, Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess). Accordingly, we had sexual relations with these women." (Alternate translation can be: as a result of these verses, their (Infidels) wives have become lawful for us) This is the wording collected by At-Tirmidhi An-Nasa'i, Ibn Jarir and Muslim in his Sahih.}} <br />
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Similarly in Tafsir al-Jalalayn (Qur'an interpretation by two Jalals namely: Jalaluddin Mahalli and Jalaluddin Suyuti):<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2=And, forbidden to you are, wedded women, those with spouses, that you should marry them before they have left their spouses, be they Muslim free women or not; save what your right hands own, of captured [slave] girls, whom you may have sexual intercourse with, even if they should have spouses among the enemy camp, but only after they have been absolved of the possibility of pregnancy [after the completion of one menstrual cycle]; this is what God has prescribed for you.}}<br />
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The tafsir attributed to Ibn Abbas, Muhammad's paternal cousin, further confirms:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24]<BR>Tafsir 'Ibn Abbas| 2= And all married women (are forbidden unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess) of captives, even if they have husbands in the Abode of War, after ascertaining that they are not pregnant, by waiting for the lapse of one period of menstruation. (It is a decree of Allah for you) that which I have mentioned to you is unlawful in Allah's Book.}}<br />
<br />
===Further Verses===<br />
<br />
====Verses 23:1-6====<br />
<br />
There are other verses in the Qur'an similar to verse 4:24. For example, Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mumenoon (The Believers)|al-Mumenoon]] makes mention of successful Muslims and their characteristics:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|1-6}}|Successful indeed are the believers, who are humble in their prayers and who keep aloof from what is vain and who are givers of poor-rate and who guard their private parts, except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blamable.}}<br />
<br />
Guarding private parts is denotative of abstaining from sexual activities. The Qur'an points out successful believers are those who are indulging in sexual activities only with their wives and sex-slaves. <br />
<br />
====Verses 70:29-30====<br />
<br />
This is confirmed again in Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways)|al-Maarij]]:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|70|29-30}}|And those who guard their private parts, except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess-- for these surely are not to be blamed,}}<br />
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==Muhammad==<br />
<br />
This practice of raping war captives was practiced by Islam’s very own prophet Muhammad, in his life. On two occasions, he married (for the sake of sexual gratification only) war captives and raped them. Those victims were namely [[Safiyah]] and [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammads Wives and Concubines#Juwairiya|Juwairiyah]]. <br />
<br />
===Safiyah===<br />
<br />
Safiyah the daughter of Huayy was the wife of a Jewish Rabbi named [[Kinana]]. When Muhammad conquered the Jewish village of Khaibar, he tortured and killed the Rabbi and took captive his wife. Sahih Hadith in Bukhari testify to this fact:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|8|367}}|Narrated 'Abdul 'Aziz: Anas said, 'When Allah's Apostle invaded Khaibar, we offered the Fajr prayer there yearly in the morning) when it was still dark. The Prophet rode and Abu Talha rode too and I was riding behind Abu Talha. The Prophet passed through the lane of Khaibar quickly and my knee was touching the thigh of the Prophet . He uncovered his thigh and I saw the whiteness of the thigh of the Prophet. When he entered the town, he said, 'Allahu Akbar! Khaibar is ruined. Whenever we approach near a (hostile) nation (to fight) then evil will be the morning of those who have been warned.' He repeated this thrice. The people came out for their jobs and some of them said, 'Muhammad (has come).' (Some of our companions added, "With his army.") We conquered Khaibar, took the captives, and the booty was collected. Dihya came and said, 'O Allah's Prophet! Give me a slave girl from the captives.' The Prophet said, 'Go and take any slave girl.' He took Safiya bint Huyai. A man came to the Prophet and said, 'O Allah's Apostles! You gave Safiya bint Huyai to Dihya and she is the chief mistress of the tribes of Quraiza and An-Nadir and she befits none but you.' So the Prophet said, 'Bring him along with her.' So Dihya came with her and when the Prophet saw her, he said to Dihya, 'Take any slave girl other than her from the captives.' Anas added: The Prophet then manumitted her and married her." Thabit asked Anas, "O Abu Hamza! What did the Prophet pay her (as Mahr)?" He said, "Her self was her Mahr for he manumitted her and then married her." Anas added, "While on the way, Um Sulaim dressed her for marriage (ceremony) and at night she sent her as a bride to the Prophet . So the Prophet was a bridegroom and he said, 'Whoever has anything (food) should bring it.' He spread out a leather sheet (for the food) and some brought dates and others cooking butter. (I think he (Anas) mentioned As-SawTq). So they prepared a dish of Hais (a kind of meal). And that was Walima (the marriage banquet) of Allah's Apostle ."}}<br />
<br />
===Juwairiyah===<br />
<br />
The following hadith from Sunan Abu Dawud bears out how Muhammad obtained Juwairiyah, a beautiful woman of a tribe called Banu Mustaliq. Muhammad was attacking the tribe without warning and conquering them:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=29&translator=3&start=0&number=3920#3920 <!-- http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchtruth.com%2Fbook_display.php%3Fbook%3D29%26translator%3D3%26start%3D0%26number%3D3920%233920&date=2012-02-17 -->Abu Dawud 29:3920]|2=Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith ibn al-Mustaliq, fell to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, or to her cousin. She entered into an agreement to purchase her freedom. She was a very beautiful woman, most attractive to the eye. Aisha said: She then came to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) asking him for the purchase of her freedom. When she was standing at the door, I looked at her with disapproval. I realised that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would look at her in the same way that I had looked. She said: Apostle of Allah, I am Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith, and something has happened to me, which is not hidden from you. I have fallen to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, and I have entered into an agreement to purchase of my freedom. I have come to you to seek assistance for the purchase of my freedom. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Are you inclined to that which is better? She asked: What is that, Apostle of Allah? He replied: I shall pay the price of your freedom on your behalf, and I shall marry you. She said: I shall do this. She (Aisha) said: The people then heard that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) had married Juwayriyyah. They released the captives in their possession and set them free, and said: They are the relatives of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) by marriage. We did not see any woman greater than Juwayriyyah who brought blessings to her people. One hundred families of Banu al-Mustaliq were set free on account of her.}} <br />
<br />
The following hadith from Sahih Bukhari is evidentiary to the above:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|46|717}}|Narrated Ibn Aun: I wrote a letter to Nafi and Nafi wrote in reply to my letter that the Prophet had suddenly attacked Bani Mustaliq without warning while they were heedless and their cattle were being watered at the places of water. Their fighting men were killed and their women and children were taken as captives; the Prophet got Juwairiya on that day. Nafi said that Ibn 'Umar had told him the above narration and that Ibn 'Umar was in that army.}}<br />
<br />
==Muslim Apologetics==<br />
<br />
===Claims about verse 24:33===<br />
<br />
Muslims will frequently quote the following when confronted with the passages provided in this article and others like it:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1={{Quran|24|33}}|2=Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allah gives them means out of His grace. And if any of your slaves ask for a deed in writing (to enable them to earn their freedom for a certain sum), give them such a deed if ye know any good in them: yea, give them something yourselves out of the means which Allah has given to you. But force not your maids to prostitution when they desire chastity, in order that ye may make a gain in the goods of this life. But if anyone compels them, yet, after such compulsion, is Allah, Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (to them),}}<br />
<br />
The first part of the verse is telling unmarried people to keep themselves chaste. Now, the important thing to remember is that the Islamic definition of ''chaste'' is different than the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. According to {{Quran|23|6}}, {{Quran|33|50}}, {{Quran|33|52}}, and {{Quran|70|30}} a Muslim man is considered "chaste" so long as he only has sex with his wives (of whom he may have up to four) and his right-hand possessions (female captives/slaves). An unmarried Muslim man who has sex with his slave girl is still considered to be "chaste" by Islamic standards.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2012-01-17}} <!-- BACKUP LINK: http://web.archive.org/web/20051125031608/63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&QR=10382 -->Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife] - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005</ref><br />
<br />
The second sentence speaks about slaves who ask for a way to pay for their freedom (like indentured servants) as long as the master knows of "any good in them". It would be interesting to discover how female slaves could earn any money at all if they had been kidnapped from their families and forced into slavery and did not have money-making skills. And if a female slave was to earn her freedom, where then could she go if her family had been massacred? How could she support herself and keep herself safe from rape, prostitution, etc.? Practicalities aside, this verse only tells Muslims to let their slaves purchase their freedom (but puts in a convenient disclaimer of "if ye know any good in them"). To give Muhammad credit, he did stipulate that the masters should give their slaves something (again conveniently leaving out what and how much).<br />
<br />
The third sentence is what pertains to the Muslim claim that rape is forbidden. However, the word used is not simply sexual intercourse but is more specifically "prostitution" or "whoredom". Prostitution is not simply about sex, but sex for a price. This is why it is often referred to as one of the oldest professions. What this verse speaks of is a master forcing his maid to be a prostitute thereby making money by allowing other men to have sex with her. This verse says nothing about a master forcing himself upon his slave-girl who is considered "halal" for him according to [[Islamic law]]. The fourth sentence says that if a girl is indeed forced into prostitution, then Allah will forgive her for committing [[zina]]. What this verse does not say is what the punishment should be for a man who forces his maid into prostitution. All it says is that he should not do it. And what it definitely does not say is that a Muslim man cannot force himself on his own slave-girl.<br />
<br />
===Claims about Muhammad's behavior===<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
From 4:24, it can be rightly assumed, that the Qur'an does not see any wrong-doing in Muslims having sex with captive women even if these women are married and their husbands are still alive. This clearly indicates that the Qur'an allows rape, as captive women, even in the unlikely case of agreeing to sexual intercourse, would still be having that intercourse under duress.<br />
<br />
{{Core Women}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
{{Hub4|Rape|Rape}}<br />
*[[Adultery is Permitted in Islam]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*{{external link|url= http://womanstats.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/the-high-rape-scale-in-saudi-arabia/|title= The High Rape-Scale in Saudi Arabia|publisher= WomanStats Project (blog)|author= |date= January 16, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwomanstats.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2F16%2Fthe-high-rape-scale-in-saudi-arabia%2F&date=2013-07-13|deadurl=no}}<br />
*[http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259:sexual-slavery-and-concubinage-in-islam&catid=111:fakhour&Itemid=58 Sexual Slavery and Concubinage in Islam] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://answer-islam.org/Rape.html|2=2011-05-20}} What is the punishment for rape in Christianity and in Islam?] ''- Answers to Islam''<br />
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25949 Rape Law in Islam - THERE'S NONE] - ''[[Faith Freedom International|FFI Forum]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Islam and Women]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]<br />
[[ru:Изнасилование в Исламе]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Bee.jpg&diff=95598
File:Bee.jpg
2013-08-07T15:00:22Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Translations&diff=95524
WikiIslam:Translations
2013-08-06T11:43:19Z
<p>Claustrum: /* Updates */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{shortcut|[[WITR]]}}<br />
Translations of most articles are welcome, but please avoid articles which [[:Category:Articles needing attention|need further work]].<br />
<br />
==Important Languages==<br />
<br />
Translations for all languages are welcome, but in this case some languages have higher priority than others. The list of [http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html the 30 most spoken languages of the world] is one way to help you decide what languages should be considered for translation. <br />
<br />
In that list, the following languages are spoken by a large number of people in Muslim majority countries: Arabic, Bengali, Indonesian, Farsi and Urdu. These languages are therefore of high importance. For non-Muslim countries, Mandarin, Spanish, Hindi and Russian are important languages. <br />
<br />
Here are other relevant lists: <br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users List of countries by number of Internet users]<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_population List of countries by Muslim population] (sort table by 2<sup>nd</sup> column "Muslim population")<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim-majority_countries List of Muslim-majority countries]<br />
<br />
Other languages can be chosen depending on relevance and popularity of a certain topic or social issue, or simply because you happen to know it and think the information on WikiIslam should be made available in your language.<br />
<br />
==High-Priority Articles==<br />
<br />
Many topics are equally important but sometimes a certain topic may be more relevant or important in a region, and this should be taken into consideration. <br />
<br />
For example, women's rights is an important topic in [[Saudi Arabia]] because women are often denied equal rights and there is some activism there in an attempt to improve this situation (voting, driving). <br />
<br />
In many non-Muslim countries, women's rights will not be much of an issue but if Muslims in that country are involved in [[Honor Violence|honor violence]], then that could be considered an important topic. <br />
<br />
Relevance can also be seen by checking what topics are popularly discussed in the media of that region and any online forums.<br />
<br />
The following are possible issues in a country with a Muslim majority population:<br />
<br />
* [[Free Speech]]<br />
* [[Islam and Women]]<br />
* [[Islam and Apostasy]]<br />
* [[Islam and Miracles]]<br />
* [[Islam and Homosexuality]] (for example this topic is important in Iran)<br />
* Any topics that are discussed in debates between Muslims and skeptics or former Muslims ([[Contradictions and Errors|contradictions in the Qur'an]], [[Islam and Science|science]], [[Persecution|major incidents of violence]] etc.)<br />
<br />
For a non-Muslim country with a small Muslim population, the following are possible topics:<br />
* [[Converts]]<br />
* [[Islam and the People of the Book]]<br />
* [[Islam and Propaganda]]<br />
* Any topic in Islam that contrasts strongly with modern moral standards such as [[Islam and Pedophilia|Pedophilia]]<br />
<br />
If relevance for a certain language is not an issue or cannot be determined, the following are a few examples of articles you could begin translating into Arabic and other languages:<br />
<br />
===All Languages===<br />
<br />
* [[Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aishas Age|Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aisha's Age]] (Aisha's age at marriage is a popular topic among people who debate about Islam)<br />
* [[Pedophilia in the Qur'an]]<br />
* [[Flat Earth and the Qur'an]]<br />
* [[Allah the Best Deceiver]]<br />
* [[The Origins of the Qur'an]]<br />
* [[List of Fabricated Hadith]]<br />
* [[Sex Segregation in Islam]]<br />
* [[72 Virgins]] (this is a high traffic page and a very popular topic. It is unique in being the only article on the internet that compiles all the facts and dispels the myths surrounding the subject)<br />
* [[Muslim Statistics]]<br />
<br />
===Mainly Arabic===<br />
<br />
* [[Georgics]]<br />
* [[Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting]]<br />
* [[Setting the Record Straight: The Non-Miracle of Islamic Science]]<br />
* [[Women in Islam - From Islam's Sources]]<br />
* [[Muhammad: The Example of Ethical Behavior]]<br />
<br />
==Examples of Translated Articles==<br />
<br />
WikiIslam already hosts many completed translations in [[Les articles en francais - Articles in French|French]], [[:Category:Türkçe (Turkish)|Turkish]] and [[:Category:Other Languages|other languages]] . Note that these pages retain their original formatting. To do this, simply press the "Edit" or "View source" tab at the top-right of the page you wish to translate, then copy and paste the entire thing into a text or word file. If you then translate directly from that file, you will retain all of the formatting.<br />
<br />
==Steps and Guidelines==<br />
<br />
===Steps===<br />
After you choose what article to translate:<br />
<br />
# Login or create account: Unless you are okay with having your IP address recorded in page histories, the first step for you would be to <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=login}} create an account] </span>. If you already have an account, you can <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=login}} login]</span>. When you are logged in, you will see your username at the top left of every page with various user specific links like My talk, Preferences and so on.<br />
# Go to [[Help:Contents]]. Translate the title of your chosen article and type that into the "Create Page" box. If any of these characters exist in the title, avoid using them: brackets, commas, colons, semi-colons etc. These can be added into the title later by using <nowiki>{{</nowiki>page_title|Desired page title}}.<br />
#After clicking "Create page" you will see a blank page.<br />
# Open another window. Then go to your chosen article and click the 'Edit' button. You will now see the text and all the wiki-formatting of the target article.<br />
# Copy and paste the entire thing into the new page you created. In Windows, Select all text and then CTRL-C; CTRL-V to paste.<br />
# You can now start your translation. Delete the English text as you go. You can also keep another window open which has the original article in a regular view (non-editable).<br />
# After you are done, you can preview or save the page. To make sure you don't lose your work, please see the "Saving your Work" section on the [[Help:Contents#Saving your Work|Help]] page. You can also simply 'copy' all the text. You can also do intermediate saves if you have to interrupt your work, or if it's a long page.<br />
# To find what you have been working on, click the 'My contributions' link at the top right.<br />
<br />
=== Guidelines===<br />
<br />
Translations should ''always'' remain faithful to the original English work, retaining their scholarly tone and information. If for some reason you think a particular section should be left out or altered in the translation, please discuss this with others on the talk page. The same applies for any additional information you may be considering to incorporate in the translation.<br />
<br />
==Future Plans and Updates==<br />
<br />
===Future Plans===<br />
<br />
Sub-domain and interface support for languages (like on [[Wikipedia]]) is planned in the future for languages which have a large amount of articles. A rough guide for the amount of material needed before considering to launch a sub-domain would be a [[Main_Page|main page]]'s worth of translated articles. <br />
<br />
This project will begin with a single sub-domain. If it works well, the number of sub-domains will then be expanded to cover other languages. So, if you would like to see a WikiIslam sub-domain in your language, please join the [[WikiIslam:Forum/Translation Project|WikiIslam Translation Project]] and start translating articles.<br />
<br />
If you have any suggestions for this page or if you think a certain article should be added to this page, let us know by leaving a note on the [[WikiIslam:Forum|forum]] page.<br />
<br />
===Updates===<br />
<br />
'''July 14, 2013:'''<br />
<br />
Preliminary work on a Russian sub-domain (http://ru.wikiislam.net/) has been completed and the site is now officially open to the public. Russian speakers who are interested in helping the Russian WikiIslam's continued growth can contact the Russian site administrator on their [[User talk:Claustrum|talk page]].<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[:Category:Incomplete translations]]<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Tasks]]<br />
* [[WikiIslam:Forum/Translation Project]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:WikiIslam]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Arabic&diff=95448
Arabic
2013-08-04T18:22:37Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Arabic''' ('''اللغة العربية''' ''al-luġatu l-ʿarabiyyah'' or just '''عربي''' ''arabī'') is today spoken natively by 150 million people,<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861689162/Arabic.html Dictionary/ Arabic] - MSN Encarta, accessed December 27, 2010</ref> making it the largest living member of the Semitic languages family in terms of speakers. <br />
<br />
Classified as Central Semitic, it is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. Modern Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage with 27 sub-languages in ISO 639-3.<br />
<br />
Modern Standard Arabic derives from Classical Arabic, often referred to as "[[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] Arabic", the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group, attested epigraphically since the 6<sup>th</sup> century, which has been a literary language and the liturgical language of [[Islam]] since the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE. <br />
<br />
Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world, akin to the role Latin has in Western European languages. <br />
<br />
Among the favorite line of defense of Islam is that the Qur'an can only be properly understood in its original Arabic form. Thus all translations are unreliable, and all criticism of Islam is invalid unless one studies and understands Classical Arabic. This line of defense is self destructing for several reasons: <br />
<br />
Original Qur'anic (Classical) Arabic was [[Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an|without punctuation, dots or vowels]] which had to be added for proper understanding, a finger to its not so divine clarity. <br />
<br />
If you cannot criticize Islam unless you know Classical Arabic (because your understanding of what Islam is may be erroneous), then it logically follows that you cannot propagate Islam unless you know Classical Arabic (because your understanding of what Islam is may be erroneous). No Muslim would agree to that because most Muslims do not understand Modern Arabic, let alone Classical Arabic. <br />
<br />
It is fundamentally impossible for anyone to learn a language that cannot be translated into the only one they do know, which means those who insist that one "must learn Arabic” in order to understand the Qur’an are committing a [[Logical Fallacies|logical fallacy]]. Either the Arabic of the Qur'an is translatable (in which case there is no need to learn Arabic) or it is not (in which case it can never be learned by the non-native speaker).<br />
<br />
The Arabic language is no different to other languages; if other languages can be translated accurately, then so can Arabic. Critics or adherents of Judaism, Christianity and Hinduism do not need to speak Hebrew, Greek or Sanskrit in order to understand these faiths, and the same applies to Islam. <br />
<br />
Furthermore, translations were, and still are, always softened so to be more acceptable to a general audience, like the "lightly" added to {{Quran|4|34}} by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, allowing to [[Wife Beating in Islam|beat]] one's wife. The word 'Kill' was also softened into '[[The Meaning of Qatal|fight]]' like in {{Quran|9|5}}.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Mistranslated Verses|Mistranslated Verses}}<br />
{{Hub4|Islamic Terms|Islamic Terms}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/Games-Muslims-Play.htm#arabic "The Qur'an Can Only be Understood in Arabic"] ''- [[The Religion Of Peace]]''<br />
*[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm Edward William Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon (Download)] ''- The most revered and scholarly dictionary of the Arabic language''<br />
*[http://kalamullah.com/Books/Hans-Wehr.pdf The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic] ''- 40 MB Downloadable PDF file''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[Category:Downloads]]<br />
[[ru:Арабский язык]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Geocentrism_and_the_Quran&diff=95402
Geocentrism and the Quran
2013-08-04T11:19:43Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>This article will examine the evidence for [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] geocentric [[cosmology]]. <br />
[[File:Geocentrism.jpg|right|thumb|300px]]<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
Some may confuse geocentricism with the the idea that the [[Flat Earth and the Qur'an|Earth is flat]]. This is not the case. These are two different ideas. Geocentrism simply is the notion that the earth is the (immovable) centre of our universe, thus all celestial bodies mover around it. The ancient Greeks and the Europeans of the middle ages thought that the celestial bodies (the sun, the moon and the 5 known planets) all moved in celestial spheres around a spherical earth. It should be noted that even though not all geocentrists are flat-earthers invariably all flat-earthers seem to be geocentrists.<br />
<br />
It seems the author of the Qur'an thought that the sun (and the moon and the five known planets) followed a curved (rounded) course (a Falak). According to the Qur'an this falak starts in the east (where the sun goes up), goes high above the earth and ends after sunset with the Sun resting at night at a hidden place. All this took place around an earth that was spread out and had a firmament built on invisible pillars above it. This was a common belief at the time and can be found with the Babylonians, ancient Hebrews, the Assyrians and other cultures in the region. In that regard it may be interesting to note that the Tawaf (the circling of the Ka'aba) mimics these seven orbits.<br />
<br />
==Primary Evidence==<br />
<br />
The evidence for the Qur'an’s geocentricity will be dealt with in several paragraphs, supported by evidence from the Qur'an, Muslim daily practice, Muslim scientists and the [[Hadith]]. <br />
Even though some Muslims reject the Hadith and the [[Sunnah]] as being not-divinely inspired; that argument presupposes a priori that the Qur'an is divinely inspired and protected whilst these other documents are not. Obviously, such special pleading will not do in a scholarly examination of the Qur'an. The Qur'an alone cannot prove itself to be [[Muhammad|Muhammad’s]] words (let alone the words of [[Allah]]) without the support of hadiths. Not only are these sources useful as supporting evidence; they also tell us which interpretation is supported by Muhammad and (early) Muslims. This is also why this article includes the views of several medieval Muslim Astronomers: if the Qur'an had clearly described a cosmology that is not geocentric, they would simply not hold geocentric views. In addition, we will even include the opinions of a modern-day Muslim astronomer.<br />
<br />
'''Let us see what makes the Qur'an geocentric:'''<br />
<br />
#It is very clear from the Qur'an and scientific observations that the moon makes rounds around the earth. The Qur'an mentions the sun and the moon in such a way as if they are following each other <BR>[ {{Quran|13|2}} mentions Allah subjected the sun and the moon, each pursuing an appointed course ]<br />
#There is only one moon and one sun in the entire Qur'anic universe. The position of all these celestial bodies within this universe are clearly described in the Qur'an. For example, the heavens are above the earth, and the sun and the moon are within the heavens, and the earth and the stars are below the lowest heaven to beautify it. <BR>[ {{cite quran|71|15|end=16|style=ref}} - Have you not seen how Allah created the seven heavens one above the other, setting in them the moon as a light and the sun as a lantern? ]<br />
#The Qur'an mentions heavenly bodies traveling in their own orbits, but so do the concepts of day and night. None of the bodies are supposed to run into each other.<br />
#The heavens are firmly held in place lest they move from where they are and fall on the earth. <BR>[ {{cite quran|2|22|end=29|style=ref}}, {{Quran|35|41}}, {{Quran|21|104}}, {{Quran|2|65}}, {{Quran|17|92}}, and {{Quran|34|9}} ]<br />
<br />
<br />
Note that there is no mention of orbits for the heavens or the earth in the Qur'an. An orbit is only mentioned for the sun and the moon. Not even the stars have an orbit, for they are as if hanging down from the heavens like a light bulb from the ceiling in a room. The fixed position of the heavens, earth and the stars, as well as the moving sun and moon in between them, means what? <br />
<br />
For the Qur'an to be scientific, it must contain accurate statements in regards to all that is visible i.e. material objects and phenomena. How can Allah appeal to such things as proof of his power and existence if he fails to make his case obvious? A confusing text is no proof of anything other than foolishness, ignorance, weakness or imperfection. If the Qur'an tells us the heavens and the earth are firmly held it their places, what are we to make of this? Why does the Qur'an not mention the same for the sun and the moon i.e. that they too are firmly held in their places? Instead the Qur'an indicates they are keeping strictly to their courses. <br />
<br />
All the evidence in the Qur'an points very strongly to the fact that the author had been observing the universe, not from the heavens, but from the Arabian Desert. The author tells us that the heavens are above the earth. Why? Because he was looking at the heavens from the Arabian floor and not from the vast space above or below. Otherwise Allah would have seen the Milky Way as a disc. Our solar system too is a disc. The earth is just one of the planets moving around the sun. However, in the the Qur'an we find the sky mistakenly being referred to as if it were a solid structure that could fall upon the earth and crush people and things between them. There are verses upon verses which lead us to these conclusions.<br />
<br />
===The sun and moon are signs from Allah===<br />
<br />
According to the Qur'an, the sun and the moon are some of the signs (al ayaat) that are created by Allah. In the Qur'an, Allah also promises to "explain his signs in detail, for people who have knowledge."<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|5}}|It is He Who made the sun a shining thing and the moon as a light and measured out its (their) stages, that you might know the number of years and the reckoning. Allāh did not create this but in truth. '''He explains the signs in detail for people who have knowledge.'''}}<br />
<br />
''yussuf Ali - (he explains in detail) al ayaat (the signs) Li (for) Qawmin (people) Yalamoon (knowing).''<br />
<br />
Muslims apologist may say that these detailed explanation are only correctly understood by them (since only they have knowledge); but this is of course circular reasoning. ("You first have to believe the Qur'an to be 100% true to be qualified to criticize its veracity.") Even if this were true, these Muslim possessors of 'true' knowledge should be able to provide us with a coherent, unambiguous explanation of the Qur'an and its miraculous signs - and if we look at how early learned Muslims, including Muhammad himself, explained these verses, we will find that they confirm a geocentric cosmology.<br />
<br />
Here is another verse where we see basically the same sentiment expressed: <br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}| Allah is He who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see; is firmly established on the throne; '''He has subjected the sun and the moon! Each one runs for a term appointed'''. He regulates the matter, '''explaining the signs in detail''', so you can be certain of meeting with your Lord.}}<br />
''yudabbiru (he arranges / regulates) al amra (the matter) yufassilu (he explains in detail) al ayaat (the signs) la allakum (so you may) biliqai (meeting) rabbikum (with your Lord) tūqinūna (be certain)''<br />
<br />
The sun and moon running their courses are signs (ayaat) to mankind and thus they must be visible (or known) to a 7<sup>th</sup> century Arab audience. The Qur'an also promises to explain these signs in detail. And with good reason because they are proofs for the people so they can be certain that someday they will meet Allah.<br />
<br />
===The visibility of the sun's movement===<br />
<br />
The movement of the sun (as well as the course of the moon) is visible according the author of the Qur'an.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}|'''Don't you see''' that Allah merges night into day and he merges day into night and he has subjected the sun, and the moon each running its course for a term appointed. And Allah is aware of what you do.}} <br />
<br />
These were all visible phenomena to the people of the 7<sup>th</sup> century; they could 'see' the night turn into day and vise versa, they could see the sun and the moon run their courses around the earth. The people could see Allah's signs, and Allah could see them. At various places in the Qur'an numerous observers 'see' the sun go up, reach its highest point, then go back down to its resting place.<br />
<br />
أَلَمْ تَرَ = Alam Tara (”Don’t you see?") <br />
<br />
It could be argued that "don't you see" means "don't you know" or "aren't you aware" or "don't you realise". Of course this does not make much of a difference. In this case, the Qur'an clearly reinforces the common but incorrect beliefs of the time, and further uses these erroneous beliefs to support the existence of Allah.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}|[…] He made the Sun and the moon subservient; each one pursues its course to an appointed time; He regulates the affair, '''making clear the signs'''}}<br />
<br />
Here's how the Qur'an tells us of an indirect observation of the sun's movement. The author of the Qur'an explains how the shadow cast by the sun is guided by the sun's movement:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|45|}}|Have you not '''seen''' see how your Lord spread the shadow. If He willed he could make it stationary. Then do We make the sun its guide.}} <br />
<br />
الشَّمسَ عَلَيهِ دَلِيل = ash shamsa (the sun) `alayhi (for it) dalilaan (a guide / an indication)<br />
<br />
According to the Qur'an, the shadow that the sun casts are moving because of the sun. And we should be able to see this. Of course, this is exactly how it would appear to someone observing the phenomena standing here on earth; however, this is not how you would describe it if you were viewing from outside our solar system. It is not the sun but the rotation of earth which causes shadows to change shape. <br />
<br />
Interestingly, the length of the shadow cast by the sun is also used to determine the start of the Asr prayer time; the apparent movement of the sun is still used by Muslims as a clock of sorts.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|45}}|Art thou not aware of thy Sustainer [through His works]? - how He causes the shadow to lengthen [towards the night] when, had He so willed, He could indeed have made it stand still: but then, We have made the sun its guide;}}<br />
<br />
However, according to a better English translation of the Qur'an, the sun's influence over the shadow is only part of the hypothetical situation in which Allah makes the shadow constant. In such a case, indeed, the earth's influence over the shadow's length becomes naught (since it only arises if the earth stops moving), and the sun's influence becomes singular.<br />
<br />
===The course of the sun in relation to the course of the moon===<br />
<br />
The courses of the sun and the moon are also a pair of sorts, according to the Qur'an:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|36|end=40|style=ref}}|Glory to Allah, Who created in '''pairs''' all things [...] And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And as night occurs the sun goes of to its resting place, before returning the following day. And the moon,- We have measured for her mansions (to traverse) till she returns like the old (and withered) lower part of a date-stalk. It is not permitted to the Sun to catch up the Moon, nor can the Night outstrip the Day: Each (just) swims along in (its own) orbit (according to Law).}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|33}}|And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They all float in rounded courses.}}<br />
<br />
''...khalaqa (created) allayla (the night) waalnnahara (and the day) waalshshamsa (and the sun) waalqamara (and the moon) kullun (each) fee (in) falakin (a rounded course) yasbahoona (they swim)''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|12}}|He has made subject to you the Night and the Day; the Sun and the moon}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|14|33}}|And He hath made subject to you the Sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|41|37}}|Among His Signs are the Night and the Day, and the Sun and the Moon. [...]}}<br />
<br />
Here it is again: heavens and earth, night and day, sun and moon.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|5}}| He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again? }}<br />
<br />
And again: the Qur'an explains, not only are humans [[Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs|created in pairs]] (male and female), so are the two bodies of flowing waters (one salt and one sweet), and the night and the day and the sun and the moon. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|35|11|end=13|style=ref}}|[…]1 And Allah did create you from dust; then from a sperm-drop; then He made you in pairs. And no female conceives, or lays down (her load), but with His knowledge. Nor is a man long-lived granted length of days, nor is a part cut off from his life, but is in a Decree (ordained). All this is easy to Allah. Nor are the two bodies of flowing water alike,- the one palatable, sweet, and pleasant to drink, and the other, salt and bitter. Yet from each (kind of water) do ye eat flesh fresh and tender, and ye extract ornaments to wear; and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the Bounty of Allah that ye may be grateful. He merges Night into Day, and he merges Day into Night, and he has subjected the sun and the moon (to his Law): each one runs its course for a term appointed. Such is Allah your Lord: to Him belongs all Dominion.}} <br />
<br />
Notice how frequently the sun and the moon are mentioned together as a pair. Its clearly implied that the sun and the moon are a pair of sorts, just like (according to the Qur'an) the heavens and the earth or the night and the day. In Qur'an 36:36 and 35:11-35:13 this belief is expressly stated. The sun and the moon (along with their courses) are mentioned amongst a range of other things that are created in pairs.<br />
<br />
===The regular cycle of the sun===<br />
<br />
According to the Qur'an, the sun's cycle is repeated on a regular basis (exactly computed even) just like that of the Moon and night and day. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|13|2}}|[…] He made the Sun and the moon subservient (to you); '''each one pursues its course to an appointed time'''; He '''regulates''' the affair, making clear the signs}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}|Seest thou not that Allah merges night into day and he merges day into night and he has subjected the sun, and the moon each '''running its course for a term appointed'''. And Allah is aware of what you do.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|55|5}}|The Sun and the moon follow '''courses (exactly) computed'''}}<br />
<br />
This Surah reads: Alshamsu (the sun) waalqamaru (and the moon) bihusbanin.<br />
<br />
''Husban'' can mean a number of things: definite reckoning, appointed courses, numbering, revolving firmament, running appointed and scheduled course. In many English translations we see the word 'course' or 'celestial sphere' but note that the word 'falak' isn't mentioned here; this verse only indicates that the sun and the moon behave in a calculated / scheduled / appointed manner. <br />
<br />
There is a reason why this is important: the sun's daily cycle and the moons monthly cycle are used for timekeeping in Islam.<br />
<br />
This cycle is repeated every day:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|36|end=40|style=ref}}| A token unto them is night. '''We strip it of the day, and lo! they are in darkness and the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him.''' That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old shrivelled palm-leaf. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.}} <br />
<br />
The Qur'an clearly tells us that the sun follows a daily cycle, which ends every night when the sun goes to its resting place. (ِمُسْتَقَرٍّ) Waalshshamsu (and the sun) tajree (runs) limustaqarrin (a resting point) laha (of it). Notice how the sun's movement is repeatedly mentioned in the context of night and day. <br />
<br />
A standard Muslim apologetic claim is that references to the sun's movement concern its 225 million year orbit around the milky way. Such a meaning would have no relevance to human timescales, nor would it be "a token" or sign for 7th century listeners, nor would it make sense in the context about the night-day cycle. Moreover, the idea that the sun is prevented from overtaking the moon is a concept that would only make any kind of sense from a naive human perspective where they orbit the same world.<br />
<br />
===The movement of the sun and timekeeping===<br />
<br />
In the days of Muhammad it was common practice to use the sun for timekeeping, so there's little wonder that the Qur'an tells us the supposed course of the Sun is a sign from Allah to keep track of the time of day (and likewise the course of the moon is a monthly calendar)<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|6|96}}|He it is that cleaves the day-break (from the dark): He makes the night for rest and tranquility and '''the sun and moon for the reckoning [of time]''')}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|10|5}}|It is He Who made the Sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; '''that ye might know the number of years and the count [of time]'''. Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who have knowledge.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|12}}|And We have made the night and the day two signs, then We have made the sign of the night to pass away and We have made the sign of the day manifest, so that you may seek grace from your Lord, and '''that you might know the numbering of years and the reckoning'''; and We have explained everything with distinctness.}}<br />
<br />
The moon (the sign of the night) is to be used to count the years (12 [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]] make up the Islamic year) and the sun is to be used to keep track of time. The only solar movement Muslims use for timekeeping is the apparent daily course of the Sun (from east up and then down to the west). To this very day, Muslims use the (crude) lunar calender, and the waqt (prescribed time) of their daily [[Salah|salats]] (prayers) is determined entirely by the position of the Sun along it’s apparent course.<br />
<br />
'''Daily salats:'''<br />
<br />
#Salat Al Fajr – right before sun rise. (mentioned in {{Quran|24|58}})<br />
#Salat Al Zuhr – right after the Sun’s zenith, but before the shadow of the Sun becomes twice its length from midday.<br />
#Salat Al Asr- between zenith and sunset (when the length of a shadow of a stick is either once or twice its length) <br />
#Salat Al Maghrib – right after sunset. (Mentioned in {{Quran|17|78}})<br />
#Salat Al Isha'a – between sunset and sunrise.<br />
<br />
<br />
The picture is pretty clear: the apparent daily course of the sun dictates the time of each and every daily prayer. And this is important for Muslims.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|103|}}|[...]''' prayers are enjoined on believers at stated times.''}}<br />
<br />
There are other examples of how the sun's apparent movement along the sky is used to know what time it is or to make appointments during the day: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|130}}|Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, '''before the rising of the Sun''', and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|78}}|'''Establish worship at the going down of the Sun''' until the dark of night, and (the recital of) the Qur'an at dawn. Lo! (the recital of) the Qur'an at dawn is ever witnessed.}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an is clear; the apparent course of the sun is to be used for timekeeping ('reckoning') and the only examples of the sun being used for timekeeping in the Qur'an employs the sun's daily movement along the sky.<br />
<br />
===The shape of the sun's course===<br />
<br />
Take a look at these verses which explain to us the shape of the sun's course. Apparently the sun goes up from east, travels high and eventually goes down to the west.<br />
<br />
The sun rises (goes up) in the east: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|258}}|But it is Allah that causes the '''sun to rise from the east'''}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|078}}|And when '''he saw the sun rising up'''[…]}}<br />
<br />
The sun's course has a high point:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|059}}|[…] and let the people assemble when the '''sun has risen high.'''}}<br />
<br />
The sun goes up and down:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|130}}|[…] the '''rising''' of the sun and ere the '''going down''' thereof}}<br />
<br />
The sun goes down again in the west:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|078}}|Establish worship at the '''going down of the Sun''' until the dark of night, and (the recital of) the Qur'an at dawn. Lo! (the recital of) the Qur'an at dawn is ever witnessed.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|6|77|end=78|style=ref}}|When he saw the moon rising in splendor, he said: "This is my Lord." But when the moon set, He said: "unless my Lord guide me, I shall surely be among those who go astray." When he saw the Sun rising in splendor [...]}}<br />
<br />
Here the course of the sun is described as a sign (ayat). Note that the rising of the sun is compared (again) to the rising of the moon (the same words are used). However, the moon is in an orbit around the earth, whilst the sun is not.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|18|17}}|Thou wouldst have seen the sun, when it rose, declining to the right from their Cave, and when it set, turning away from them to the left, while they lay in the open space in the midst of the Cave. Such are among the Signs of Allah: He whom Allah, guides is rightly guided; but he whom Allah leaves to stray.}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an clearly tells the sun ends its daily cycle every night when the sun goes to its resting place. (ِمُسْتَقَرٍّ or musttaqar).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|36|36|end=39|style=ref}}| And a Sign for them is the night: We withdraw therefrom the day, and behold they are plunged in darkness. A token unto them is night. And the sun runs his course for a period determined for him: that is the decree of (Him), the Exalted in Might, the All-Knowing. And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for him.}} <br />
<br />
The Qur'an also describes the locations where the sun can be seen to go up and down. It can be seen by human eyes in the story of [[Dhul-Qarnayn]] (possibly Alexander the Great):<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|18|84|end=91|style=ref}}| Lo! We made him strong in the land and gave him unto every thing a road. And he followed a road. Till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring, and found a people thereabout. We said: O Dhu'l-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness. Then he followed a road. Till, when he reached the rising-place of the sun, he found it rising on a people for whom We had appointed no shelter therefrom.}}<br />
<br />
The place where the sun goes down has a name 'Mahgreb' (from the root ghuroob, meaning "to set" or "to be hidden by going away"). Today, North-Western Africa (Morocco in particular) is denoted by this very name. Interestingly, if one stands there and looks at the ocean at sunset one could 'observe' the sun going to its hidden resting place.<br />
<br />
The Qur'an is quite clear about the course of the sun. It does not even describe a complete orbit, but merely a rounded course (falak) that has a beginning, an end, and a highest point.<br />
<br />
===The similar size and distance of the sun and moon===<br />
<br />
The Qur'an has some statements about the end of the world that are much as one would expect if the author believed the sun and moon to be of similar size and a similar distance from Earth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|75|8|end=9|style=ref}}|And the moon darkens And the sun and the moon are joined,}}<br />
<br />
==Supporting Evidence==<br />
<br />
===Ancient and modern-day Muslim astronomers===<br />
<br />
Muslims living in Muhammad’s day unequivocally accepted the Qur'an's geocentric cosmology. References in the Hadith of any of the ansari or others in Muhammad's environment arguing about this point with their prophet or amongst themselves are unknown. Famous Muslim astronomers (people who certainly read, and knew the Qur'an) like the Arab astronomer ''Ibn al-Shatir'' and the Persian ''Nasir al-Din al-Tusi'' used Greek (geocentric) astronomy to create complex models of our ‘universe’ (basically only our solar system, which they believed constituted the entire universe) that were geocentric just like the Qur'an. <br />
<br />
In a televised debate aired on Iraqi Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007), Muslim Researcher on Astronomy ''Fadhel Al-Sa'd'' also declared :<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1684.htm Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)]<BR>MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684|2=The sun circles the Earth because it is smaller than the Earth, as is evident in Koranic verses. Have you ever seen how the sun moves? I have seen the sun moving. The sun makes one move every 24 hours.<BR><BR>What I say is based on Koranic science. He bases his arguments on the kind of science that I reject categorically -- the modern science that they teach in schools. This science is a heretic innovation that has no confirmation in the Koran. No verse in the Koran indicates that the Earth is round or that it rotates. Anything that has no indication in the Koran is false.}}<br />
<br />
According to Fadhel Al-Sa'd, the moon's diameter is 1,200,000 km, while that of the sun is only 2,400,000 km.<br />
<br />
===Muslims around the time of Muhammad===<br />
<br />
In the Hadiths we read Muhammad's own words, and they clearly paint the same picture: the sun moves around the earth and goes to a resting place at night.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|297}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the Sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the Sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything (unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|421}}| Narrated Abu Dharr: The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. And that is the interpretation of the Statement of Allah: ‘And the sun Runs its fixed course for a term (decreed). That is The Decree of (Allah) The Exalted in Might, The All-Knowing.’"}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|93|520}}|Narrated Abu Dharr: I entered the mosque while Allah's Apostle was sitting there. When the sun had set, the Prophet said, "O Abu Dharr! Do you know where this (sun) goes?" I said, "Allah and His Apostle know best." He said, "It goes and asks permission to prostrate, and it is allowed, and (one day) it, as if being ordered to return whence it came, then it will rise from the west." Then the Prophet recited, "That: ‘And the sun runs on its fixed course (for a term decreed),"}}<br />
<br />
Even though these Hadiths are all deemed '[[sahih]]' (authentic) according to Islamic scholars, some apologists will deny them without any valid reason other than for their stupidity. Of course the Hadiths, at the very least, tell us what Muslims around the time of Muhammad (or not long after his demise) believed about the sun and how to interpret the Qur'an correctly.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
A lot of details about the sun’s movement are contained within the Qur'an. <br />
<br />
'''According to the Qur'an, the supposed course of the sun:'''<br />
<br />
#is clearly visible.<br />
#is (almost always) compared to the Moon's course.<br />
#is repeated regularly.<br />
#is to be used by the Muslims for timekeeping.<br />
#has a destination. Beginning in the east, it goes up to a high point, then goes down to the west.<br />
<br />
<br />
In addition to all these facts; great ancient, and even modern-day, Muslim astronomists agree that the Qur'an is geocentric, and the Hadiths also affirm this geocentric cosmology (so Muhammad or at least the people around him agree with it)<br />
<br />
What else can one conclude, other than the Qur'an is geocentric? Whoever wrote the Qur'an thought that the sun orbits our planet. We know this is not true: the sun is not orbiting our planet and it is certainly not in some bizarre daily rounded path that looks like half a circle. <br />
<br />
In ancient times, many people - but certainly not all - did not know any better than what they seemed to observe everyday: the sun appeared to be going around the earth through our skies. We cannot blame a 7<sup>th</sup> century Bedouin for not knowing this, but should not the omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient creator of the universe know better?<br />
<br />
{{Core Science}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}}<br />
<br />
==External Link==<br />
<br />
*[http://mando2u2003.blogspot.com/ Geocentric Islam] ''- Muslim blog, "western atheists deceived us when they taught the Hoax of a Rotating Earth !!"''<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWLA-MZBhyE Muhammad's Geocentric Universe]'' - YouTube video''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[ru:Геоцентризм]]</div>
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Scientific Errors in the Hadith
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<div>This page lists various types of [[Islam and Science|scientific]] [[Contradictions and Errors|errors]] in the [[hadith]].<br />
==Archaeology==<br />
<br />
===Adam was a 90 foot giant===<br />
<br />
The hadith say humans were created in the physical image of Allah. Thus they began as tall as 90ft giants (60 cubits is the equivalent of 90 feet), and have been decreasing in height ever since. The oldest human remains found in Ethiopia (Lucy and Ardi) were actually shorter in height than us, thus Archaeological science has disproved this belief.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|55|543}}, See also: {{Muslim|40|6809 }} and {{Muslim|32|6325}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: <br />
<br />
The Prophet said, "Allah created Adam, making him 60 cubits tall. When He created him, He said to him, "Go and greet that group of angels, and listen to their reply, for it will be your greeting (salutation) and the greeting (salutations of your offspring." So, Adam said (to the angels), As-Salamu Alaikum (i.e. Peace be upon you). The angels said, "As-salamu Alaika wa Rahmatu-l-lahi" (i.e. Peace and Allah's Mercy be upon you). Thus the angels added to Adam's salutation the expression, 'Wa Rahmatu-l-lahi,' Any person who will enter Paradise will resemble Adam (in appearance and figure). People have been decreasing in stature since Adam's creation.}}<br />
<br />
==Astronomy==<br />
<br />
===Geocentrism: The sun goes under Allah's chair===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|421}}| Narrated Abu Dhar:<br />
The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. }}<br />
<br />
===The inanimate sun can prostrate like a human===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{muslim|1|297}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it '''the Sun glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate''' and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}}<br />
<br />
===The moon has light===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|422}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
The Prophet said, "The sun and the moon will be folded up deprived of their light on the Day of Resurrection." }}<br />
<br />
===An eclipse is a tool to scare mankind===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|18|158}}| Narrated Abu Bakra: Allah's Apostle said: "The sun and the moon are two signs amongst the signs of Allah and they do not eclipse because of the death of someone but Allah frightens His devotees with them." }}<br />
<br />
===Giant goats in space===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|40|4705}}|<br />
Narrated Al-Abbas ibn AbdulMuttalib:<br />
I was sitting in al-Batha with a company among whom the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was sitting, when a cloud passed above them.<br />
<br />
The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) looked at it and said: What do you call this? They said: Sahab.<br />
<br />
He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked: Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and the next. Above that there '''are eight mountain goats''' the distance between whose hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that }}<br />
<br />
===Earth rests on a whale===<br />
<br />
The citations are taken from the Arabic version of Ibn Kathir’s [[Tafsir]], since the English translation omits these traditions. As you begin to read them it will become obvious why these tales were omitted from the English version. The early Muslim traditions gives us an insight to Islamic views on the cosmos. Tafsir Tabari, Al Qurtubi and Ibn Abbas also give the same ideas.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://quran.al-islam.com/Tafseer/DispTafsser.asp?l=arb&taf=KATHEER&nType=1&nSora=68&nAya=1 Tafsir Ibn-Kathir]|2=It was said that '''Nun refers to a great whale''' that rides on the currents of the waters of the great ocean and '''on its back it carries the severn Earths''', as was stated by Imam Abu Jafar Ibn Jarir. Narrated by Ibn Bashar, narrated by Yahya, narrated by Sufyan Al-Thuri, narrated by Sulayman Al-Amash, narrated by Abu Thubian, narrated by Ibn Abbas who related, "The first thing that Allah created was the pen and He said to it ‘Write’. The pen asked, ‘What shall I write?’ Allah said, ‘Write (the) fate (of everything).’ So the pen wrote everything that shall be from that moment until judgment day.<br />
<br />
Then Allah created the "Nun" and He caused steam to rise out of which the heavens were created '''and the Earth was then laid flat on nun’s back'''. Then the Nun became nervous and (as a result) the earth began to sway, but '''(Allah) fastened (the earth) with mountains lest the earth should move''' ...<br />
<br />
It was narrated by Ibn Jarir, narrated by Ibn Hamid, narrated by Ata’a, narrated by Abu Al-Dahee, narrated by Ibn Abbas who stated, "The first thing my Lord created, may He be Exalted and Glorified, was the pen and He said to it, ‘Write.’ So the pen wrote all that will be until judgment day. Then Allah created the Nun (the whale) above the waters and '''he pressed the Earth into its back'''.<br />
<br />
Al Tabarani narrated the same hadith above (from the prophet Muhammad) who narrated from Abu Habib Zaid Al-Mahdi Al Marouzi, narrated by Sa’id Ibn Yaqub Al-Talqani, narrated by Mu’amal Ibn Ismail, narrated by Hamad Ibn Zaid, narrated by Ata’a Ibn Al Sa’ib, narrated by Abu Al Dahee Muslim Ibn Subaih, narrated by Ibn Abbas who stated that the prophet – may peace and blessing be upon him and his family - said, "The first things Allah created were the pen and the whale and He said to the pen ‘Write.’ The pen asked, ‘What shall I write?’ Allah replied, ‘Everything that shall be until judgment day.’ Then He said ‘Nun. By the Pen and by what they write.’ So Nun is the whale and al-Qalam is the pen" ...<br />
<br />
Ibn Abu Nujaih stated that Ibrahim Ibn Abu Bakir was informed by Mujahid who said, "It was said that Nun is '''the great whale who is underneath the seven Earths'''." Furthermore, Al-Baghawy – may Allah rest his soul - and a group of commentators stated that on the back of this whale there is a great rock whose thickness is greater than the width of the heavens and the earth and '''above this rock is a bull that has forty thousand horns. On the body of this bull are placed the seven earths and all that they contain''', and Allah knows best.}}<br />
<br />
==Biology==<br />
<br />
===Saying "Allah willing" during sex guarantees a male child===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[{{Bukhari-url-only|4|52|74}}i Sahih Bukhari 4:52:74i]|Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
<br />
Allah's Apostle said, "Once Solomon, son of David said, '(By Allah) Tonight I will have sexual intercourse with one hundred (or ninety-nine) women each of whom will give birth to a knight who will fight in Allah's Cause.' On that a (i.e. if Allah wills) but he did not say, Allah willing.' Therefore only one of those women conceived and gave birth to a half-man. By Him in Whose Hands Muhammad's life is, if he had said, "Allah willing', (he would have begotten sons) all of whom would have been knights striving in Allah's Cause."}}<br />
<br />
===Embryology in the hadith===<br />
<br />
====Stages of development====<br />
<br />
According to Muhammad, the embryo spends 40 days as a drop of sperm, 40 days as a clot, and then 40 days as a piece of flesh. In reality by day 56 the fetus is essentially a complete, though tiny, human being with all organ systems in place, and all tissues developed.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}, See also: {{Bukhari|4|55|549}}, {{Bukhari|8|77|593}}, {{Bukhari|9|93|546}}, and {{Muslim|33|6390}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
“Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period.”}}<br />
<br />
====Gender assignment====<br />
<br />
He also claims the embryo is neither male nor female until after the clot phase is reached, some 80 days after conception, while modern genetics show that the gender of the baby is determined at the moment of conception.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|77|594}}, See also: {{Bukhari|4|55|550}}, and {{Muslim|33|6397}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: <br />
<br />
“The Prophet said, "Allah puts an angel in charge of the uterus and the angel says, 'O Lord, (it is) semen! O Lord, (it is now) a clot! O Lord, (it is now) a piece of flesh.' And then, if Allah wishes to complete its creation, the angel asks, 'O Lord, (will it be) a male or a female?”}}<br />
<br />
===No one knows a baby's gender before its birth===<br />
<br />
This hadith says no one knows what's in the womb. This is false. We now have technology that allows us to know the baby's gender before its birth.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|17|149}}| Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) said, "Keys of the unseen knowledge are five which nobody knows but Allah . . . nobody knows what will happen tomorrow; nobody knows what is in the womb; nobody knows what he will gain tomorrow; nobody knows at what place he will die; and nobody knows when it will rain." }}<br />
<br />
===Babies cry at birth because Satan touches them===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|506}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
<br />
'''The Prophet said, “When any human being is born. Satan touches him at both sides of the body with his two fingers''', except Jesus, the son of Mary, whom Satan tried to touch but failed, for he touched the placenta-cover instead.”|}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|2=Narrated Said bin Al-Musaiyab: Abu Huraira said, “I heard Allah’s Apostle saying, ‘There is none born among the off-spring of Adam, but Satan touches it. '''A child therefore, cries loudly at the time of birth because of the touch of Satan''', except mary and her child.” Then Abu Huraira recited: “And I seek refuge with You for her and for her offspring from the outcast Satan” (3.36) (Book #55, [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=641#641 Hadith #641])}}<br />
<br />
===Birth marks are caused by the evil eye===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|635}}| Narrated Um Salama: <br />
that the Prophet saw in her house a girl whose face had a black spot. He said. "She is under the effect of an evil eye; so treat her with a Ruqya." }}<br />
<br />
===Yawning is from Satan===<br />
Yawning occurs when one's blood contains increased amounts of carbon dioxide. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|509}}| “Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Yawning is from Satan and if anyone of you yawns, he should check his yawning as much as possible, for if anyone of you (during the act of yawning) should say: 'Ha', Satan will laugh at him."}}<br />
<br />
===Satan sleeps in your nose at night===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|2|462}}|Abu Huraira reported: The Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. When any one of you awakes up from sleep and performs ablution, he must clean his nose three times, for the devil spends the night in the interior of his nose.}} <br />
<br />
===Oversleeping is caused by Satan urinating in your ear===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|21|245}}|Narrated 'Abdullah : <br />
<br />
A person was mentioned before the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and he was told that he had kept on sleeping till morning and had not got up for the prayer. The Prophet said, "Satan urinated in his ears."}}<br />
<br />
===Non-Muslims have 7 intestines while Muslims have 1===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|23|5113}}, See also: {{Muwatta|49|49|6|9}}, and {{Muwatta|49|49|6|10}}|Ibn 'Umar reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying that a non-Muslim eats in seven intestines whereas a Muslim eats in one intestine.}}<br />
<br />
===Women are deficient in intelligence===<br />
<br />
Muhammad claimed all [[Women are Deficient in Intelligence|women are deficient in intelligence]].<br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Bukhari|3|48|826}}, See also: {{Bukhari|2|24|541}}, and {{Bukhari|1|6|301}}|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri<br />
<br />
The Prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes." He said, "This is because of the deficiency of a woman's mind." }}<br />
<br />
The reason for this is that Allah decided to make all women menstruate, suffer pregnancy and become stupid as a punishment for Eve's transgressions in the garden.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Tabari|1|pp. 280-281}}|His Lord called out to him: Adam, is it from Me that you are fleeing? Adam replied: No, my Lord, but I feel shame before You. When God asked what had caused his trouble, he replied: Eve, My Lord. Whereupon God said: Now it is My obligation to make her bleed once every month, as she made this tree bleed. I also must make her stupid, although I created her intelligent ''(halimah),'' and must make her suffer pregnancy. Ibn Zayd continued: Were it not for the affliction that affected Eve, the women of this world wound not menstruate, and they would be intelligent and, when pregnant, give birth easily.}}<br />
<br />
==Geology and Meteorology==<br />
<br />
===Nile and Euphrates rivers flow from heaven===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|227}}|Narrated Abbas bin Malik: ...So when I went (over the seventh heaven), there I saw Abraham. Gabriel said (to me), 'This is your father; pay your greetings to him.' So I greeted him and he returned the greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious son and pious Prophet.' Then I was made to ascend to Sidrat-ul-Muntaha (i.e. the Lote Tree of the utmost boundary) Behold! Its fruits were like the jars of Hajr (i.e. a place near Medina) and its leaves were as big as the ears of elephants. Gabriel said, 'This is the Lote Tree of the utmost boundary) . Behold ! There ran four rivers, two were hidden and two were visible, I asked, 'What are these two kinds of rivers, O Gabriel?' He replied,' As for the hidden rivers, they are two rivers in Paradise and the visible rivers are the Nile and the Euphrates.'...}} <br />
<br />
===Noon heat is from hell-fire===<br />
<br />
According to several hadiths, the scorching harsh desert heat is from hell when it rages. <br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|1|10|513}}| Narrated Abu Sa'id: that Allah's Apostle said, "Pray Zuhr prayer when it becomes (a bit) cooler as the severity of heat is from the raging of the Hell-fire." }}<br />
<br />
===No one knows when it will rain===<br />
<br />
This hadith says nobody knows when it will rain. This is false. We have weather forecasts which generally predict climate conditions correctly.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|17|149}}| Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) said, "Keys of the unseen knowledge are five which nobody knows but Allah . . . nobody knows what will happen tomorrow; nobody knows what is in the womb; nobody knows what he will gain tomorrow; nobody knows at what place he will die; and nobody knows when it will rain." }}<br />
<br />
==Health==<br />
<br />
===Looking at the sky during prayers causes blindness===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|12|717}}| Narrated Anas bin Malik:<br />
The Prophet said, "What is wrong with those people who look towards the sky during the prayer?" His talk grew stern while delivering this speech and he said, "They should stop (looking towards the sky during the prayer); otherwise their eye-sight would be taken away." }}<br />
<br />
===Loving materialistic objects will cause deafness and blindness=== <br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Abudawud|41|5111}} | Narrated AbudDarda': <br />
The Prophet (pbuh) said: "Your love for a thing causes blindness and deafness".}}<br />
<br />
===Fever is caused by the heat of hell===<br />
<br />
Fever is caused by germs, namely bacteria. However, Muhammad believed that it is a spark from hell to punish humans.<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|7|71|619}}, See also: {{Bukhari|7|71|620}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|621}}, and {{Bukhari|7|71|622}}| Narrated Nazi':<br />
Abdullah bin 'Umar said, "The Prophet said, ''''Fever is from the heat of Hell, so put it out (cool it) with water.'''' " Nafi' added: 'Abdullah used to say, "O Allah! Relieve us from the punishment," (when he suffered from fever).}}<br />
<br />
===Water is not polluted by dead dogs, menstrual clothes, etc.===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|1|63}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: <br />
The Prophet (peace be upon him), was asked about water (in desert country) and what is frequented by animals and wild beasts. He replied: When there is enough water to fill two pitchers, it bears no impurity.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|66}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: The people asked the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him): Can we perform ablution out of the well of Buda'ah, which is a well into which menstrual clothes, dead dogs and stinking things were thrown? He replied: Water is pure and is not defiled by anything.|See Also {{Muslim|1|67}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|1|68}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: <br />
One of the wives of the Prophet (peace be upon him) took a bath from a large bowl. The Prophet (peace be upon him) wanted to perform ablution or take from the water left over. She said to him: O Prophet of Allah, verily I was sexually defiled. The Prophet said: Water not defiled.}}<br />
<br />
===Dust/soil used for ablution===<br />
<br />
Dust or soils contain germs and parasitic organism that are harmful. However, Muhammad encouraged his follower to utilize it in the case of absence of water.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|7|334}}|Narated By 'Abdur Rahman bin Abza : A man came to 'Umar bin Al-Khattab and said, "I became Junub but no water was available." 'Ammar bin Yasir said to 'Umar, "Do you remember that you and I (became Junub while both of us) were together on a journey and you didn't pray but I rolled myself on the ground and prayed? I informed the Prophet about it and he said, 'It would have been sufficient for you to do like this.' The Prophet then stroked lightly the earth with his hands and then blew off the dust and passed his hands over his face and hands."}}<br />
<br />
===Playing chess is disgusting===<br />
<br />
Recent research says that chess is a positive form of mental training:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|28|5612}} | Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: He who played chess is like one who dyed his hand with the flesh and blood of swine.}}<br />
<br />
==Medicine==<br />
<br />
===Camel urine as medicine===<br />
Urine is a waste property discharged from the body which contains toxic element. Nevertheless, Muhammad recommended it.<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|7|71|590}}, See also: {{Bukhari|8|82|796}}, and {{Muslim|16|4130}}| Narrated Anas: <br />
The climate of Medina did not suit some people, so the Prophet ordered them to follow his shepherd, i.e. his camels, and drink their milk and urine (as a medicine)}}<br />
<br />
===Black cumin cures all diseases===<br />
<br />
Herbal medicine might have medicinal properties, but it cannot cure every disease.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|592}}, See also: {{Bukhari|7|71|591}}|Hold onto the use of the black seeds for in it is healing for all diseases except death}}<br />
<br />
===The wing of a housefly can cure disease===<br />
<br />
The housefly is proven to be harmful because it carries germs and parasites. However, Muhammad believed that one of its wings is curative.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|537}}|The Prophet said "If a house fly falls in the drink of anyone of you, he should dip it (in the drink), for one of its wings has a disease and the other has the cure for the disease }}<br />
<br />
===Eating 7 dates can cure poison===<br />
<br />
Though dates possess certain medicinal properties, curing poison and dispelling magic are not the benefits.<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|7|65|356}}, See also: {{Bukhari|7|65|663}}| Narrated Sad: <br />
Allah's Apostle said, "'''He who eats seven 'Ajwa dates every morning, will not be affected by poison or magic on the day he eats them.'''"}}<br />
<br />
===Drinking honey cures diarrhoea===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|614}}|Narrated Abu Said: A man came to the prophet and said, 'My brother has got loose motions. The Prophet said, Let him drink honey." The man again (came) and said, 'I made him drink (honey) but that made him worse.' The Prophet said, 'Allah has said the Truth, and the abdomen of your brother has told a lie."}}<br />
<br />
===Medicinal value in "Cupping"===<br />
<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|7|71|600}}, See also: {{Bukhari|7|71|587}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|598}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|597}}, and {{Bukhari|7|71|595}}| Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: <br />
that he paid Al-Muqanna a visit during his illness and said, "I will not leave till he gets cupped, for I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "There is healing in cupping."}}<br />
<br />
==Zoology==<br />
<br />
===Monkeys practice stoning adulterers===<br />
See a video of a cleric talking about [http://switch3.castup.net/cunet/gm.asp?ai=214&ar=154wmv&ak=null this event here.]<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|188}}|Narrated 'Amr bin Maimun: During the pre-lslamic period of ignorance I saw a she-monkey surrounded by a number of monkeys. They were all stoning it, because it had committed illegal sexual intercourse. I too, stoned it along with them.}}<br />
<br />
===Black dogs are devils===<br />
<br />
Melanin gives a foraging advantage and is heritable through a dominant gene. It has nothing to do with demons.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1032}}|Abu Dharr reported: The Messenger of 'Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When any one of you stands for prayer and there is a thing before him equal to the back of the saddle that covers him and in case there is not before him (a thing) equal to the back of the saddle, his prayer would be cut off by (passing of an) ass, woman, and black Dog. I said: O Abu Dharr, what feature is there in a black dog which distinguish it from the red dog and the yellow dog? He said: O, son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) as you are asking me, and he said: The black dog is a devil.}}<br />
<br />
===Crowing and braying is caused by the sight of demons===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|522}}, See also: {{Muslim|35|6581}}| Narrated Abu Huraira:<br />
The Prophet said, "When you hear the crowing of cocks, ask for Allah's Blessings for (their crowing indicates that) they have seen an angel. And when you hear the braying of donkeys, seek Refuge with Allah from Satan for (their braying indicates) that they have seen a Satan." }}<br />
<br />
{{Core Science}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
{{Hub4|Hadith|Hadith}}<br />
{{Hub4|Contradictions and Errors|Contradictions and Errors}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]<br />
[[ru:Научные ошибки в хадисах]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Word_Count_Miracles_in_the_Qur%27an&diff=94209
Word Count Miracles in the Qur'an
2013-07-23T16:33:00Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>This article takes a look at alleged word count "[[Islam and Miracles|miracles]]" in the [[Qur'an]].<br />
<br />
==Muslim Claim==<br />
<br />
In an attempt to prove the divine origins of [[Islam]], there are many Islamic websites promoting "word count miracles" in the Qur'an. The basic claim here is that certain words in the Qur'an are repeated a specific and in some way miraculous number of times.<br />
<br />
==The Deceptive Tactics==<br />
<br />
In general there are two main ways of manipulating data and doctoring a "miracle".<br />
<br />
===Selective Choice of Words Used===<br />
<br />
The first one is the selective choice of words to interpret as miracles. If for a certain word there exists a nice number of repetitions, then it is mentioned and included as a miracle. If no nice number of repetitions exist, it is not mentioned and discarded. By only mentioning the instances where there are "nice repetitions" one gets the impression that there is something special about it, while statistically the same probability of finding similar "miracles" exists in all texts.<br />
<br />
===Selective Choice of Grammatical Forms Counted===<br />
<br />
The second way of manipulating data is the selective choice of which [[Arabic]] grammatical forms are to be counted. Are just singular forms counted? Or also plural forms? Duals? Forms with or without prefix? And so on. By choosing different ways of counting, you get a lot of different results. Of course, those who claim there are "word repetition miracles in the Qur'an" will not tell you that they have chosen a specific way of counting words to get the desired result.<br />
<br />
==The 365 days Maths Miracle==<br />
<br />
One of the most popular claims is that the word "yawm" (singular of day) is repeated 365 times in the Qur'an, its plural and dual forms "days" (ayyam and yawmayn) together are repeated 30 times, while the number of repetitions of the word "month" (shahar) is 12.<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
<br />
===Islamic Miracle Using Christian Calendar===<br />
<br />
The first flaw with this claim is the fact that the [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|Islamic calendar]] consists of 354 or 355 days a year,<ref>Syed Khalid Shaukat - [http://www.missionislam.com/knowledge/calendar.htm What is Islamic Calendar] - MissionIslam</ref> so these Islamists are effectively favoring Christianity by their use of the Gregorian calendar, which consists of 365 or 366 days.<br />
<br />
===Manipulated Data===<br />
<br />
These counts are manipulated, generally in unstated ways, to produce the desired totals. Most individuals will not take the time needed to count and verify the claim themselves, so they may assume on good faith that it is true. <br />
<br />
When you check with word count software, the total "yawm" concordance finds 475 mentions, not 365. However, this includes the dual and plural forms. Of all the different forms of "yawm," 3 are in the dual and 27 are in the plural.<ref>Abdulrahman Lomax - [http://www.answering-islam.org/Religions/Numerics/365hoax.html ON THE CLAIM THAT THE WORD "DAY" OCCURS IN THE QUR'AN 365 TIMES] - Answering Islam, February 22,1996</ref> If you have a database program with easy formats you can easily counter this lie too and find out that all forms with suffixes are discarded on Islamic websites.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the word ''yawm'' in most of its occurrences in the Qur'an does not mean a 24 hour day. For example, the Day of Judgment is mentioned a very large number of times in different ways.<br />
<br />
===Burden of Proof===<br />
<br />
We could claim that the word "[[Allah]]" has been mentioned 666 times on [[WikiIslam]] and therefore Islam is false (since in some cultures, 666 represents the number of the devil). If we cannot list all the occurrences of the word by showing where it occurs for each of those 666 times, then our claim is unproven. There is not a single website that lists all the occurrences of the word "day" in the Qur'an showing it to be 365 times.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
There is no miracle to be found here. Islamists have manipulated data and used an un-Islamic method of counting days within a year to make the (unverified) numbers "fit". <br />
<br />
But let's say for a moment the 365 occurrences of the word "yawm" is a mathematically sound citation. If this was discovered at a time when people did not know how many days there were in a year then it may be considered a miracle, but calenders have existed since 3000 BC, and the Julian calendar (which consisted of 365 or 366 days) began in 45 BC.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_calendar&oldid=406578579 Julian calendar] - Wikipedia, accessed January 16, 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
This is one of the most oft-quoted but there are more such dubious mathematical claims but they are equally deceitful. But putting that aside, even if ''day'' or ''yawm'' was mentioned 365 times in the Qur'an, would that mean it's from God?<br />
<br />
{{Core Miracles}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Mathematical Miracles]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Mathematical Miracles''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://ahmadiyya.org/islam/number.pdf|2=2011-03-20}} An alleged ‘miracle’ in the Holy Quran]<br />
* [http://www.answering-islam.org/Religions/Numerics/ Mathematical Miracles in the Qur'an or the Bible? ]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Miracles]]<br />
[[ru:365 дней и метонов цикл]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Free_Will_and_Predestination_in_Islam&diff=94092
Free Will and Predestination in Islam
2013-07-21T13:06:47Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>This article asks the question; can there be such a thing as “Free Will” in [[Islam]]?<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
The discussion of Free Will and [[Predestination]] in Islam must begin with certain presumptions concerning the character of [[Allah]]. It must further be acknowledged that these presumptions are all orthodox Muslim dogma. <br />
<br />
==Four Premises==<br />
<br />
1. Allah is omniscient. <BR>2. Nothing happens except by Allah’s will. <BR>3. Allah Himself has free will. <BR>4. Allah cannot make a mistake. <br />
<br />
If these statements are all presumed true, then they can serve as the logical starting points for determining their consistency with the concept of a “test for salvation.” <br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
<br />
A. Because nothing happens except by Allah’s will, all human beings are created only according to Allah’s will. <br />
<br />
B. Because Allah is omniscient, Allah knows the eventual fate of every person even before the moment of their creation. <br />
<br />
C. Because Allah has free will, he has the free will to create or not create any human being he chooses. <br />
<br />
D. Therefore, at the moments of creation, Allah is choosing to create some people that he already knows will be saved, and others that he already knows will be condemned to hell. <br />
<br />
E. Therefore, since the results of every lifetime are already known even prior to creation, the “test” for salvation is already complete even before the created individual is born. <br />
<br />
'''Q.E.D.''' Life on earth cannot be a test for salvation. The test is already complete before life on earth takes place. <br />
<br />
===Further Analysis=== <br />
<br />
F. If a human being were capable of doing anything to change his fate from the one Allah already determined, then Allah would have made a mistake. <br />
<br />
G. Since Allah cannot make a mistake, a human being cannot do anything to change his fate from the one Allah already determined. <br />
<br />
'''Q.E.D.''' Human beings cannot have free will.<br />
<br />
===Sahih Ahadith===<br />
<br />
Now, not only is this a logical conclusion based on the concept of Allah himself, but it also a position that is formally expressed in several [[Sahih]] [[Hadith|ahadith]]. At least four times in Sahih Bukhari,<ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things. He is ordered to write down his (i.e. the new creature's) deeds, his livelihood, his (date of) death, and whether he will be blessed or wretched (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into him. So, a man amongst you may do (good deeds till there is only a cubit between him and Paradise and then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire. And similarly a man amongst you may do (evil) deeds till there is only a cubit between him and the (Hell) Fire, and then what has been written for him decides his behavior, and he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise."''" - {{Bukhari|4|54|430}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Abdullah: Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(as regards your creation), every one of you is collected in the womb of his mother for the first forty days, and then he becomes a clot for an other forty days, and then a piece of flesh for an other forty days. Then Allah sends an angel to write four words: He writes his deeds, time of his death, means of his livelihood, and whether he will be wretched or blessed (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into his body. So a man may do deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire, so much so that there is only the distance of a cubit between him and it, and then what has been written (by the angel) surpasses, and so he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise and enters Paradise. Similarly, a person may do deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise, so much so that there is only the distance of a cubit between him and it, and then what has been written (by the angel) surpasses, and he starts doing deeds of the people of the (Hell) Fire and enters the (Hell) Fire."''" - {{Bukhari|4|55|549}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle, the truthful and truly-inspired, said, "Each one of you collected in the womb of his mother for forty days, and then turns into a clot for an equal period (of forty days) and turns into a piece of flesh for a similar period (of forty days) and then Allah sends an angel and orders him to write four things, i.e., his provision, his age, and whether he will be of the wretched or the blessed (in the Hereafter). Then the soul is breathed into him. And by Allah, a person among you (or a man) may do deeds of the people of the Fire till there is only a cubit or an arm-breadth distance between him and the Fire, but then that writing (which Allah has ordered the angel to write) precedes, and he does the deeds of the people of Paradise and enters it; and a man may do the deeds of the people of Paradise till there is only a cubit or two between him and Paradise, and then that writing precedes and he does the deeds of the people of the Fire and enters it."''" - {{Bukhari|8|77|593}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud: Allah's Apostle the true and truly inspired, narrated to us, "The creation of everyone of you starts with the process of collecting the material for his body within forty days and forty nights in the womb of his mother. Then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period (40 days) and then he becomes like a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then an angel is sent to him (by Allah) and the angel is allowed (ordered) to write four things; his livelihood, his (date of) death, his deeds, and whether he will be a wretched one or a blessed one (in the Hereafter) and then the soul is breathed into him. So one of you may do (good) deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise so much that there is nothing except a cubit between him and Paradise but then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of Hell (Fire) and (ultimately) enters Hell (Fire); and one of you may do (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of Hell (Fire) so much so that there is nothing except a cubit between him and Hell (Fire), then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (good) deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise and ultimately) enters Paradise." (See Hadith No. 430, Vol. 4)''" - {{Bukhari|9|93|546}}</ref> and once in Sahih Muslim,<ref>"''Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) who is the most truthful (of the human beings) and his being truthful (is a fact) said: Verily your creation is on this wise. The constituents of one of you are collected for forty days in his mother's womb in the form of blood, after which it becomes a clot of blood in another period of forty days. Then it becomes a lump of flesh and forty days later Allah sends His angel to it with instructions concerning four things, so the angel writes down his livelihood, his death, his deeds, his fortune and misfortune. By Him, besides Whom there is no god, that one amongst you acts like the people deserving Paradise until between him and Paradise there remains but the distance of a cubit, when suddenly the writing of destiny overcomes him and he begins to act like the denizens of Hell and thus enters Hell, and another one acts in the way of the denizens of Hell, until there remains between him and Hell a distance of a cubit that the writing of destiny overcomes him and then he begins to act like the people of Paradise and enters Paradise.''" - {{Muslim|33|6390}}</ref> we find versions of the following hadith: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things. He is ordered to write down his (i.e. the new creature's) deeds, his livelihood, his (date of) death, and whether he will be blessed or wretched (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into him. So, a man amongst you may do (good deeds till there is only a cubit between him and Paradise and then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire. And similarly a man amongst you may do (evil) deeds till there is only a cubit between him and the (Hell) Fire, and then what has been written for him decides his behavior, and he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise."}}<br />
<br />
===Qur’an===<br />
<br />
Do we find any similar indications in the [[Qur'an]] itself to indicate that “free will” might not exist? Actually yes. A number of ayaat are quite explicit that the choice of being saved or condemned belongs not to the human, but to Allah alone. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|10|99|end=100|style=ref}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' If it had been thy Lord's will, they would all have believed,- all who are on earth! wilt thou then compel mankind, against their will, to believe! No soul can believe, except by the will of Allah, and He will place doubt (or obscurity) on those who will not understand. <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers? It is not for any soul to believe save by the permission of Allah. He hath set uncleanness upon those who have no sense. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And if your Lord had pleased, surely all those who are in the earth would have believed, all of them; will you then force men till they become believers? And it is not for a soul to believe except by Allah's permission; and He casts uncleanness on those who will not understand.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|76|29|end=30|style=ref}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' This is an admonition: Whosoever will, let him take a (straight) Path to his Lord. But ye will not, except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' Lo! this is an Admonishment, that whosoever will may choose a way unto his Lord. Yet ye will not, unless Allah willeth. Lo! Allah is Knower, Wise. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Surely this is a reminder, so whoever pleases takes to his Lord a way. And you do not please except that Allah please, surely Allah is Knowing, Wise;}}<br />
<br />
There are several others that less directly support this understanding: <br />
<br />
For example Al-Qur’an 37:96 tells us that even our own actions, accomplishments and “handwork” are not really ours, but are determined by Allah instead: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|96}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' "But Allah has created you and your handwork!" <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' When Allah hath created you and what ye make? <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And Allah has created you and what you make.}}<br />
<br />
And Al-Qur’an 17:13 implies that the very actions for which we will be judged on judgment day are fated ahead of time, rather than the results of a life on earth that preceded by free will: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|13}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Every man's fate We have fastened on his own neck: On the Day of Judgment We shall bring out for him a scroll, which he will see spread open.<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And every man's augury have We fastened to his own neck, and We shall bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book which he will find wide open. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And We have made every man's actions to cling to his neck, and We will bring forth to him on the resurrection day a book which he will find wide open:}}<br />
<br />
Note in particular Yusuf Ali’s translation where the word “fate” is explicitly used, and Pickthal’s use of the word “augury.” An augury is, of course, a predictive sign of what is yet to come in the future. <br />
<br />
Al-Qur’an 7:178-179 goes further by telling us there are men and jinn made with the express purpose of damning to [[hell]]:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|178|179}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Whom Allah doth guide,- he is on the right path: whom He rejects from His guidance,- such are the persons who perish. Many are the Jinns and men we have made for Hell ...<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' He whom Allah leadeth, he indeed is led aright, while he whom Allah sendeth astray - they indeed are losers. Already have We urged unto hell many of the jinn and humankind ...<br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Whomsoever Allah guides, he is the one who follows the right way; and whomsoever He causes to err, these are the losers. And certainly We have created for hell many of the jinn and the men ...}}<br />
<br />
The same idea is repeated in other ayaat. For example:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|32|13}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' If We had so willed, We could certainly have brought every soul its true guidance: but the Word from Me will come true, "I will fill Hell with Jinns and men all together." <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And if We had so willed, We could have given every soul its guidance, but the word from Me concerning evildoers took effect: that I will fill hell with the jinn and mankind together. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And if We had pleased We would certainly have given to every soul its guidance, but the word (which had gone forth) from Me was just: I will certainly fill hell with the jinn and men together.}}<br />
<br />
So in fact, it appears that the Qur’an and the hadith are in complete agreement that there is no free will when it comes to salvation or damnation. These decisions are made ahead of time by Allah and assigned to humanity. This is in fact the mainstream Islamic understanding, and the implications of this are enormous.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
Just scratching the surface we must conclude that, according to Islamic beliefs: <br />
<br />
#Life on earth ''is not a test'' for salvation. For what is there to test if the results are known ahead of time and there is nothing we can do to change them? <br />
#Qiyamah, the Islamic Day of Judgment, is a farce. For we are not being judged based on our behaviors, but on Allah’s previous decision. <br />
#People are not led to Islam because it is superior message or religion, but because Allah decided that they would become Muslims whether they wanted to or not. <br />
#Since the vast majority of human beings who have ever lived, and who are living today are not Muslim, Allah must have created the vast majority of human beings for the ''express purpose'' of condemning them to [[Jahannam]]. Therefore the primary purpose of creation must be hell and suffering, not paradise and salvation.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Predestination]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Predestination''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://muttaqun.com/qadar.html|2=2011-11-10}} Qadar (Divine Decree/Preordainment)] ''- Muslim site''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:General Analysis]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]<br />
[[Category:THHuxley]]<br />
[[ru:Свобода воли и предопределение в Исламе]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Free_Will_and_Predestination_in_Islam&diff=94087
Free Will and Predestination in Islam
2013-07-21T11:30:32Z
<p>Claustrum: /* Qur’an */</p>
<hr />
<div>This article asks the question; can there be such a thing as “Free Will” in [[Islam]]?<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
The discussion of Free Will and [[Predestination]] in Islam must begin with certain presumptions concerning the character of [[Allah]]. It must further be acknowledged that these presumptions are all orthodox Muslim dogma. <br />
<br />
==Four Premises==<br />
<br />
1. Allah is omniscient. <BR>2. Nothing happens except by Allah’s will. <BR>3. Allah Himself has free will. <BR>4. Allah cannot make a mistake. <br />
<br />
If these statements are all presumed true, then they can serve as the logical starting points for determining their consistency with the concept of a “test for salvation.” <br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
<br />
A. Because nothing happens except by Allah’s will, all human beings are created only according to Allah’s will. <br />
<br />
B. Because Allah is omniscient, Allah knows the eventual fate of every person even before the moment of their creation. <br />
<br />
C. Because Allah has free will, he has the free will to create or not create any human being he chooses. <br />
<br />
D. Therefore, at the moments of creation, Allah is choosing to create some people that he already knows will be saved, and others that he already knows will be condemned to hell. <br />
<br />
E. Therefore, since the results of every lifetime are already known even prior to creation, the “test” for salvation is already complete even before the created individual is born. <br />
<br />
'''Q.E.D.''' Life on earth cannot be a test for salvation. The test is already complete before life on earth takes place. <br />
<br />
===Further Analysis=== <br />
<br />
F. If a human being were capable of doing anything to change his fate from the one Allah already determined, then Allah would have made a mistake. <br />
<br />
G. Since Allah cannot make a mistake, a human being cannot do anything to change his fate from the one Allah already determined. <br />
<br />
'''Q.E.D.''' Human beings cannot have free will.<br />
<br />
===Sahih Ahadith===<br />
<br />
Now, not only is this a logical conclusion based on the concept of Allah himself, but it also a position that is formally expressed in several [[Sahih]] [[Hadith|ahadith]]. At least four times in Sahih Bukhari,<ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things. He is ordered to write down his (i.e. the new creature's) deeds, his livelihood, his (date of) death, and whether he will be blessed or wretched (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into him. So, a man amongst you may do (good deeds till there is only a cubit between him and Paradise and then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire. And similarly a man amongst you may do (evil) deeds till there is only a cubit between him and the (Hell) Fire, and then what has been written for him decides his behavior, and he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise."''" - {{Bukhari|4|54|430}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Abdullah: Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(as regards your creation), every one of you is collected in the womb of his mother for the first forty days, and then he becomes a clot for an other forty days, and then a piece of flesh for an other forty days. Then Allah sends an angel to write four words: He writes his deeds, time of his death, means of his livelihood, and whether he will be wretched or blessed (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into his body. So a man may do deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire, so much so that there is only the distance of a cubit between him and it, and then what has been written (by the angel) surpasses, and so he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise and enters Paradise. Similarly, a person may do deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise, so much so that there is only the distance of a cubit between him and it, and then what has been written (by the angel) surpasses, and he starts doing deeds of the people of the (Hell) Fire and enters the (Hell) Fire."''" - {{Bukhari|4|55|549}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah: Allah's Apostle, the truthful and truly-inspired, said, "Each one of you collected in the womb of his mother for forty days, and then turns into a clot for an equal period (of forty days) and turns into a piece of flesh for a similar period (of forty days) and then Allah sends an angel and orders him to write four things, i.e., his provision, his age, and whether he will be of the wretched or the blessed (in the Hereafter). Then the soul is breathed into him. And by Allah, a person among you (or a man) may do deeds of the people of the Fire till there is only a cubit or an arm-breadth distance between him and the Fire, but then that writing (which Allah has ordered the angel to write) precedes, and he does the deeds of the people of Paradise and enters it; and a man may do the deeds of the people of Paradise till there is only a cubit or two between him and Paradise, and then that writing precedes and he does the deeds of the people of the Fire and enters it."''" - {{Bukhari|8|77|593}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud: Allah's Apostle the true and truly inspired, narrated to us, "The creation of everyone of you starts with the process of collecting the material for his body within forty days and forty nights in the womb of his mother. Then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period (40 days) and then he becomes like a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then an angel is sent to him (by Allah) and the angel is allowed (ordered) to write four things; his livelihood, his (date of) death, his deeds, and whether he will be a wretched one or a blessed one (in the Hereafter) and then the soul is breathed into him. So one of you may do (good) deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise so much that there is nothing except a cubit between him and Paradise but then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of Hell (Fire) and (ultimately) enters Hell (Fire); and one of you may do (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of Hell (Fire) so much so that there is nothing except a cubit between him and Hell (Fire), then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (good) deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise and ultimately) enters Paradise." (See Hadith No. 430, Vol. 4)''" - {{Bukhari|9|93|546}}</ref> and once in Sahih Muslim,<ref>"''Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) who is the most truthful (of the human beings) and his being truthful (is a fact) said: Verily your creation is on this wise. The constituents of one of you are collected for forty days in his mother's womb in the form of blood, after which it becomes a clot of blood in another period of forty days. Then it becomes a lump of flesh and forty days later Allah sends His angel to it with instructions concerning four things, so the angel writes down his livelihood, his death, his deeds, his fortune and misfortune. By Him, besides Whom there is no god, that one amongst you acts like the people deserving Paradise until between him and Paradise there remains but the distance of a cubit, when suddenly the writing of destiny overcomes him and he begins to act like the denizens of Hell and thus enters Hell, and another one acts in the way of the denizens of Hell, until there remains between him and Hell a distance of a cubit that the writing of destiny overcomes him and then he begins to act like the people of Paradise and enters Paradise.''" - {{Muslim|33|6390}}</ref> we find versions of the following hadith: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud: <br />
<br />
Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things. He is ordered to write down his (i.e. the new creature's) deeds, his livelihood, his (date of) death, and whether he will be blessed or wretched (in religion). Then the soul is breathed into him. So, a man amongst you may do (good deeds till there is only a cubit between him and Paradise and then what has been written for him decides his behavior and he starts doing (evil) deeds characteristic of the people of the (Hell) Fire. And similarly a man amongst you may do (evil) deeds till there is only a cubit between him and the (Hell) Fire, and then what has been written for him decides his behavior, and he starts doing deeds characteristic of the people of Paradise."}}<br />
<br />
===Qur’an===<br />
<br />
Do we find any similar indications in the [[Qur'an]] itself to indicate that “free will” might not exist? Actually yes. A number of ayaat are quite explicit that the choice of being saved or condemned belongs not to the human, but to Allah alone. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|10|99|end=100|style=ref}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' If it had been thy Lord's will, they would all have believed,- all who are on earth! wilt thou then compel mankind, against their will, to believe! No soul can believe, except by the will of Allah, and He will place doubt (or obscurity) on those who will not understand. <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers? It is not for any soul to believe save by the permission of Allah. He hath set uncleanness upon those who have no sense. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And if your Lord had pleased, surely all those who are in the earth would have believed, all of them; will you then force men till they become believers? And it is not for a soul to believe except by Allah's permission; and He casts uncleanness on those who will not understand.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|76|29|end=30|style=ref}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' This is an admonition: Whosoever will, let him take a (straight) Path to his Lord. But ye will not, except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' Lo! this is an Admonishment, that whosoever will may choose a way unto his Lord. Yet ye will not, unless Allah willeth. Lo! Allah is Knower, Wise. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Surely this is a reminder, so whoever pleases takes to his Lord a way. And you do not please except that Allah please, surely Allah is Knowing, Wise;}}<br />
<br />
There are several others that less directly support this understanding: <br />
<br />
For example Al-Qur’an 37:96 tells us that even our own actions, accomplishments and “handwork” are not really ours, but are determined by Allah instead: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|96}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' "But Allah has created you and your handwork!" <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' When Allah hath created you and what ye make? <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And Allah has created you and what you make.}}<br />
<br />
And Al-Qur’an 17:13 implies that the very actions for which we will be judged on judgment day are fated ahead of time, rather than the results of a life on earth that preceded by free will: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|17|13}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Every man's fate We have fastened on his own neck: On the Day of Judgment We shall bring out for him a scroll, which he will see spread open.<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And every man's augury have We fastened to his own neck, and We shall bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book which he will find wide open. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And We have made every man's actions to cling to his neck, and We will bring forth to him on the resurrection day a book which he will find wide open:}}<br />
<br />
Note in particular Yusuf Ali’s translation where the word “fate” is explicitly used, and Pickthal’s use of the word “augury.” An augury is, of course, a predictive sign of what is yet to come in the future. <br />
<br />
Al-Qur’an 7:178-179 goes further by telling us there are men and jinn made with the express purpose of damning to [[hell]]:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|178|179}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Whom Allah doth guide,- he is on the right path: whom He rejects from His guidance,- such are the persons who perish. Many are the Jinns and men we have made for Hell ...<br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' He whom Allah leadeth, he indeed is led aright, while he whom Allah sendeth astray - they indeed are losers. Already have We urged unto hell many of the jinn and humankind ...<br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' Whomsoever Allah guides, he is the one who follows the right way; and whomsoever He causes to err, these are the losers. And certainly We have created for hell many of the jinn and the men ...}}<br />
<br />
The same idea is repeated in other ayaat. For example:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|32|13}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' If We had so willed, We could certainly have brought every soul its true guidance: but the Word from Me will come true, "I will fill Hell with Jinns and men all together." <br />
<br />
'''Pickthal:''' And if We had so willed, We could have given every soul its guidance, but the word from Me concerning evildoers took effect: that I will fill hell with the jinn and mankind together. <br />
<br />
'''Shakir:''' And if We had pleased We would certainly have given to every soul its guidance, but the word (which had gone forth) from Me was just: I will certainly fill hell with the jinn and men together.}}<br />
<br />
So in fact, it appears that the Qur’an and the hadith are in complete agreement that there is no free will when it comes to salvation or damnation. These decisions are made ahead of time by Allah and assigned to humanity. This is in fact the mainstream Islamic understanding, and the implications of this are enormous.<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
Just scratching the surface we must conclude that, according to Islamic beliefs: <br />
<br />
#Life on earth ''is not a test'' for salvation. For what is there to test if the results are known ahead of time and there is nothing we can do to change them? <br />
#Qiyamah, the Islamic Day of Judgment, is a farce. For we are not being judged based on our behaviors, but on Allah’s previous decision. <br />
#People are not led to Islam because it is superior message or religion, but because Allah decided that they would become Muslims whether they wanted to or not. <br />
#Since the vast majority of human beings who have ever lived, and who are living today are not Muslim, Allah must have created the vast majority of human beings for the ''express purpose'' of condemning them to [[Jahannam]]. Therefore the primary purpose of creation must be hell and suffering, not paradise and salvation.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Predestination]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Predestination''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://muttaqun.com/qadar.html|2=2011-11-10}} Qadar (Divine Decree/Preordainment)] ''- Muslim site''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:General Analysis]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]<br />
[[Category:THHuxley]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Child_Marriage_in_Islamic_Law&diff=93767
Child Marriage in Islamic Law
2013-07-15T21:03:22Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div><metadesc>Pedophilia is permitted in the Qur'an, was practiced by Prophet Muhammad and his companions, and some Muslims today continue to commit the crime, following their prophet's example.</metadesc><br />
Pedophilia is permitted in the [[Qur'an]], was practiced by Prophet [[Muhammad]] and his [[Sahabah|companions]], and some Muslims today continue to commit the crime, following their prophet's [[Sunnah|example]].<br />
{{Core}}<br />
==Definition==<br />
'''Pedophilia''' <sup>(US)</sup> or ''paedophilia'' <sup>(UK)</sup> is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted to prepubescent or peripubescent children.<ref>[http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Pedophilia.html Definition and scope of Pedophilia]</ref> A person with this attraction is called a ''pedophile'' or ''paedophile''.<br />
<br />
Some pedophiles are sexually attracted to children only (exclusive pedophiles) whilst others are sexually attracted to both children and adults.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=46415|2=2011-06-29}} Definition of Pedophilia] - MedicineNet, April 27, 2011</ref><ref name="Mayo Clinic">Ryan C. W. Hall, MD, and Richard C. W. Hall, MD, PA, - "[http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/4/457.full.pdf+html?sid=80e46e23-3ba0-4fb7-a0c8-bc49932a5559 A profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes and Forensic Issues]" - Page 459, April 2007;82(4):457-471 • www.mayoclinicproceedings.com</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast to the generally accepted medical definition, the term ''pedophile'' is also used colloquially to denote significantly older adults who are sexually attracted to adolescents below the local age of consent,<ref>Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. '''19''' (4), 333-342.</ref> as well as those who have sexually abused a child.<br />
<br />
In contemporary law enforcement definitions, the term "pedophile" is generally used to describe those accused or convicted of the sexual abuse of a minor. Pedophilia is considered a taboo and is illegal in most societies, cultures and religions; except in the Islamic world with regards to [[Islam]].<br />
<br />
==Primary Articles==<br />
<br />
The following are summaries of pages discussing Islam, in relation to pedophilia:<br />
<br />
===Pedophilia in the Qur'an===<br />
{{Main|Pedophilia in the Qur'an}}<br />
<br />
The Qur'an permits pedophilia. The following Qur'anic verse allows sex with pre-pubescent girls who have not yet menstruated.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|65|4}}|And (as for) those of your women who have despaired of menstruation, if you have a doubt, their prescribed time shall be three months, '''and of those too who have not had their <i>courses</i>'''; and (as for) the pregnant women, their prescribed time is that they lay down their burden; and whoever is careful of (his duty to) Allah He will make easy for him his affair.}}<br />
<br />
What is being discussed is the Iddat (العدة), which is a waiting period a female must observe before she can remarry. According to this verse, the stipulated waiting period for a divorced girl who has not yet menstruated is three months.<br />
<br />
===Muhammad Fits the Clinical Definition of a Pedophile===<br />
{{Main|Aisha Age of Consummation|l1=Aisha's Age of Consummation|Responses to Apologetics: Muhammad and Aisha|}}<br />
<br />
Muhammad was a pedophile, even according to the most stringent clinical definition of pedophilia - the DSM-IV-TR: <br />
{{quote | 1=[http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=10307 PsychiatryOnline - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition]|2=<br />
'''A.''' Over a period of at least six months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).<br />
'''B.''' The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies caused marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.<br />
<br />
'''C.''' The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A. <br />
<br />
<br />
''Note: This does not include an individual in late adolescence involved in an ongoing sexual relationship with a 12- or 13-year-old.''}}<br />
<br />
Muhammad was engaged to Aisha when she was only 6 year old and he was 51, and consummated the marriage while she was still pre-pubescent, aged 9 [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]] old. Thus he fulfilled all three requirements needed for a positive diagnosis.<br />
<br />
===Do Some Islamic Sources say Aisha was Really 17 or 18 Years Old?===<br />
{{Main|Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aishas Age|l1=Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aisha's Age}}<br />
<br />
Some Islamic apologists have tried to cast doubt on the age of Aisha when she married and had sex with Muhammad despite the many sahih hadiths in which Aisha explicitly and directly states her age. <br />
<br />
They sometimes seek to explain that Aisha was in fact not nine-years-old as the Sahih hadiths of Aisha’s own testimony claim, but seventeen or eighteen-years-old at the time. <br />
<br />
The most common of these arguments is propounded by the “Learner”, or Moiz Amjad. Other transmitters of these arguments include T.O Shavanas, “Imam” Chaudhry (word-for-word plagiarism of Amjad's work), and Zahid Aziz.<br />
<br />
On closer inspection of these polemics you will discover that the various claims can be broadly categorized into these categories; unjustified slanders against Hisham ibn Urwah and the Iraqi narrators, the use of non-sahih information to refute otherwise sahih hadiths, the use of secondary and indirect sources in preference of direct testimonies, the use of ‘imprecise’ dating in preference to specific dates and statements of age, the use of misquoted references and erroneous information, the use of incorrect logic, and personal opinion.<br />
<br />
Aisha was nine lunar years old at the time her marriage to the Islamic prophet was consummated and there is simply no valid evidence that suggests otherwise.<br />
<br />
The vast majority of Muslims today also agree with this, and many of these honest Muslims take offense to these lies propagated by western Muslim apologists who are embarrassed by their own prophet's actions.<br />
<br />
===Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia===<br />
{{Main|Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia}}<br />
<br />
Besides Muhammad himself, his companions also committed pedophilia. Umar was the 2<sup>nd</sup> caliph of Islam and married Umm Kulthum at a time when she was 10-12 years old. Some sources even say that she was five years old when Umar married her.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tarikh Khamees, Volume 2, p. 384 ('Dhikr Umm Kalthum') and Zakhair Al-Aqba, p. 168|<br />
<br />
"'Umar asked 'Ali for the hand of his daughter, Umm Kulthum in marriage. 'Ali replied that '''she has not yet attained the age (of maturity)'''. 'Umar replied, 'By Allah, this is not true. You do not want her to marry me. If she is underage, send her to me'. Thus 'Ali gave his daughter Umm Kulthum a dress and asked her to go to 'Umar and tell him that her father wants to know what this dress is for. When she came to Umar and gave him the message, he grabbed her hand and forcibly pulled her towards him. 'Umm Kulthum asked him to leave her hand, which Umar did and said, 'You are a very mannered lady with great morals. Go and tell your father that you are very pretty and you are not what he said of you'. With that 'Ali married Umm Kulthum to 'Umar."}}<br />
<br />
===Contemporary Pedophilic Islamic Marriages===<br />
{{Main|Contemporary Pedophilic Islamic Marriages}}<br />
<br />
Because of its many endorsements within Islamic scripture, child marriages are permitted by the majority of Muslim scholars and leaders, and in many Islamic countries it is common practice. <br />
{{Quote|1=[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7711554.stm Sheikh Hamoud Hashim al-Tharihi, general secretary of the Vice and Virtue Committee and member of the Islah Party in Yemen]|2=Because this happened to the Prophet, we cannot tell people that it is prohibited to marry at an early age.}}<br />
Girls far below the age of puberty are forcibly married to older persons (sometimes in their 50s and later) for various personal gains by the girls' guardian. Pedophilic Islamic marriages are most prevalent in Pakistan and Afghanistan, followed by other countries in the middle east and Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=1631 America Magazine: Child Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan, by Andrew Bushell; March 11, 2002]</ref><ref>[http://www.americansforunfpa.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=630 Americans For UNFPA: Virtual Slavery: The Practice of “Compensation Marriages” by Net Community of AfUNFPA; last retrieved Monday, 08 December 2008]</ref> This practice may also be prevalent to a lesser extent amongst other Muslim communities, and is worryingly on the rise among the growing Muslim populations in many Western countries, such as the United Kingdom<ref name="Ten-fold rise in forced marriages in just four years">[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1196955/Ten-fold-rise-forced-marriages-just-years.html Ten-fold rise in forced marriages in just four years] - The Daily Mail July 2, 2009</ref> and the United States.<ref>Christine Vendel - [http://www.kansascity.com/105/story/1557578.html?pageNum=2&mi_pluck_action=page_nav#Comments_Container Man charged with statutory rape in ‘marriage’ to 14-year-old girl] - The Kansas City Star, November 8, 2009</ref> There are many reasons and justification that may be given by the world-wide practitioners of pedophilic Islamic marriages, the common denominator being Islam. In August, 2010, the Malaysian State of southern Malacca legalized child marriages specifically between Muslim men and Muslim girls ''below'' the age of 16. In a country where Muslims now amount to 60% of the total population, they enforce "Sharia law which operates in parallel with the civil legal system." Ivy Josiah, the executive director of the ''Women's Aid Organisation'', says "It is really a regressive move. It is turning back the clock." <ref>[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1319257/Outcry-over-Malaysian-child-marriages Outcry over Malaysian child marriages] - World News Australia, August 4, 2010</ref> News like this leaves one wondering what will happen to child abuse laws in Western countries once Muslims form a sizeable portion of the population. <br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
<br />
===The Meaning of 'Consummate'===<br />
{{Main|The Meaning of Consummate}}<br />
<br />
A growing number of Muslims (primarily in the West) cannot bring themselves to accept the narrations given by Aisha in which she states that she was married to Muhammad when she was six years old and that he consummated his marriage with her when she was nine years of age, even though these are recorded in Bukhari's [[sahih]] [[Hadith|ahadith]] collection. These Muslims will usually resort to questioning the English translation <ref>[{{Compendium-of-muslim-texts-base-url}}/hadith/muslim/ USC's Compendium of Muslim texts - translated by Dr. Mushin Khan]</ref> of Dr. Mushin Khan, without addressing the ahadith in their original Arabic. A reading of the relevant Bukhari ahadith make it clear that Muhammad had sexual intercourse with Aisha when she was nine years of age. The terms used are: "udkhilath" and "bana biha", which can only mean "sexual intercourse" in the context of the ahadith. The confusion from Muslims regarding this comes from their lack of understanding regarding the English phrase "consummation of marriage", their ignorance of Arabic and their unwillingness to admit that their prophet had sexual intercourse with a nine year old child. Instead of attacking the English phrase "consummation of the marriage", it might better serve Muslim apologists to read the relevant ahadith in the original Arabic before venturing a rebuttal.<br />
<br />
===Islamic Writing and Pedophilia===<br />
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha}}<br />
<br />
There are many references to the permissibility of pedophilia, to be found in authentic Islamic scripture.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|63}}|Narrated Sahl bin Sad: <br />
<br />
While we were sitting in the company of the Prophet a woman came to him and presented herself (for marriage) to him. The Prophet looked at her, lowering his eyes and raising them, but did not give a reply. One of his companions said, "Marry her to me O Allah's Apostle!" The Prophet asked (him), "Have you got anything?" He said, "I have got nothing." The Prophet said, "Not even an iron ring?" He Sad, "Not even an iron ring, but I will tear my garment into two halves and give her one half and keep the other half." The Prophet; said, "No. Do you know some of the Quran (by heart)?" He said, "Yes." The Prophet said, "Go, I have agreed to marry her to you with what you know of the Qur'an (as her Mahr)." ''''And for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature). (65.4) And the 'Iddat for the girl before puberty is three months''' (in the above Verse).|}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3311}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, ''and her dolls were with her;''''' and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.}}<br />
<br />
===The Harmful effects of Abuse, Documented in Islamic Scripture===<br />
{{Main|The Tragedy of Aisha}}<br />
<br />
It is no secret that sexual abuse of children has serious consequences on its victims and, among Muslims and non-Muslims alike, it is no longer a secret that the Qur'an explicitly condones pedophilia. Of course, for Muslims to finally acknowledge the harmful effects of abuse on a child it becomes necessary for us to expose those effects through authentic Islamic sources. That is why we find Aisha, Muhammad's third and "favorite" wife, to be the perfect model for assessing pedophilia and its consequences on the victims. The life of Aisha bint Abu Bakr truly was a seventh century tragedy.<br />
<br />
===Pedophilia and the Tu Quoque Defense===<br />
{{Main|Joseph the Pedophile|l1=Joseph the Pedophile|A Refutation of 'The Islamophobe's Glass House'}}<br />
<br />
This article refutes the claim that Joseph, the husband of Mary (the mother of Jesus Christ), was a pedophile, a popular yet erroneous tu quoque argument used to defend Prophet Muhammad's pedophilic marriage to Aisha. Upon reading the non-canonical apocrypha, the Christian equivalent of da`if (weak) or maudu (fabricated) hadith, we find it does not say Mary married Joseph when she was aged only 12. It in fact says she was possibly 17 years of age at the time the marriage was eventually consummated, if ever (Mary's perpetual virginity, the belief that Mary remained a virgin her entire life, is an essential article of faith for the majority of the world's Christians). The most decisive argument against the claim that Joseph was a pedophile is the fact that the same non-canonical writings which are used to gather information on Joseph and Mary's age, also confirm Mary's status as "ever virgin" (in The History of Joseph the Carpenter, Jesus says on Joseph's death "my mother, virgin undefiled").<br />
<br />
===Muhammad a Pedophile? Another Look===<br />
{{Main|Was Muhammad a Pedophile?}}<br />
<br />
A second look at the question; was Muhammad a pedophile? One of the most disturbing things about Islam is that it does not categorically condemn pedophilia. Indeed, it cannot, for to do so would draw attention to the pedophilia of Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Many Muslims cannot condemn pedophilia even if they would like to, for they would have to abandon Islam. Muslims tacitly approve of pedophilia, even if they are embarrassed to say so. So mesmerized are Muslims by the example of Muhammad's pedophilia that they are unable to categorically denounce pedophilia or feel shame. It is prevalent in many Muslim countries disguised as child marriage. The UN is today trying to stop the evil of child marriage among the backward Islamic regions of Asia and Africa. The future of some 300 million young girls depends on it.<br />
<br />
===Proof that Aisha was Still Pre-pubescent Aged Fifteen===<br />
{{Main|Aisha and Puberty}}<br />
<br />
The doll-playing exegesis used in "Aisha's Age of Consummation" in itself proves Aisha's status as pre-pubescent at the time of the consummation of her marriage to Muhammad, but most Muslims are unaware that the Sahih ahadith say that Aisha, was below the age of puberty when she was at least fourteen years old, and remained in that state till the age of sixteen. This is because they have never read the Sahih ahadith in Arabic. The narrators of the Sahih ahadith were not ashamed that Muhammad had married and had sexual relations with Aisha when she was below the age of puberty. Hence, from the original Arabic, it is clear that Aisha was below the age of puberty at the age of 14 (at the time of the raid on the Bani Mustaliq) or 15 (at the time of the Ethiopian slaves dancing incident), and begun her first menstrual period at the age of 16 (during the journey for hajj). <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
'''Articles'''<br />
<br />
*[[Pedophilia (Translations of Arabic/Islamic Media)]]<br />
*[[Quotes on Muhammad relating to Pedophilia]]<br />
*[[Islam and Bestiality]]<br />
*[[Muslim Statistics (Children)]]<br />
<br />
'''Multimedia'''<br />
<br />
*[[Videos on Islam: Pedophilia]]<br />
<br />
'''Satire'''<br />
<br />
*[[Aisha (Farsideology)]]<br />
<br />
'''Other Core Articles'''<br />
<br />
''Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue, and serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to learn about Islam:''<br />
* [[Islam and Apostasy]]<br />
* [[Islam and Homosexuality]]<br />
* [[Islam and Miracles]]<br />
* [[Islam and Propaganda]]<br />
* [[Islam and Science]]<br />
* [[Islam and Scripture]]<br />
* [[Islam and the People of the Book]]<br />
* [[Islam and Violence]]<br />
* [[Islam and Women]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4959002.ece|2=2011-06-01}} Link between child porn and Muslim terrorists discovered in police raids]<br />
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sex-in-islam.com/amar.khan/Pedophilia-in-Islam.htm|2=2011-06-01}} A Complete Guide to Pedophilia in Islam] <br />
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5541006|2=2011-06-01}} Images of pedophilic Islamic marriages]<br />
* [http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=23452&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0 Let's clear up all this pedophilia garbage...] ''- Forum discussion on another defence of Muhammad's marriage to a child''<br />
<br />
'''News regarding Pedophilia among non-Muslims'''<br />
<br />
* [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090928/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_poland_castration Poland okays forcible castration for paedophiles] ''(9/28/2009) - related:'' [[w:Chemical castration|Chemical castration]] ''at wikipedia ''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Article]]<br />
[[Category:Pedophilia]]<br />
__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[ru:Ислам и педофилия]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Mathematical-Miracles.png&diff=93656
File:Mathematical-Miracles.png
2013-07-14T18:32:01Z
<p>Claustrum: Claustrum uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Mathematical-Miracles.png&quot;</p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Mathematical-Miracles.png&diff=93027
File:Mathematical-Miracles.png
2013-07-08T03:34:24Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
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<div></div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Moon-Split.jpg&diff=93012
File:Moon-Split.jpg
2013-07-07T17:49:22Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
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<div></div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Science_and_the_Seven_Earths&diff=91835
Science and the Seven Earths
2013-06-23T13:41:54Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>This article [[Refutations|refutes]] the claim that the [[Qur'an]] correctly asserts the earth is made of seven layers. <br />
<br />
==Muslim Claim==<br />
<br />
Muslims have come up with some extraordinary claims, including the claim that modern [[Islam and Science|science]] proves the Qur'an correct in asserting the earth is made of seven "layers". <br />
<br />
{{Quote||"Allah is He Who Created seven firmaments and of the earth a similar number. Through the midst of them (all) descends His command: that ye may know that Allah has power over all things, and that Allah comprehends all things In (His) Knowledge. (The Noble Quran, 65:12)" <br />
<br />
According to Noble Verse 65:12 above, Allah Almighty created 7 Heavens for form the universe. The new scientific discovery had revealed to us that the earth that we currently live on today is also formed from seven layers. The very bottom layer contains most of the uranium and potonium ("sic") and all the materials that we need to create nuclear weapons and energy. Noble Verse 65:12 above does indeed say that the earth was created with seven layers. <br />
<br />
The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth <br />
<br />
1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core}}<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
<br />
===Seven Layers===<br />
<br />
This article seeks to show the error of the claim that verse 65:12 shows the earth composed of seven layers. We note the same dishonest approach taken to assign seven layers of the atmosphere - i.e. the ''double counting of layers''. <br />
<br />
The general scientific view is that the earth is composed of four or five major layers depending on whether one splits the mantle or not.<ref>Lisa Gardiner - [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/interior.html&edu=high Structure of the Interior of Earth] - Windows to the Universe, January 18, 2010</ref><ref>Eugene C. Robertson - [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/ The Interior of the Earth] - U.S. Geological Survey, May 21, 2007</ref><ref>Maggi Glasscoe - [http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate1.htm Structure of the Earth] - Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), August 14, 1998</ref> <br />
<br />
The five layers are as follows:<br />
<br />
#crust<br />
#upper mantle<br />
#lower mantle<br />
#outer core<br />
#inner core <br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Lithosphere.gif|450px]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
There are two ways to classify the composition of the geosphere - chemically, into crust, mantle, and core, or functionally, in the case of the outer layers (crust and mantle) into lithosphere and asthenosphere.<ref>Dr. Michael Pidwirny - [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.html Fundamentals of Physical Geography/ Structure of the Earth] - 2nd Edition, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.palaeos.com/Earth/Geosphere/structure.htm The history of life on Earth] - Palaeos</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Geosphere.gif]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
From the evidence above, one can see the Muslims deceit because they double-count the lithosphere/asthenosphere while they also count the crust and upper mantle. Note that this is dishonest because these are alternative classifications. One cannot honestly count all lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust, and upper mantle together as one would be recounting the same rocks. <br />
<br />
Recently new scientific hypotheses proposed by J. Marvin Herndon and Prof Xiaodong Song suggest the inner core may be further subdivided into four layers; the inner core, the innermost core, a sub-shell of fission material and decay products, and a subcore of uranium and plutonium forming the georeactor.<ref>D. F. Hollenbach, and J. M. Herndon - [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field] - PNAS 2001 vol. 98 no. 20 pp 11085-11090</ref> If this new theory is accepted the number of layers of the earth rises to eight. <br />
<br />
===Seven Continents===<br />
<br />
The same dishonest Muslims try to hedge their bets by claiming it is either seven layers or seven continents.<br />
<br />
{{Quote||OR they could refer to the "7 Continents" (in the context that "al-ard" means ground)<BR>1. North America<BR>2. South America<BR>3. Australia<BR>4. Asia<BR>5. Africa<BR>6. Antarctica<BR>7. Europe}}<br />
<br />
We suggest the former explanation (seven layers) is more accurate as all translations we have read refer to "earth" and not ground. Nevertheless, although the number of continents is traditionally considered seven, some geographers and scientists think there are only six as Europe and Asia are technically a single land mass (i.e. Eurasia) and on the same tectonic plate.<ref>Matt Rosenberg - [http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blcont.htm Continents] - About.com</ref> Therefore, we suggest the traditional number of seven continents is more a cultural bias than an actual geographical/geological fact. <br />
<br />
===Seven Earths===<br />
<br />
There are Muslims who claim that Allah created seven earths.<ref>[http://www.justread.20m.com/scientific%20truth.htm Layers of the Earth] - Justread.20m.com</ref> If we're not mistaken, this is another of the absurd pseudo-scientific claims of the champion of Qur'anic Pseudo-Science, Maurice Bucaille.<ref>Dr. Maurice Bucaille - [http://web.archive.org/web/20030514172921/http://www.masmn.org/Books/Maurice_Bucaille/The_Bible_The_Quran_and_Science/043.htm The Bible, The Qur'an and Science/ Confrontation with the data in the Qur'an concerning the creation]</ref> This is in fact the correct understanding of verse 65:12 supported by various [[hadith]]s and [[tafsir]] commentaries. However, we only know of one, our own, but no doubt future science will reveal the remaining six. <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
The scientific evidence do not support the claim that the Qur'anic verse 65:12 foretold the scientific accuracy of the seven layers of the earth when modern geology states that there are only four or five layers, or up to eight if the new hypotheses of the subcore georeactor are accepted. <br />
<br />
And if these Islamists cared to delve a little deeper into their own sources, they would discover that the seven earths being referred to in verse 65:12 are in fact flat islands, one under the other.<ref>"...''They are seven earths that are flat and islands. Between each two earths, there is an ocean. All that is surrounded by the (surrounding) ocean, and the haykal is behind the ocean''..." - Al Tabari, Vol. 1, pp. 207-208 (for more info see the Answering Islam article [http://www.answering-islam.org./Quran/Science/seven_earths.html here])</ref><br />
<br />
{{Core Science}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[A Qur’anic Understanding of the Universe]]<br />
*[[Qur'an and the Descent of Iron Miracle]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org./Quran/Science/seven_earths.html|2=2011-12-05}} Qur'an & Science Problem: The Seven Earths] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Hector]]<br />
[[ru:Семь слоев Земли]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=File:Emblem-Star.png&diff=91749
File:Emblem-Star.png
2013-06-21T07:28:16Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Bucailleism&diff=91747
Bucailleism
2013-06-21T04:44:58Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Maurice Bucaille.JPG|thumb|190px|right|Dr. Maurice Bucaille was a chief proponent of the idea that there is “Science in the Qur'an.”]]<br />
==What is Bucailleism?==<br />
<br />
'''Bucailleism''' is the belief that "the [[Qur'an]] prophesied the Big Bang theory, space travel and other contemporary scientific breakthroughs," and that "there are more than 1200 verses (Ayat) which can be interpreted in the light of modern science,"<ref>[http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_1_50/all_things_in_pair.htm QUR'AN AND SCIENCE]</ref> has been called "a fast-growing branch of Islamic fundamentalism." Named after French surgeon Maurice Bucaille, its proponents believe that "one of the main convincing evidences" that lead many to convert to [[Islam]] "is the large number of [[Islam and Science|scientific facts in the Quran]]."<ref>Zaghloul El-Naggar, an Egyptian geologist, quoted in [http://www.cafearabica.com/wwwboard/social/messages/5948.html Strange Bedfellows]</ref> <br />
<br />
The doctrine is "widely taught" in Islamic secondary schools, promoted on at least one popular weekly television program in the Arab world<ref>Zaghloul El-Naggar, an Egyptian geologist </ref> and is advanced by "a well-funded campaign" led by the Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah, based in Saudi Arabia and founded by Sheikh Abdul Majeed Zindani, "a charismatic Yemeni academic and politician."<ref>[http://www.nooran.org/en/index.htm Commission on Scientific Signs of Qur'an & Sunnah]</ref> Although Bucailleism is said to be "disdained by most mainstream scholars", it has been valuable in fostering "pride in Muslim heritage", and reconciling conflicts that Muslim "students may feel between their religious beliefs and secular careers in engineering or computers." <ref name="StrBedfel">[http://www.cafearabica.com/wwwboard/social/messages/5948.html Strange Bedfellows: Western Scholars Play Key Role in Touting `Science' of the Quran ] ''Wall Street Journal'', Jan 23, 2002. pg. A.1</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
In 1976 the book ''The Quran, the Bible, and Science'', by Dr. Maurice Bucaille was published. It purports to prove that the Qur'an, in contrast to the [[Taurat|Bible]], has always been in agreement with modern scientific discoveries. It was immensely popular "across the Muslim world" where it "sold millions of copies" and was "translated into several languages." <ref name="SubvHoodb"> [http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/oct01hoodbhoy.htm When Science Teaching Becomes A Subversive Activity By Pervez Hoodbhoy ]</ref> <br />
<br />
While "dozens of conferences" have been held on theme of scientific truths revealed by the Qur'an,<ref name="SubvHoodb"/> the highest profile have been the International Conferences on the Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah. As of 2006 there have been eight International Conferences on the Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah, the first held in Islamabad in 1987, attended by "200 Muslim delegates from all over the world" and funded "by the Pakistani state to the tune of a couple of million dollars." <ref name="SubvHoodb"/> At the seventh conference in Dubai, "more than 150 scientists and researchers" attended.<ref>[http://www.aljazeerah.info/Islam/Islamic%20subjects/2004%20subjects/March/Dubai%20Meet%20to%20Highlight%20Scientific%20Facts%20in%20the%20Quran.htm Dubai Meet to Highlight Scientific Facts in the Qur’an]</ref> <br />
<br />
One of the highlights at the Eighth International Conference in Kuwait was the announcement of a possible cure for AIDS based on "a herbal extract that was prescribed in the Prophetic Sunnah for the treatment of other ailments."<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1164545906466&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout Miracle Drug Announced, Scientific Evidence Still Hazy ]</ref> <br />
<br />
The debut of a 14-volume Encyclopedia on the Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah has also been announced by the International Commission on the Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah. the encyclopedia has been "partially translated into English", with hopes for translation into "18 other languages."<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1164545906466&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout Miracle Drug Announced, Scientific Evidence Still Hazy ]</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
<br />
===Accuracy===<br />
<br />
Gamal Soltan, a political scientist at Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies protests that the approach of starting with a conclusion from the Qur'an or Sunna (e.g. the Qur’an says the body has 360 joints) and then work toward proving that conclusion, corrupts the scientific method. In the case of the belief in the body having 360 joints, it has meant counting "things that some orthopedists might not call a joint."<ref name="DiscovSciIsl"/> <br />
<br />
Other critics protest against claims by Bucailleists such as that the body has 360 joints<ref>[http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?t=118422 Islam's claim about the 360 joints in the human body was proven to be true! ]</ref> or that the [[Earth Made of Seven Layers|earth has seven layers]]:<ref>[http://www.missionislam.com/science/earthsevenlayers.html Earth’s Seven Layers]</ref> <br />
{{Quote||"Islamic scientists tend to use each other as sources, creating an illusion that the work has been validated by research. The existence of 360 joints, in fact, is not accepted in medical communities; rather, the number varies from person to person, with an average of 307. These days most geologists divide Earth’s crust into 15 [not 7] major zones, or tectonic plates."<ref name="DiscovSciIsl">[http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jul/science-and-islam Science and Islam in Conflict] ''Discover magazine'', 06.21.2007</ref> }}<br />
<br />
Theoretical physicist Parvez Hoodbhoy of Pakistan identifies: <br />
{{Quote||"the problem with such claims to ownership is that they lack an explanation for why quantum mechanics, molecular genetics, etc., had to await discovery elsewhere. Nor is any kind of testable prediction ever made. No reason is offered as to why antibiotics, aspirin, steam engines, electricity, aircraft, or computers were not first invented by Muslims. But even to ask such questions is considered offensive." <ref name="SubvHoodb"/> }}<br />
<br />
The historian, Michael Cook, suggests that proof of divine origin by prediction of scientific fact carries "a certain risk: science may move on, leaving scripture stranded with some latter-day equivalent of the long-discredited phlogiston theory of combustion. Not surprisingly, the more sophisticated [Quranic] commentators do not engage in this activity ..." <ref>Cook, Michael, ''The Koran: A Very Short Introduction,'' Oxford University Press, (2000), p.30</ref><ref>see also: Ruthven, Malise, ''A Fury For God'' London ; New York : Granta, (2002), p.126</ref><br />
<br />
Others unconvinced of a Qur’an as dispenser of scientific truths, argue some of these scientific facts were known in the Middle East centuries before the revelation of the Qur'an - for example found in passages that they argue are rephrasings of the Hebrew Bible - or were also "predicted" by non-scientists with no claims of divine inspiration. Criticisms are also presented based on the translations and context of the verses presented as scientific facts.<ref>Richard Carrier (2001). [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/islam.html ''Cosmology and the Koran: A Response to Muslim Fundamentalists''].</ref><ref>Richard Carrier (2004). [http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=362 ''Predicting Modern Science: Epicurus vs. Mohammed''].</ref><br />
<br />
Alleged Qur'anic predictions have also been called "vague descriptions of natural phenomena" employing "stretched or arbitrary" interpretations.<ref>Turkish physicist and philosopher Taner Edis. [http://www2.truman.edu/~edis/writings/articles/quran-science.html ''"Quran-science": Scientific miracles from the 7th century?'']</ref> Alleged Quranic references in particular to the [[Qur'an and the Big Bang|expanding universe]], parallel universes, and cosmic structural hierarchies have been called "blatantly wrong."<ref name=edis2>Taner Edis. ''Ghost in the Universe.'' Quotes from page 14. Prometheus Books.</ref> Anti-Bucailleist arguments do not necessarily argue in favor of unbelief, since as one says, "[[God]] does not stand or fall depending on whether our scriptures know their physics."<ref name=edis2>Taner Edis. ''Ghost in the Universe.'' Quotes from page 14. Prometheus Books.</ref><br />
<br />
===Methods===<br />
<br />
Complaints about the methods of "Bucailleists" include the use of endorsements by Western non-Muslim scientists. One of the Bucailleists most widely circulated works is the video "A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam," which quotes several non-Muslim scientists in praise of the predictive power, divinity, etc. of the Qur'an. However, in a 2002 story<ref name="StrBedfel"/> in the American newspaper 'Wall Street Journal', several non-Muslim scientists spoke of questionable practices used by Bucailleists to cultivate scientists and coax statements from them, including lavish entertaining, untrue promises to be “completely neutral,” and hard sell interviews by Sheikh Abdul Majeed Zindani.<br />
<br />
{{Quote||"The commission drew the scientists to its conferences with first-class plane tickets for them and their wives, rooms at the best hotels, $1,000 honoraria, and banquets with Muslim leaders — such as a palace dinner in Islamabad with Pakistani President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq shortly before he was killed in a plane crash. Ahmed also gave at least one scientist a crystal clock." <ref name="StrBedfel"/> }}<br />
<br />
Scientists complained of having fallen into a "trap" in interviews, or of "mutual manipulation" by the scientists and fundamentalists. Even the man who had been the Bucailleists most enthusiastic supporter, embryologist [[Embryology_in_Islamic_Scripture#Some_Notes_on_the_Interpretations_of_Dr._Keith_Moore|Keith L. Moore]] who had an edition of his textbook financed by Bucailleists and co-written with Sheikh Abdul Majeed Zindani, declined to be interviewed and told the newspaper, “it’s been 10 or 11 years since I was involved in the Quran.” <ref name="StrBedfel"/><br />
<br />
{{Core Propaganda}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Islam and Science]]<br />
*[[Westerners find $cience in the Qur'an]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jul/science-and-islam Science and Islam in Conflict] - ''Discover magazine, June 21, 2007''<br />
*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Campbell/contents.html The Qur'an and the Bible in the light of history and science] ''- Dr. William Campbell, 1986 - a Christian response to The Bible, The Qur'an and Science''<br />
*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Campbell/bucaille.html Is Dr. Maurice Bucaille a Muslim?] ''- Answering Islam''<br />
<br />
'''Muslim Perspective'''<br />
<br />
*[http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_1_50/all_things_in_pair.htm Qur'an and Science] ''- Dr. Ibrahim B. Syed''<br />
*[http://www.sultan.org/articles/QScience.html The Qur'an and Modern Science] ''- Dr. Maurice Bucaille''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and Science]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Propaganda]]<br />
[[ru:Букаиллеизм]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Relationships_with_non-Muslims_in_Islamic_Law&diff=89910
Relationships with non-Muslims in Islamic Law
2013-05-25T10:33:58Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Qur'an]] strictly prohibits friendship with [[non-Muslims]], including the "[[Islam and the People of the Book|People of the Book]]". <br />
<br />
==Qur'an==<br />
<br />
The Qur'an and other [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic texts]] are very clear in teaching that there is no equality between Muslims and non-Muslims, and hence no basis for a relationship of peers. Muhammad himself describes unbelievers as "perverted transgressors",<ref>"''Ye are the best of peoples, evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah. If only the People of the Book had faith, it were best for them: among them are some who have faith, but most of them are perverted transgressors.''" - {{Quran|3|110}}</ref> the "worst of creatures",<ref>"''Those who reject (Truth), among the People of the Book and among the Polytheists, will be in Hell-Fire, to dwell therein (for aye). They are the worst of creatures.''" - {{Quran|98|6}}</ref> "unloved by Allah",<ref>"''That He may reward those who believe and work righteous deeds, out of his Bounty. For He loves not those who reject Faith.''" - {{Quran|30|45}}</ref> and destined for eternal torture in [[Hell]].<ref>"''Those who reject Faith,- neither their possessions nor their (numerous) progeny will avail them aught against Allah: They are themselves but fuel for the Fire.''" - {{Quran|3|10}}</ref> Thus, by the Qur'an's most literal interpretation, there is little sense in befriending these "creatures" of such inferiority.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers take the unbelievers for friends rather than believers; and whoever does this, he shall have nothing of (the guardianship of) Allah, but you should guard yourselves against them, guarding carefully; and Allah makes you cautious of (retribution from) Himself; and to Allah is the eventual coming.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|144}}|O you who believe! do not take the unbelievers for friends rather than the believers; do you desire that you should give to Allah a manifest proof against yourselves?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|57}}|Believers, do not seek the friendship of the infidels and those who were given the Book before you, who have made of your religion a jest and a pastime.}}<br />
<br />
==Jews and Christians==<br />
<br />
The Qur'an specifically prohibits the friendship of the People of the Book (Jews and Christians).<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|51}}|O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.}}<br />
<br />
Muslim apologists, who are often embarrassed by this verse, provide an interpretation that deviates substantially from the literal meaning. The Arabic word ''Awliyā''' (أولياء "friend") is legitimately also translated as "protector" or "guardian". Therefore, apologists claim that this verse refers to a Muslim's allegiance to an unbelieving government.<br />
<br />
Yet modern day Islamic governments are often dependent on the alliances of predominantly non-Muslim nations, ensuring that this interpretation provides little more convenience. Furthermore, the verse itself appears to distinguish between "friend" and "protector", commanding Muslims to exclude disbelievers as both. Muslim apologists will therefore continue to rationalize the verse with interpretations drifting further from intuitive understanding.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the Islamic phrase ''walīyu 'llāh'' (ولي الله), means 'friend of God'.<ref>"Walī (a., pl. awliyā;)", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> To say walīyu 'llāh means “protector of God”, would constitute [[blasphemy]] in [[Islam]]. The word Al-Waliyu is also one of the 99 names of Allah.<br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
<br />
The exclusion of disbelievers is not limited to disbelieving peers, but extends to non-Muslim family members.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|23}}|O you who believe! do not take your fathers and your brothers for guardians if they love unbelief more than belief; and whoever of you takes them for a guardian, these it is that are the unjust.}}<br />
<br />
Even praying for their forgiveness in the afterlife is forbidden.<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|9|113|114}}|It is not fitting, for the Prophet and those who believe, that they should pray for forgiveness for Pagans, even though they be of kin, after it is clear to them that they are companions of the Fire. And Abraham prayed for his father's forgiveness only because of a promise he had made to him. But when it became clear to him that he was an enemy to God, he dissociated himself from him: for Abraham was most tender-hearted, forbearing. }}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Allah Forbids You Not (Qur'an 60:8)]]<br />
*[[Non-Muslims]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Non-Muslims''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Book]]<br />
[[ru:Дружба с немусульманами]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur%27an&diff=89436
Chronological Order of the Qur'an
2013-05-18T15:42:34Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div><center>''The [[Qur'an]] is not in [[Timelines|chronological]] order, but arranged roughly longest [[surah]] (chapter) to the shortest.<BR>The following lists the chronological (or revelational) order of the Qur'an<ref>Allamah Abu 'Abd Allah al-Zanjani - [{{Reference archive|1=http://tanzil.net/pub/ebooks/History-of-Quran.pdf|2=2011-05-13}} The History of the Quran] - Al-Tawheed Vol. 4, No. 3; Vol. 5, No. 1, 2, & 3</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.qran.org/q-chrono.htm|2=2011-05-13}} Quran Verses in Chronological Order] - Qran.org, accessed May 13, 2011</ref><ref>Kevin P. Edgecomb - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bombaxo.com/chronsurs.html|2=2011-05-13}} Chronological Order of Quranic Surahs] - Bombaxo, 2002</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/chapters_chronological_sequence.html|2=2011-05-13}} Quran Chapters and their Chronological Sequence of Revelation] - International Community of Submitters (ICS)</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://tanzil.net/wiki/Revelation_Order|2=2011-05-13}} Revelation Order] - Tanzil Project, accessed May 13, 2011</ref>''</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width = "100%" class= "wikitable sortable"<br />
!Chronological Order<br />
!Surah Name<br />
!Number of Verses<br />
!Location of Revelation<br />
!Traditional Order<br />
|-<br />
|1 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Alaq (The Clot)|Al-Alaq]] ||19 ||Mecca ||96<br />
|-<br />
|2 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qalam (The Pen)|Al-Qalam]] ||52 ||Mecca ||68<br />
|-<br />
|3 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Muzzammil (The Enshrouded One)|Al-Muzzammil]] ||20 ||Mecca ||73<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Muddathir (The Cloaked One)|Al-Muddathir]] ||56 ||Mecca ||74<br />
|-<br />
|5 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Fatiha (The Opening)|Al-Fatiha]] ||7 ||Mecca ||1<br />
|-<br />
|6 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Masadd (The Twisted Rope, The Flame)|Al-Masadd]] ||5 ||Mecca ||111<br />
|-<br />
|7 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Takwir (The Overthrowing)|At-Takwir]] ||29 ||Mecca ||81<br />
|-<br />
|8 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ala (The Most High)|Al-Ala]] ||19 ||Mecca ||87<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Lail (The Night)|Al-Lail]] ||21 ||Mecca ||92<br />
|-<br />
|10 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Fajr (The Dawn)|Al-Fajr]] ||30 ||Mecca ||89<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ad-Dhuha (The Morning Hours)|Ad-Dhuha]] ||11 ||Mecca ||93<br />
|-<br />
|12 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Inshirah (Consolation)|Al-Inshirah]] ||8 ||Mecca ||94<br />
|-<br />
|13 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Asr (The Declining Day)|Al-Asr]] ||3 ||Mecca ||103<br />
|-<br />
|14 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Adiyat (The Chargers)|Al-Adiyat]] ||11 ||Mecca ||100<br />
|-<br />
|15 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Kauther (Abundance)|Al-Kauther]] ||3 ||Mecca ||108<br />
|-<br />
|16 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Takathur (Competition)|At-Takathur]] ||8 ||Mecca ||102<br />
|-<br />
|17 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maun (Small Kindnesses)|Al-Maun]] ||7 ||Mecca ||107<br />
|-<br />
|18 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Kafiroon (The Disbelievers)|Al-Kafiroon]] ||6 ||Mecca ||109<br />
|-<br />
|19 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Fil (The Elephant)|Al-Fil]] ||5 ||Mecca ||105<br />
|-<br />
|20 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Falaq (The Daybreak, Dawn)|Al-Falaq]] ||5 ||Mecca ||113<br />
|-<br />
|21 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nas (Mankind)|An-Nas]] ||6 ||Mecca ||114<br />
|-<br />
|22 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ikhlas (The Purity of Faith)|Al-Ikhlas]] ||4 ||Mecca ||112<br />
|-<br />
|23 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Najm (The Star)|An-Najm]] ||62 ||Mecca ||53<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Abasa (He Frowned)|Abasa]] ||42 ||Mecca ||80<br />
|-<br />
|25 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qadr (Power, Fate)|Al-Qadr]] ||5 ||Mecca ||97<br />
|-<br />
|26 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ash-Shams (The Sun)|Ash-Shams]] ||15 ||Mecca ||91<br />
|-<br />
|27 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Burooj (The Constellations)|Al-Burooj]] ||22 ||Mecca ||85<br />
|-<br />
|28 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Tin (The Fig)|At-Tin]] ||8 ||Mecca ||95<br />
|-<br />
|29 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Quraish (Winter, Quraysh)|Quraish]] ||4 ||Mecca ||106<br />
|-<br />
|30 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qaria (The Calamity)|Al-Qaria]] ||11 ||Mecca ||101<br />
|-<br />
|31 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qiyama (Resurrection)|Al-Qiyama]] ||40 ||Mecca ||75<br />
|-<br />
|32 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Humaza (The Gossipmonger)|Al-Humaza]] ||9 ||Mecca ||104<br />
|-<br />
|33 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mursalat (The Emissaries)|Al-Mursalat]] ||50 ||Mecca ||77<br />
|-<br />
|34 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Qaf (The Letter Qaf)|Qaf]] ||45 ||Mecca ||50<br />
|-<br />
|35 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Balad (The City)|Al-Balad]] ||20 ||Mecca ||90<br />
|-<br />
|36 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Tariq (The Morning Star)|At-Tariq]] ||17 ||Mecca ||86<br />
|-<br />
|37 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qamar (The Moon)|Al-Qamar]] ||55 ||Mecca ||54<br />
|-<br />
|38 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Sad (The Letter Sad)|Sad]] ||88 ||Mecca ||38<br />
|-<br />
|39 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Araf (The Heights)|Al-Araf]] ||206 ||Mecca ||7<br />
|-<br />
|40 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Jinn (The Jinn)|Al-Jinn]] ||28 ||Mecca ||72<br />
|-<br />
|41 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ya-Sin (Ya-sin)|Ya-Sin]] ||83 ||Mecca ||36<br />
|-<br />
|42 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Furqan (The Criterion)|Al-Furqan]] ||77 ||Mecca ||25<br />
|-<br />
|43 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Fatir (The Angels, Originator)|Fatir]] ||45 ||Mecca ||35<br />
|-<br />
|44 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Maryam (Mary)|Maryam]] ||98 ||Mecca ||19<br />
|-<br />
|45 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Taha (Ta-ha)|Taha]] ||135 ||Mecca ||20<br />
|-<br />
|46 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Waqia (The Inevitable)|Al-Waqia]] ||96 ||Mecca ||56<br />
|-<br />
|47 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ash-Shuara (The Poets)|Ash-Shuara]] ||226 ||Mecca ||26<br />
|-<br />
|48 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Naml (The Ants)|An-Naml]] ||93 ||Mecca ||27<br />
|-<br />
|49 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Qasas (The Story, Stories)|Al-Qasas]] ||88 ||Mecca ||28<br />
|-<br />
|50 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Isra (The Night Journey)|Al-Isra]] ||111 ||Mecca ||17<br />
|-<br />
|51 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Yunus (Jonah)|Yunus]] ||109 ||Mecca ||10<br />
|-<br />
|52 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Hud (Hud)|Hud]] ||123 ||Mecca ||11<br />
|-<br />
|53 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Yusuf (Joseph)|Yusuf]] ||111 ||Mecca ||12<br />
|-<br />
|54 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Hijr (Stoneland, Rock City)|Al-Hijr]] ||99 ||Mecca ||15<br />
|-<br />
|55 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Anaam (Cattle, Livestock)|Al-Anaam]] ||165 ||Mecca ||6<br />
|-<br />
|56 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: As-Saaffat (Those Who Set the Ranks)|As-Saaffat]] ||182 ||Mecca ||37<br />
|-<br />
|57 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Luqman (Luqman)|Luqman]] ||34 ||Mecca ||31<br />
|-<br />
|58 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Saba (Sheba)|Saba]] ||54 ||Mecca ||34<br />
|-<br />
|59 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Az-Zumar (The Troops, Throngs)|Az-Zumar]] ||75 ||Mecca ||39<br />
|-<br />
|60 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ghafir (The Forgiver)|Al-Ghafir]] ||85 ||Mecca ||40<br />
|-<br />
|61 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Fussilat (Signs Spelled Out)|Fussilat]] ||54 ||Mecca ||41<br />
|-<br />
|62 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ash-Shura (Counsel)|Ash-Shura]] ||53 ||Mecca ||42<br />
|-<br />
|63 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Az-Zukhruf (Ornaments of Gold, Luxury)|Az-Zukhruf]] ||89 ||Mecca ||43<br />
|-<br />
|64 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ad-Dukhan (Smoke)|Ad-Dukhan]] ||59 ||Mecca ||44<br />
|-<br />
|65 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Jathiya (Crouching)|Al-Jathiya]] ||37 ||Mecca ||45<br />
|-<br />
|66 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ahqaf (The Dunes)|Al-Ahqaf]] ||35 ||Mecca ||46<br />
|-<br />
|67 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Adh-Dhariyat (The Winnowing Winds)|Adh-Dhariyat]] ||60 ||Mecca ||51<br />
|-<br />
|68 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ghashiya (The Overwhelming)|Al-Ghashiya]] ||26 ||Mecca ||88<br />
|-<br />
|69 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Kahf (The Cave)|Al-Kahf]] ||110 ||Mecca ||18<br />
|-<br />
|70 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nahl (The Bee)|An-Nahl]] ||128 ||Mecca ||16<br />
|-<br />
|71 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Nooh (Noah)|Nooh]] ||28 ||Mecca ||71<br />
|-<br />
|72 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ibrahim (Abraham)|Ibrahim]] ||52 ||Mecca ||14<br />
|-<br />
|73 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ambiya (The Prophets)|Al-Ambiya]] ||112 ||Mecca ||21<br />
|-<br />
|74 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mumenoon (The Believers)|Al-Mumenoon]] ||118 ||Mecca ||23<br />
|-<br />
|75 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: As-Sajda (The Prostration)|As-Sajda]] ||30 ||Mecca ||32<br />
|-<br />
|76 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Tur (The Mount)|At-Tur]] ||49 ||Mecca ||52<br />
|-<br />
|77 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mulk (The Sovereignty)|Al-Mulk]] ||30 ||Mecca ||67<br />
|-<br />
|78 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Haaqqa (The Reality)|Al-Haaqqa]] ||52 ||Mecca ||69<br />
|-<br />
|79 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways)|Al-Maarij]] ||44 ||Mecca ||70<br />
|-<br />
|80 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Naba (The Tidings)|An-Naba]] ||40 ||Mecca ||78<br />
|-<br />
|81 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Naziat (Those Who Drag Forth)|An-Naziat]] ||46 ||Mecca ||79<br />
|-<br />
|82 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Infitar (The Cleaving)|Al-Infitar]] ||19 ||Mecca ||82<br />
|-<br />
|83 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Inshiqaq (The Sundering)|Al-Inshiqaq]] ||25 ||Mecca ||84<br />
|-<br />
|84 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ar-Room (The Romans)|Ar-Room]] ||60 ||Mecca ||30<br />
|-<br />
|85 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ankaboot (The Spider)|Al-Ankaboot]] ||69 ||Mecca ||29<br />
|-<br />
|86 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mutaffifin (Defrauding)|Al-Mutaffifin]] ||36 ||Mecca ||83<br />
|-<br />
|87 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Baqara (The Heifer)|Al-Baqara]] ||286 ||Medina ||2<br />
|-<br />
|88 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Anfal (Spoils Of War, Booty)|Al-Anfal]] ||75 ||Medina ||8<br />
|-<br />
|89 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-i-Imran (The Family of 'Imran, The House of 'Imran)|Al-i-Imran]] ||200 ||Medina ||3<br />
|-<br />
|90 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Ahzab (The Clans)|Al-Ahzab]] ||73 ||Medina ||33<br />
|-<br />
|91 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mumtahina (She that Is Examined)|Al-Mumtahina]] ||13 ||Medina ||60<br />
|-<br />
|92 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nisa (Women)|An-Nisa]] ||176 ||Medina ||4<br />
|-<br />
|93 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Zalzala (The Earthquake)|Al-Zalzala]] ||8 ||Medina ||99<br />
|-<br />
|94 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Hadid (Iron)|Al-Hadid]] ||29 ||Medina ||57<br />
|-<br />
|95 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Muhammad (Muhammad)|Muhammad]] ||38 ||Medina ||47<br />
|-<br />
|96 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Ar-Rad (The Thunder)|Ar-Rad]] ||43 ||Medina ||13<br />
|-<br />
|97 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Rahman (The Beneficent)|Al-Rahman]] ||78 ||Medina ||55<br />
|-<br />
|98 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Insan (Man)|Al-Insan]] ||31 ||Medina ||76<br />
|-<br />
|99 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Talaq (Divorce)|At-Talaq]] ||12 ||Medina ||65<br />
|-<br />
|100 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Bayyina (The Clear Evidence)|Al-Bayyina]] ||8 ||Medina ||98<br />
|-<br />
|101 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Hashr (Exile, Banishment)|Al-Hashr]] ||24 ||Medina ||59<br />
|-<br />
|102 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Noor (Light)|An-Noor]] ||64 ||Medina ||24<br />
|-<br />
|103 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage)|Al-Hajj]] ||78 ||Medina ||22<br />
|-<br />
|104 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Munafiqoon (The Hypocrites)|Al-Munafiqoon]] ||11 ||Medina ||63<br />
|-<br />
|105 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mujadila (She that Disputeth)|Al-Mujadila]] ||22 ||Medina ||58<br />
|-<br />
|106 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Hujraat (The Private Apartments)|Al-Hujraat]] ||18 ||Medina ||49<br />
|-<br />
|107 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Tahrim (Banning)|At-Tahrim]] ||12 ||Medina ||66<br />
|-<br />
|108 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Taghabun (Mutual Disillusion)|At-Taghabun]] ||18 ||Medina ||64<br />
|-<br />
|109 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: As-Saff (The Ranks)|As-Saff]] ||14 ||Medina ||61<br />
|-<br />
|110 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Jumua (The Congregation)|Al-Jumua]] ||11 ||Medina ||62<br />
|-<br />
|111 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Fath (Victory, Conquest)|Al-Fath]] ||29 ||Medina ||48<br />
|-<br />
|112 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maeda (The Repast)|Al-Maeda]] ||120 ||Medina ||5<br />
|-<br />
|113 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: At-Taubah (Repentance)|At-Taubah]] ||129 ||Medina ||9<br />
|-<br />
|114 ||[[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nasr (Divine Support)|An-Nasr]] ||3 ||Medina ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Core Scripture}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Timelines]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Timelines''<br />
*[[Understanding the Qur'an]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Understanding the Qur'an''<br />
<br />
{{Translation-links-english|[[Ordre chronologique du Coran|French]] and [[Orden Cronológico de la "Revelación" de las Suras Coránicas|Spanish]]}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=34581&view=next A Chronological Sequenced Qur'an] ''- [[Faith Freedom International|FFI Forum]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[ru:Хронологический порядок сур]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Fard&diff=89435
Fard
2013-05-18T15:41:42Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Fard''' (الفرض) is an [[Islam|Islamic]] term meaning ''Compulsory''. It refers to religious duties incumbent upon all Muslims, of which there are two types:<br />
<br />
*''Individual duty'' (لواجب الع fard al-ayn)<br />
<br />
Meaning something all individual Muslims must perform.<br />
<br />
*''Sufficiency duty'' (الواجب الكفائي fard al-kifaya)<br />
<br />
Meaning something that is a collective duty among the body of believers, but may not require each individual Muslim to perform.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Five Pillars of Islam]]<br />
*[[Jihad is Compulsory (Fard)]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]<br />
[[ru:Фард]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Quran&diff=89434
Organization of the Quran
2013-05-18T15:39:25Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>==Present Organization ==<br />
<br />
Except for the first [[surah]], [[Al-Fatiha]], the [[Qur'an]] is organized by descending length of the surah. That is the longest surah is Surah 2 and the shortest is Surah 114. This organization prevents recovery of any chronology by a simple examination of the text.<br />
<br />
==Meccan and Medinan Surahs ==<br />
<br />
Muslims believe that the Qur'an was revealed in two phases: before and after the [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|hijrah]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]. Thus, the terms [[:Category:Meccan Surah|Meccan Surahs]] and [[:Category:Medinan Surah|Medinan Surahs]] arose.<br />
<br />
===Meccan Surahs ===<br />
<br />
Muslims believe that the Meccan suras were revealed while the Ummah was in Mecca, before the Hijrah, when the [[Ummah]] was weak. Non-Muslim scholars, such as Christoph Luxenberg believe these to be originally Christian, used by Aramaic-speaking Christian missionaries. Luxenberg, in particular, believes that many of these surahs are, in fact, Aramaic. Other surahs show Aramaic influence. The Meccan verses are generally peaceful, though some threats against unbelievers are made here and there.<br />
<br />
===Medinan Surahs ===<br />
<br />
After the Hijrah, Muslim history puts the Muslims in Medina. The Medinan Muslims were strong and willing to use force against any opponents. The Medinan Surahs reflect this in the harshness of their tone, with repeated threats of violence against unbelievers.<br />
<br />
{{Core Scripture}}<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Understanding the Qur'an]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Understanding the Qur'an''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[ru:Структура Корана]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=List_of_Abrogations_in_the_Qur%27an&diff=89433
List of Abrogations in the Qur'an
2013-05-18T15:38:43Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div><center>''The verses on the left are the [[Abrogation|abrogated]] verses (Mansūkh) of the [[Qur'an]], while the verses on the right are the abrogating verses (Nāsikh).<BR><BR>The "Verse of the Sword" refers to Quran 9:5, and due to how many verses it abrogates (about 113),<ref>An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh, by Ibn Khuzyamh states 113 verses are abrogated by the Sword verse (9: 5), and 9 verses are abrogated by the Fighting verse (9: 29): "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day."</ref><ref>"''"Ibn `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said, "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah." This honorable Ayah (9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin Muzahim said, "It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet and any idolator, every treaty, and every term." Al-`Awfi said that Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed.''" - [http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20750 This is the Ayah of the Sword], Tafsir ibn Kathir</ref> we will write "Verse of the Sword" in place of this verse:''</center> <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|9|5}}|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}<br />
<br />
<center><div align="center" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 650px">Surah: <BR>[[#Surah 2| 2]] | [[#Surah 3| 3]] | [[#Surah 4| 4]] | [[#Surah 5| 5]] | [[#Surah 6| 6]] | [[#Surah 7| 7]] | [[#Surah 8| 8]] | [[#Surah 9| 9]] | [[#Surah 10| 10]] | [[#Surah 11| 11]] | [[#Surah 13| 13]] | [[#Surah 15| 15]] | [[#Surah 16| 16]] | [[#Surah 17| 17]] | [[#Surah 19| 19]] | [[#Surah 20| 20]] | [[#Surah 22| 22]] | [[#Surah 23| 23]] | [[#Surah 24| 24]] | [[#Surah 25| 25]] | [[#Surah 26| 26]] | [[#Surah 27| 27]] | [[#Surah 28| 28]] | [[#Surah 29| 29]] | [[#Surah 30| 30]] | [[#Surah 31| 31]] | [[#Surah 32| 32]] | [[#Surah 33| 33]] | [[#Surah 34| 34]] | [[#Surah 35| 35]] | [[#Surah 36| 36]] | [[#Surah 37| 37]] | [[#Surah 38| 38]] | [[#Surah 39| 40]] | [[#Surah 41| 41]] | [[#Surah 42| 42]] | [[#Surah 43| 43]] | [[#Surah 44| 44]] | [[#Surah 45| 45]] | [[#Surah 46| 46]] | [[#Surah 47| 47]] | [[#Surah 50| 50]] | [[#Surah 51| 51]] | [[#Surah 52| 52]] | [[#Surah 53| 53]] | [[#Surah 54| 54]] | [[#Surah 56| 56]] | [[#Surah 58| 58]] | [[#Surah 60| 60]] | [[#Surah 68| 68]] | [[#Surah 70| 70]] | [[#Surah 73| 73]] | [[#Surah 74| 74]] | [[#Surah 75| 75]] | [[#Surah 76| 76]] | [[#Surah 80| 80]] | [[#Surah 81| 81]] | [[#Surah 86| 86]] | [[#Surah 88| 88]] | [[#Surah 95| 95]] | [[#Surah 103| 103]] |[[#Surah 109| 109]] </div></center><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Template:StartAbrogationTable|2}}<br />
<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|3}}|Those who believe in the unseen and keep up prayer and spend out of what We have given them.| {{Quran-wi2|9|103}} | Take alms out of their property, you would cleanse them and purify them thereby, and pray for them; surely your prayer is a relief to them; and Allah is Hearing, Knowing.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|62}} | Surely those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians, whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and does good, they shall have their reward from their Lord, and there is no fear for them, nor shall they grieve.| {{Quran-wi2|3|85}} | And whoever desires a religion other than Islam, it shall not be accepted from him, and in the hereafter he shall be one of the losers.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|83}} | And when We made a covenant with the children of Israel: You shall not serve any but Allah and (you shall do) good to (your) parents, and to the near of kin and to the orphans and the needy, and you shall speak to men good words and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate. Then you turned back except a few of you and (now too) you turn aside. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|109}} | Many of the followers of the Book wish that they could turn you back into unbelievers after your faith, out of envy from themselves, (even) after the truth has become manifest to them; but pardon and forgive, so that Allah should bring about His command; surely Allah has power over all things. | {{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|115}} | And Allah's is the East and the West, therefore, whither you turn, thither is Allah's purpose; surely Allah is Amplegiving, Knowing. | {{Quran-wi2|2|144}} |Indeed We see the turning of your face to heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a qiblah which you shall like; turn then your face towards the Sacred Mosque, and wherever you are, turn your face towards it, and those who have been given the Book most surely know that it is the truth from their Lord; and Allah is not at all heedless of what they do. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|139}} | Say: Do you dispute with us about Allah, and He is our Lord and your Lord, and we shall have our deeds and you shall have your deeds, and we are sincere to Him. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|158}} | Surely the Safa and the Marwa are among the signs appointed by Allah; so whoever makes a pilgrimage to the House or pays a visit (to it), there is no blame on him if he goes round them both; and whoever does good spontaneously, then surely Allah is Grateful, Knowing. | {{Quran-wi2|2|130}} | And who forsakes the religion of Ibrahim but he who makes himself a fool, and most certainly We chose him in this world, and in the hereafter he is most surely among the righteous. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|159}} | Surely those who conceal the clear proofs and the guidance that We revealed after We made it clear in the Book for men, these it is whom Allah shall curse, and those who curse shall curse them (too). | {{Quran-wi2|2|160}} | Except those who repent and amend and make manifest (the truth), these it is to whom I turn (mercifully); and I am the Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|178}} |O you who believe! retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the slain, the free for the free, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female, but if any remission is made to any one by his (aggrieved) brother, then prosecution (for the bloodwit) should be made according to usage, and payment should be made to him in a good manner; this is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy; so whoever exceeds the limit after this he shall have a painful chastisement. |{{Quran-wi2|5|45}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|17|33}}| And We prescribed to them in it that life is for life, and eye for eye, and nose for nose, and ear for ear, and tooth for tooth, and (that there is) reprisal in wounds; but he who foregoes it, it shall be an expiation for him; and whoever did not judge by what Allah revealed, those are they that are the unjust.<BR><BR><BR>And do not kill any one whom Allah has forbidden, except for a just cause, and whoever is slain unjustly, We have indeed given to his heir authority, so let him not exceed the just limits in slaying; surely he is aided.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|180}} | Bequest is prescribed for you when death approaches one of you, if he leaves behind wealth for parents and near relatives, according to usage, a duty (incumbent) upon those who guard (against evil).| {{Quran-wi2|4|7}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|4|11}} | Men shall have a portion of what the parents and the near relatives leave, and women shall have a portion of what the parents and the near relatives leave, whether there is little or much of it; a stated portion.<BR><BR>Allah enjoins you concerning your children: The male shall have the equal of the portion of two females; then if they are more than two females, they shall have two-thirds of what the deceased has left, and if there is one, she shall have the half; and as for his parents, each of them shall have the sixth of what he has left if he has a child, but if he has no child and (only) his two parents inherit him, then his mother shall have the third; but if he has brothers, then his mother shall have the sixth after (the payment of) a bequest he may have bequeathed or a debt; your parents and your children, you know not which of them is the nearer to you in usefulness; this is an ordinance from Allah: Surely Allah is Knowing, Wise.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|183}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|2|184}}|O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) self-restraint,<BR><BR>(Fasting) for a fixed number of days; but if any of you is ill, or on a journey, the prescribed number (Should be made up) from days later. For those who can do it (With hardship), is a ransom, the feeding of one that is indigent. But he that will give more, of his own free will,- it is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew. | {{Quran-wi2|2|185}} | The month of Ramazan is that in which the Quran was revealed, a guidance to men and clear proofs of the guidance and the distinction; therefore whoever of you is present in the month, he shall fast therein, and whoever is sick or upon a journey, then (he shall fast) a (like) number of other days; Allah desires ease for you, and He does not desire for you difficulty, and (He desires) that you should complete the number and that you should exalt the greatness of Allah for His having guided you and that you may give thanks.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|190}} | And fight in the way of Allah with those who fight with you, and do not exceed the limits, surely Allah does not love those who exceed the limits. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|36}} | Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>Surely the number of months with Allah is twelve months in Allah's ordinance since the day when He created the heavens and the earth, of these four being sacred; that is the right reckoning; therefore be not unjust to yourselves regarding them, and fight the polytheists all together as they fight you all together; and know that Allah is with those who guard (against evil).}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|191}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|2|192}} | And kill them wherever you find them, and drive them out from whence they drove you out, and persecution is severer than slaughter, and do not fight with them at the Sacred Mosque until they fight with you in it, but if they do fight you, then slay them; such is the recompense of the unbelievers.<BR><BR>But if they desist, then surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|215}} | They ask you as to what they should spend. Say: Whatever wealth you spend, it is for the parents and the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, and whatever good you do, Allah surely knows it. | {{Quran-wi2|9|60}} | Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|217}} | They ask you concerning the sacred month about fighting in it. Say: Fighting in it is a grave matter, and hindering (men) from Allah's way and denying Him, and (hindering men from) the Sacred Mosque and turning its people out of it, are still graver with Allah, and persecution is graver than slaughter; and they will not cease fighting with you until they turn you back from your religion, if they can; and whoever of you turns back from his religion, then he dies while an unbeliever-- these it is whose works shall go for nothing in this world and the hereafter, and they are the inmates of the fire; therein they shall abide. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|219}} | They ask you about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: In both of them there is a great sin and means of profit for men, and their sin is greater than their profit. And they ask you as to what they should spend. Say: What you can spare. Thus does Allah make clear to you the communications, that you may ponder | {{Quran-wi2|4|43}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|5|90}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|103}} |O you who believe! do not go near prayer when you are Intoxicated until you know (well) what you say, nor when you are under an obligation to perform a bath-- unless (you are) travelling on the road-- until you have washed yourselves; and if you are sick, or on a journey, or one of you come from the privy or you have touched the women, and you cannot find water, betake yourselves to pure earth, then wipe your faces and your hands; surely Allah is Pardoning, Forgiving.<BR><BR>O you who believe! intoxicants and games of chance and (sacrificing to) stones set up and (dividing by) arrows are only an uncleanness, the Shaitan's work; shun it therefore that you may be successful.<BR><BR>Take alms out of their property, you would cleanse them and purify them thereby, and pray for them; surely your prayer is a relief to them; and Allah is Hearing, Knowing.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|221}} | And do not marry the idolatresses until they believe, and certainly a believing maid is better than an idolatress woman, even though she should please you; and do not give (believing women) in marriage to idolaters until they believe, and certainly a believing servant is better than an idolater, even though he should please you; these invite to the fire, and Allah invites to the garden and to forgiveness by His will, and makes clear His communications to men, that they may be mindful. | {{Quran-wi2|5|5}} | This day (all) the good things are allowed to you; and the food of those who have been given the Book is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them; and the chaste from among the believing women and the chaste from among those who have been given the Book before you (are lawful for you); when you have given them their dowries, taking (them) in marriage, not fornicating nor taking them for paramours in secret; and whoever denies faith, his work indeed is of no account, and in the hereafter he shall be one of the losers.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|228}} | And the divorced women should keep themselves in waiting for three courses; and it is not lawful for them that they should conceal what Allah has created in their wombs, if they believe in Allah and the last day; and their husbands have a better right to take them back in the meanwhile if they wish for reconciliation; and they have rights similar to those against them in a just manner, and the men are a degree above them, and Allah is Mighty, Wise. | {{Quran-wi2|2|229}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|2|230}} |Divorce may be (pronounced) twice, then keep (them) in good fellowship or let (them) go with kindness; and it is not lawful for you to take any part of what you have given them, unless both fear that they cannot keep within the limits of Allah; then if you fear that they cannot keep within the limits of Allah, there is no blame on them for what she gives up to become free thereby. These are the limits of Allah, so do not exceed them and whoever exceeds the limits of Allah these it is that are the unjust.<BR><BR>So if he divorces her she shall not be lawful to him afterwards until she marries another husband; then if he divorces her there is no blame on them both if they return to each other (by marriage), if they think that they can keep within the limits of Allah, and these are the limits of Allah which He makes clear for a people who know.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|234}} | And (as for) those of you who die and leave wives behind, they should keep themselves in waiting for four months and ten days; then when they have fully attained their term, there is no blame on you for what they do for themselves in a lawful manner; and Allah is aware of what you do. | {{Quran-wi2|2|240}} | And those of you who die and leave wives behind, (make) a bequest in favor of their wives of maintenance for a year without turning (them) out, then if they themselves go away, there is no blame on you for what they do of lawful deeds by themselves, and Allah is Mighty, Wise.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|256}} | There is no compulsion in religion; truly the right way has become clearly distinct from error; therefore, whoever disbelieves in the Shaitan and believes in Allah he indeed has laid hold on the firmest handle, which shall not break off, and Allah is Hearing, Knowing. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|284}} | Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth is Allah's; and whether you manifest what is in your minds or hide it, Allah will call you to account according to it; then He will forgive whom He pleases and chastise whom He pleases, and Allah has power over all things. | {{Quran-wi2|2|286}} | Allah does not impose upon any soul a duty but to the extent of its ability; for it is (the benefit of) what it has earned and upon it (the evil of) what it has wrought: Our Lord! do not punish us if we forget or make a mistake; Our Lord! do not lay on us a burden as Thou didst lay on those before us, Our Lord do not impose upon us that which we have not the strength to bear; and pardon us and grant us protection and have mercy on us, Thou art our Patron, so help us against the unbelieving people.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|2|285}} | The messenger believes in what has been revealed to him from his Lord, and (so do) the believers; they all believe in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers; We make no difference between any of His messengers; and they say: We hear and obey, our Lord! Thy forgiveness (do we crave), and to Thee is the eventual course. | {{Quran-wi2|2|286}} | Allah does not impose upon any soul a duty but to the extent of its ability; for it is (the benefit of) what it has earned and upon it (the evil of) what it has wrought: Our Lord! do not punish us if we forget or make a mistake; Our Lord! do not lay on us a burden as Thou didst lay on those before us, Our Lord do not impose upon us that which we have not the strength to bear; and pardon us and grant us protection and have mercy on us, Thou art our Patron, so help us against the unbelieving people.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|20}} | But if they dispute with you, say: I have submitted myself entirely to Allah and (so) every one who follows me; and say to those who have been given the Book and the unlearned people: Do you submit yourselves? So if they submit then indeed they follow the right way; and if they turn back, then upon you is only the delivery of the message and Allah sees the servants.| {{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|33|50}} | Verse of the Sword <BR><BR> O Prophet! surely We have made lawful to you your wives whom you have given their dowries, and those whom your right hand possesses out of those whom Allah has given to you as prisoners of war, and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the daughters of your paternal aunts, and the daughters of your maternal uncles and the daughters of your maternal aunts who fled with you; and a believing woman if she gave herself to the Prophet, if the Prophet desired to marry her-- specially for you, not for the (rest of) believers; We know what We have ordained for them concerning their wives and those whom their right hands possess in order that no blame may attach to you; and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|28}} | Let not the believers take the unbelievers for friends rather than believers; and whoever does this, he shall have nothing of (the guardianship of) Allah, but you should guard yourselves against them, guarding carefully; and Allah makes you cautious of (retribution from) Himself; and to Allah is the eventual coming. | {{Quran-wi2|8|57}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|51|55}} | Therefore if you overtake them in fighting, then scatter by (making an example of) them those who are in their rear, that they may be mindful.<BR><BR>Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>And continue to remind, for surely the reminder profits the believers. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|102}} | O you who believe! be careful of (your duty to) Allah with the care which is due to Him, and do not die unless you are Muslims. | {{Quran-wi2|64|16}} | Therefore be careful of (your duty to) Allah as much as you can, and hear and obey and spend, it is better for your souls; and whoever is saved from the greediness of his soul, these it is that are the successful.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|111}} | They shall by no means harm you but with a slight evil; and if they fight with you they shall turn (their) backs to you, then shall they not be helped. | {{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|145}} | And a soul will not die but with the permission of Allah the term is fixed; and whoever desires the reward of this world, I shall give him of it, and whoever desires the reward of the hereafter I shall give him of it, and I will reward the grateful. | {{Quran-wi2|17|18}} | Whoever desires this present life, We hasten to him therein what We please for whomsoever We desire, then We assign to him the hell; he shall enter it despised, driven away. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|3|186}} | You shall certainly be tried respecting your wealth and your souls, and you shall certainly hear from those who have been given the Book before you and from those who are polytheists much annoying talk; and if you are patient and guard (against evil), surely this is one of the affairs (which should be) determined upon. | {{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|43}} | O you who believe! do not go near prayer when you are Intoxicated until you know (well) what you say, nor when you are under an obligation to perform a bath-- unless (you are) travelling on the road-- until you have washed yourselves; and if you are sick, or on a journey, or one of you come from the privy or you have touched the women, and you cannot find water, betake yourselves to pure earth, then wipe your faces and your hands; surely Allah is Pardoning, Forgiving. | {{Quran-wi2|5|90}} | O you who believe! intoxicants and games of chance and (sacrificing to) stones set up and (dividing by) arrows are only an uncleanness, the Shaitan's work; shun it therefore that you may be successful. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|63}} | These are they of whom Allah knows what is in their hearts; therefore turn aside from them and admonish them, and speak to them effectual words concerning themselves. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|64}} | And We did not send any messenger but that he should be obeyed by Allah's permission; and had they, when they were unjust to themselves, come to you and asked forgiveness of Allah and the Messenger had (also) asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah Oft-returning (to mercy), Merciful. | {{Quran-wi2|9|80}} | Ask forgiveness for them or do not ask forgiveness for them; even if you ask forgiveness for them seventy times, Allah will not forgive them; this is because they disbelieve in Allah and His Messenger, and Allah does not guide the transgressing people.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|71}} | O you who believe! take your precaution, then go forth in detachments or go forth in a body. | {{Quran-wi2|9|122}} | And it does not beseem the believers that they should go forth all together; why should not then a company from every party from among them go forth that they may apply themselves to obtain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they come back to them that they may be cautious?}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|80}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|4|81}} | Whoever obeys the Messenger, he indeed obeys Allah, and whoever turns back, so We have not sent you as a keeper over them.<BR><BR>And they say: Obedience. But when they go out from your presence, a party of them decide by night upon doing otherwise than what you say; and Allah writes down what they decide by night, therefore turn aside from them and trust in Allah, and Allah is sufficient as a protector. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|84}} | Fight then in Allah's way; this is not imposed on you except In relation to yourself, and rouse the believers to ardor maybe Allah will restrain the fighting of those who disbelieve and Allah is strongest in prowess and strongest to give an exemplary punishment. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|90}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|4|91}} | Except those who reach a people between whom and you there is an alliance, or who come to you, their hearts shrinking from fighting you or fighting their own people; and if Allah had pleased, He would have given them power over you, so that they should have certainly fought you; therefore if they withdraw from you and do not fight you and offer you peace, then Allah has not given you a way against them.<BR><BR>You will find others who desire that they should be safe from you and secure from their own people; as often as they are sent back to the mischief they get thrown into it headlong; therefore if they do not withdraw from you, and (do not) offer you peace and restrain their hands, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them; and against these We have given you a clear authority. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|92}} | And it does not behoove a believer to kill a believer except by mistake, and whoever kills a believer by mistake, he should free a believing slave, and blood-money should be paid to his people unless they remit it as alms; but if he be from a tribe hostile to you and he is a believer, the freeing of a believing slave (suffices), and if he is from a tribe between whom and you there is a convenant, the blood-money should be paid to his people along with the freeing of a believing slave; but he who cannot find (a slave) should fast for two months successively: a penance from Allah, and Allah is Knowing, Wise. | {{Quran-wi2|9|1}} | (This is a declaration of) immunity by Allah and His Messenger towards those of the idolaters with whom you made an agreement.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|4|140}} | And indeed He has revealed to you in the Book that when you hear Allah's communications disbelieved in and mocked at do not sit with them until they enter into some other discourse; surely then you would be like them; surely Allah will gather together the hypocrites and the unbelievers all in hell. |{{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }} <br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|5|2}} | O you who believe! do not violate the signs appointed by Allah nor the sacred month, nor (interfere with) the offerings, nor the sacrificial animals with garlands, nor those going to the sacred house seeking the grace and pleasure of their Lord; and when you are free from the obligations of the pilgrimage, then hunt, and let not hatred of a people-- because they hindered you from the Sacred Masjid-- incite you to exceed the limits, and help one another in goodness and piety, and do not help one another in sin and aggression; and be careful of (your duty to) Allah; surely Allah is severe in requiting (evil). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|5|13}} | But on account of their breaking their covenant We cursed them and made their hearts hard; they altered the words from their places and they neglected a portion of what they were reminded of; and you shall always discover treachery in them excepting a few of them; so pardon them and turn away; surely Allah loves those who do good (to others). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection. }}<br />
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Nothing is (incumbent) on the Messenger but to deliver (the message), and Allah knows what you do openly and what you hide. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|66}} | And your people call it a lie and it is the very truth. Say: I am not placed in charge of you. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|68}} | And when you see those who enter into false discourses about Our communications, withdraw from them until they enter into some other discourse, and if the Shaitan causes you to forget, then do not sit after recollection with the unjust people. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|70}} | And leave those who have taken their religion for a play and an idle sport, and whom this world's life has deceived, and remind (them) thereby lest a soul should be given up to destruction for what it has earned; it shall not have besides Allah any guardian nor an intercessor, and if it should seek to give every compensation, it shall not be accepted from it; these are they who shall be given up to destruction for what they earned; they shall have a drink of boiling water and a painful chastisement because they disbelieved. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|91}} | And they do not assign to Allah the attributes due to Him when they say: Allah has not revealed anything to a mortal. Say: Who revealed the Book which Musa brought, a light and a guidance to men, which you make into scattered writings which you show while you conceal much? And you were taught what you did not know, (neither) you nor your fathers. Say: Allah then leave them sporting in their vain discourses. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|104}} | Indeed there have come to you clear proofs from your Lord; whoever will therefore see, it is for his own soul and whoever will be blind, it shall be against himself and I am not a keeper over you. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|106}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|6|107}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|6|108}} | Follow what is revealed to you from your Lord; there is no god but He; and withdraw from the polytheists.<BR><BR>And if Allah had pleased, they would not have set up others (with Him) and We have not appointed you a keeper over them, and you are not placed in charge of them.<BR><BR>And do not abuse those whom they call upon besides Allah, lest exceeding the limits they should abuse Allah out of ignorance. Thus have We made fair seeming to every people their deeds; then to their Lord shall be their return, so He will inform them of what they did. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|112}} | And thus did We make for every prophet an enemy, the Shaitans from among men and jinn, some of them suggesting to others varnished falsehood to deceive (them), and had your Lord pleased they would not have done it, therefore leave them and that which they forget. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|121}} | And do not eat of that on which Allah's name has not been mentioned, and that is most surely a transgression; and most surely the Shaitans suggest to their friends that they should contend with you; and if you obey them, you shall most surely be polytheists. | {{Quran-wi2|5|5}} | This day (all) the good things are allowed to you; and the food of those who have been given the Book is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them; and the chaste from among the believing women and the chaste from among those who have been given the Book before you (are lawful for you); when you have given them their dowries, taking (them) in marriage, not fornicating nor taking them for paramours in secret; and whoever denies faith, his work indeed is of no account, and in the hereafter he shall be one of the losers.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|137}} | And thus their associates have made fair seeming to most of the polytheists the killing of their children, that they may cause them to perish and obscure for them their religion; and if Allah had pleased, they would not have done it, therefore leave them and that which they forge. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|6|159}} | Surely they who divided their religion into parts and became sects, you have no concern with them; their affair is only with Allah, then He will inform them of what they did. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|7|183}} | And I grant them respite; surely My scheme is effective. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|7|199}} | Take to forgiveness and enjoin good and turn aside from the ignorant. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|8|61}} | And if they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah; surely He is the Hearing, the Knowing. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|29}} | Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>Fight those who do not believe in Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they prohibit what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited, nor follow the religion of truth, out of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the tax in acknowledgment of superiority and they are in a state of subjection. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|8|65}} | O Prophet! urge the believers to war; if there are twenty patient ones of you they shall overcome two hundred, and if there are a hundred of you they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they are a people who do not understand. | {{Quran-wi2|8|66}} | For the present Allah has made light your burden, and He knows that there is weakness in you; so if there are a hundred patient ones of you they shall overcome two hundred, and if there are a thousand they shall overcome two thousand by Allah's permission, and Allah is with the patient.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|8|72}} | Surely those who believed and fled (their homes) and struggled hard in Allah's way with their property and their souls, and those who gave shelter and helped-- these are guardians of each other; and (as for) those who believed and did not fly, not yours is their guardianship until they fly; and if they seek aid from you in the matter of religion, aid is incumbent on you except against a people between whom and you there is a treaty, and Allah sees what you do. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|8|73}} | And (as for) those who disbelieve, some of them are the guardians of others; if you will not do it, there will be in the land persecution and great mischief. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|9|2}} | So go about in the land for four months and know that you cannot weaken Allah and that Allah will bring disgrace to the unbelievers. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} |Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|9|7}} | How can there be an agreement for the idolaters with Allah and with His Messenger; except those with whom you made an agreement at the Sacred Mosque? So as long as they are true to you, be true to them; surely Allah loves those who are careful (of their duty). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }} <br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|9|97}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|98}} | The dwellers of the desert are very hard in unbelief and hypocrisy, and more disposed not to know the limits of what Allah has revealed to His Messenger; and Allah is Knowing, Wise.<BR><BR>And of the dwellers of the desert are those who take what they spend to be a fine, and they wait (the befalling of) calamities to you; on them (will be) the evil calamity; and Allah is Hearing, Knowing. | {{Quran-wi2|9|99}} | And of the dwellers of the desert are those who believe in Allah and the latter day and take what they spend to be (means of) the nearness of Allah and the Messenger's prayers; surely it shall be means of nearness for them; Allah will make them enter into His mercy; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|10|41}} | And if they call you a liar, say: My work is for me and your work for you; you are clear of what I do and I am clear of what you do. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|10|99}} | And if your Lord had pleased, surely all those who are in the earth would have believed, all of them; will you then force men till they become believers? | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|10|108}} | Say: O people! indeed there has come to you the truth from your Lord, therefore whoever goes aright, he goes aright only for the good of his own soul, and whoever goes astray, he goes astray only to the detriment of it, and I am not a custodian over you. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|11|12}} | Then, it may be that you will give up part of what is revealed to you and your breast will become straitened by it because they say: Why has not a treasure been sent down upon him or an angel come with him? You are only a warner; and Allah is custodian over all things. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|11|121}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|11|122}} | And say to those who do not believe: Act according to your state; surely we too are acting.<BR><BR>And wait; surely we are waiting also. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|13|40}} | And We will either let you see part of what We threaten them with or cause you to die, for only the delivery of the message is (incumbent) on you, while calling (them) to account is Our (business). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|15|3}} | Leave them that they may eat and enjoy themselves and (that) hope may beguile them, for they will soon know. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|15|85}} | And We did not create the heavens and the earth and what is between them two but in truth; and the hour is most surely coming, so turn away with kindly forgiveness. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|15|88}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|15|89}} | Do not strain your eyes after what We have given certain classes of them to enjoy, and do not grieve for them, and make yourself gentle to the believers.<BR><BR>And say: Surely I am the plain warner. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|15|94}} | Therefore declare openly what you are bidden and turn aside from the polytheists. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|16|67}} | And of the fruits of the palms and the grapes-- you obtain from them intoxication and goodly provision; most surely there is a sign in this for a people who ponder. | {{Quran-wi2|5|90}} | O you who believe! intoxicants and games of chance and (sacrificing to) stones set up and (dividing by) arrows are only an uncleanness, the Shaitan's work; shun it therefore that you may be successful.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|16|82}} | But if they turn back, then on you devolves only the clear deliverance (of the message). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|16|125}} | Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and have disputations with them in the best manner; surely your Lord best knows those who go astray from His path, and He knows best those who follow the right way. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|16|127}} | And be patient and your patience is not but by (the assistance of) Allah, and grieve not for them, and do not distress yourself at what they plan. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|17|23}} | And your Lord has commanded that you shall not serve (any) but Him, and goodness to your parents. If either or both of them reach old age with you, say not to them (so much as) "Ugh" nor chide them, and speak to them a generous word. | {{Quran-wi2|9|113}} | It is not (fit) for the Prophet and those who believe that they should ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even though they should be near relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are inmates of the flaming fire.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|17|24}} | And make yourself submissively gentle to them with compassion, and say: O my Lord! have compassion on them, as they brought me up (when I was) little. | {{Quran-wi2|9|113}} | It is not (fit) for the Prophet and those who believe that they should ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even though they should be near relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are inmates of the flaming fire.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|17|54}} | Your Lord knows you best; He will have mercy on you if He pleases, or He will chastise you if He pleases; and We have not sent you as being in charge of them. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|19|39}} | And warn them of the day of intense regret, when the matter shall have been decided; and they are (now) in negligence and they do not believe. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|19|75}} | Say: As for him who remains in error, the Beneficent Allah will surely prolong his length of days, until they see what they were threatened with, either the punishment or the hour; then they shall know who is in more evil plight and weaker in forces | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|19|84}} | Therefore be not in haste against them, We only number out to them a number (of days). | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|20|130}} | Bear then patiently what they say, and glorify your Lord by the praising of Him before the rising of the sun and before its setting, and during hours of the night do also glorify (Him) and during parts of the day, that you may be well pleased | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|20|135}} | Every one (of us) is awaiting, therefore do await: So you will come to know who is the follower of the even path and who goes aright. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|22|68}} | And if they contend with you, say: Allah best knows what you do. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|23|54}} | Therefore leave them in their overwhelming ignorance till | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|3}}|Let no man guilty of adultery or fornication marry and but a woman similarly guilty, or an Unbeliever: nor let any but such a man or an Unbeliever marry such a woman: to the Believers such a thing is forbidden.|{{Quran-wi2|24|32}}|Marry those among you who are single, or the virtuous ones among yourselves, male or female: if they are in poverty, Allah will give them means out of His grace:...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|4}}|And those who launch a charge against chaste women, and produce not four witnesses (to support their allegations),- flog them with eighty stripes; and reject their evidence ever after: for such men are wicked transgressors;-|{{Quran-wi2|24|5}}|Unless they repent thereafter and mend (their conduct); for Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|6}}|And for those who launch a charge against their spouses, and have (in support) no evidence but their own,...|{{Quran-wi2|24|6}}<BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|24|7}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|24|9}}|...their solitary evidence (can be received) if they bear witness four times (with an oath) by Allah that they are solemnly telling the truth;...<BR><BR>And the fifth (oath) (should be) that they solemnly invoke the curse of Allah on themselves if they tell a lie. ...<BR><BR>And the fifth (oath) should be that she solemnly invokes the wrath of Allah on herself if (her accuser) is telling the truth.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|27}}|O ye who believe! enter not houses other than your own, until ye have asked permission and saluted those in them:...|{{Quran-wi2|24|29}}|It is no fault on your part to enter houses not used for living in, which serve some (other) use for you: And Allah has knowledge of what ye reveal and what ye conceal. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|31}}|And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands,...|{{Quran-wi2|24|60}}|Such elderly women as are past the prospect of marriage,- there is no blame on them if they lay aside their (outer) garments, provided they make not a wanton display of their beauty:...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|54}}|Say: "Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger: but if ye turn away, he is only responsible for the duty placed on him and ye for that placed on you....|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|24|58}}|O ye who believe! let those whom your right hands possess, and the (children) among you who have not come of age ask your permission (before they come to your presence), on three occasions: before morning prayer;...|{{Quran-wi2|24|59}}|But when the children among you come of age, let them (also) ask for permission, as do those senior to them (in age): Thus does Allah make clear His Signs to you: for Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|25|63}}|... when the ignorant address them, they say, "Peace!";|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|25|68}}<BR><BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|25|69}}<BR>|Those who invoke not, with Allah, any other god, nor slay such life as Allah has made sacred except for just cause, nor commit fornication; - and any that does this (not only) meets punishment.<BR><BR>(But) the Penalty on the Day of Judgment will be doubled to him, and he will dwell therein in ignominy,-|{{Quran-wi2|25|70}}|Unless he repents, believes, and works righteous deeds, for Allah will change the evil of such persons into good, ...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|25|68}}|... nor kill such life as Allah has forbidden, except for just cause...";|{{Quran-wi2|4|93}}|And whoever kills a believer intentionally, his recompense is Hell to abide therein}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|26|224}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|26|225}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|26|226}}|And the Poets,- It is those straying in Evil, who follow them:<BR>Seest thou not that they wander distracted in every valley?-<BR>And that they say what they practise not?-|{{Quran-wi2|26|227}}|Except those who believe, work righteousness, engage much in the remembrance of Allah, and defend themselves only after they are unjustly attacked. ...}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|27|92}}|And to rehearse the Qur'an: and if any accept guidance, they do it for the good of their own souls, and if any stray, say: "I am only a Warner".|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|28|55}}|... "To us our deeds, and to you yours; peace be to you: we seek not the ignorant."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|29|46}}|And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better (than mere disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong (and injury): but say, "We believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|29|50}}|Ye they say: "Why are not Signs sent down to him from his Lord?" Say: "The signs are indeed with Allah: and I am indeed a clear Warner."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|30|60}}|So patiently persevere: for verily the promise of Allah is true: nor let those shake thy firmness, who have (themselves) no certainty of faith.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|31|23}}|But if any reject Faith, let not his rejection grieve thee: to Us is their return, ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|32|30}}|So turn away from them, and wait: they too are waiting.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|33|48}}|And obey not (the behests) of the Unbelievers and the Hypocrites, and heed not their annoyances, ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|33|52}}|It is not lawful for thee (to marry more) women after this, nor to change them for (other) wives, even though their beauty attract thee, except any thy right hand should possess (as handmaidens): ...|{{Quran-wi2|33|50}}|O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); ...}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|34|25}}|Say: "Ye shall not be questioned as to our sins, nor shall we be questioned as to what ye do."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|35|23}}|Thou art no other than a warner.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|36|76}}|Let not their speech, then, grieve thee. Verily We know what they hide as well as what they disclose.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|37|174}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|37|175}}<BR>|So turn thou away from them for a little while,<BR>And watch them (how they fare), and they soon shall see (how thou farest)!|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|37|178}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|37|179}} | And turn away from them till a time<BR><BR>And (then) see, for they too shall see. | {{Quran-wi2|9|5}} | Verse of the Sword }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|38|70}}|'Only this has been revealed to me: that I am to give warning plainly and publicly."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|38|88}}|"And ye shall certainly know the truth of it (all) after a while."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|3}}|... Truly Allah will judge between them in that wherein they differ. ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|13}}|Say: "I would, if I disobeyed my Lord, indeed have fear of the Penalty of a Mighty Day."|{{Quran-wi2|48|2}}|That Allah may forgive thee thy faults of the past and those to follow;}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|14}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|39|15}}|Say: "It is Allah I serve, with my sincere (and exclusive) devotion:<BR><BR>"Serve ye what ye will besides him."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|36}}|... for such as Allah leaves to stray, there can be no guide.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|39}}|Say: "O my People! Do whatever ye can: I will do (my part): but soon will ye know-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|40}}|"Who it is to whom comes a Penalty of ignominy, and on whom descends a Penalty that abides."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|41}}|He, then, that receives guidance benefits his own soul: but he that strays injures his own soul. Nor art thou set over them to dispose of their affairs.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|39|46}}|Say: "O Allah! Creator of the heavens and the earth! Knower of all that is hidden and open! it is Thou that wilt judge between Thy Servants in those matters about which they have differed."|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|40|12}}|... the Command is with Allah, Most High, Most Great!"|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|40|55}}|Patiently, then, persevere: for the Promise of Allah is true: and ask forgiveness for thy fault, and celebrate the Praises of thy Lord in the evening and in the morning.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|40|77}}|So persevere in patience; for the Promise of Allah is true: and whether We show thee (in this life) some part of what We promise them,- or We take thy soul (to Our Mercy) (before that),-(in any case) it is to Us that they shall (all) return.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|41|34}}|Nor can goodness and Evil be equal. Repel (Evil) with what is better: Then will he between whom and thee was hatred become as it were thy friend and intimate!|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|5}}|and the angels celebrate the Praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness for (all) beings on earth: Behold! Verily Allah is He, the Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|{{Quran-wi2|40|7}}|Those who sustain the Throne (of Allah) and those around it Sing Glory and Praise to their Lord; believe in Him; and implore Forgiveness for those who believe: "Our Lord! Thy Reach is over all things, in Mercy and Knowledge. Forgive, then, those who turn in Repentance, and follow Thy Path; and preserve them from the Penalty of the Blazing Fire!}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|6}}|Allah doth watch over them; and thou art not the disposer of their affairs.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|15}}|Now then, for that (reason), call (them to the Faith), and stand steadfast as thou art commanded, nor follow thou their vain desires; but say: "I believe in the Book which Allah has sent down; and I am commanded to judge justly between you. Allah is our Lord and your Lord: for us (is the responsibility for) our deeds, and for you for your deeds. There is no contention between us and you. Allah will bring us together, and to Him is (our) Final Goal.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}<BR><BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|9|29}}<BR><BR><BR>|Verse of the Sword<BR><BR>Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|20}}|To any that desires the tilth of the Hereafter, We give increase in his tilth, and to any that desires the tilth of this world, We grant somewhat thereof, but he has no share or lot in the Hereafter.|{{Quran-wi2|17|18}}|If any do wish for the transitory things (of this life), We readily grant them - such things as We will, to such person as We will: in the end have We provided Hell for them: they will burn therein, disgraced and rejected.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|23}}|... Say: "No reward do I ask of you for this except the love of those near of kin." ...|{{Quran-wi2|34|47}}|Say: "No reward do I ask of you: it is (all) in your interest: my reward is only due from Allah:...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|39}}|And those who, when an oppressive wrong is inflicted on them, (are not cowed but) help and defend themselves.|{{Quran-wi2|42|43}}|But indeed if any show patience and forgive, that would truly be an exercise of courageous will and resolution in the conduct of affairs.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|41}}|But indeed if any do help and defend themselves after a wrong (done) to them, against such there is no cause of blame. |{{Quran-wi2|42|43}}|But indeed if any show patience and forgive, that would truly be an exercise of courageous will and resolution in the conduct of affairs.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|42|48}}|If then they run away, We have not sent thee as a guard over them. Thy duty is but to convey (the Message). ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|43|83}}|So leave them to babble and play (with vanities) until they meet that Day of theirs, which they have been promised. |{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|43|89}}|But turn away from them, and say "Peace!" But soon shall they know!|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|44|59}}|So wait thou and watch; for they (too) are waiting.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|45|14}}|Tell those who believe, to forgive those who do not look forward to the Days of Allah: It is for Him to recompense (for good or ill) each People according to what they have earned. |{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|46|9}}|Say: "I am no bringer of new-fangled doctrine among the messengers, nor do I know what will be done with me or with you. I follow but that which is revealed to me by inspiration; I am but a Warner open and clear." |{{Quran-wi2|48|1}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|48|2}}<BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|48|3}}<BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|48|4}}<BR><BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|48|5}}<BR><BR><BR><BR>{{Quran-wi2|48|6}}<BR><BR><BR><BR>| Verily We have granted thee a manifest Victory:<BR><BR>That Allah may forgive thee thy faults of the past and those to follow; fulfil His favour to thee; and guide thee on the Straight Way;<BR><BR>And that Allah may help thee with powerful help.<BR><BR>It is He Who sent down tranquillity into the hearts of the Believers, that they may add faith to their faith;- for to Allah belong the Forces of the heavens and the earth; and Allah is Full of Knowledge and Wisdom;-<BR><BR>That He may admit the men and women who believe, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow, to dwell therein for aye, and remove their ills from them;- and that is, in the sight of Allah, the highest achievement (for man),-<BR><BR>And that He may punish the Hypocrites, men and women, and the Polytheists men and women, who imagine an evil opinion of Allah. On them is a round of Evil: the Wrath of Allah is on them: He has cursed them and got Hell ready for them: and evil is it for a destination.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|46|35}}|Therefore patiently persevere, as did (all) messengers of inflexible purpose; and be in no haste about the (Unbelievers). ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|47|4}}|... thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: Until the war lays down its burdens ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword|The Verse of the Sword abrogates both "generosity or ransom" and "grace" is a more accurate translation than "generosity".}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|47|36}}|... and will not ask you (to give up) your possessions.|{{Quran-wi2|47|38}}|Behold, ye are those invited to spend (of your substance) in the Way of Allah: ...}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|50|39}}|Bear, then, with patience, all that they say, and celebrate the praises of thy Lord, ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|50|45}}|... and thou art not one to overawe them by force. So admonish with the Qur'an such as fear My Warning!|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|51|19}}|And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the (needy,) him who asked, and him who (for some reason) was prevented (from asking). |{{Quran-wi2|9|60}}|Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom.}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|51|54}}|So turn away from them: not thine is the blame. |{{Quran-wi2|51|55}}|But teach (thy Message) for teaching benefits the Believers. }}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|52|31}}|Say thou: "Await ye!- I too will wait along with you!"|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|52|45}}|So leave them alone until they encounter that Day of theirs, wherein they shall (perforce) swoon (with terror),-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|52|48}}|Now await in patience the command of thy Lord: for verily thou art in Our eyes: ...|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|53|29}}|Therefore shun those who turn away from Our Message and desire nothing but the life of this world.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|53|39}}|That man can have nothing but what he strives for; |{{Quran-wi2|52|21}}|And those who believe and whose families follow them in Faith,- to them shall We join their families: Nor shall We deprive them (of the fruit) of aught of their works: (Yet) is each individual in pledge for his deeds.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|54|6}}|Therefore, (O Prophet,) turn away from them. The Day that the Caller will call (them) to a terrible affair,|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|56|13}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|56|14}}|A number of people from those of old, <BR>And a few from those of later times.|{{Quran-wi2|56|39}}<BR>{{QuranAyahAndSurahOnly|56|40}}|A (goodly) number from those of old, <BR>And a (goodly) number from those of later times.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|58|12}}|O ye who believe! When ye consult the Messenger in private, spend something in charity before your private consultation. That will be best for you, and most conducive to purity (of conduct). ...|{{Quran-wi2|58|13}}|Is it that ye are afraid of spending sums in charity before your private consultation (with him)? If, then, ye do not so, and Allah forgives you, then (at least) establish regular prayer; practise regular charity; and obey Allah and His Messenger. ...}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|60|8}}|Allah forbids you not, with regard to those who fight you not for (your) Faith nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them: for Allah loveth those who are just.|{{Quran-wi2|60|9}}|Allah only forbids you, with regard to those who fight you for (your) Faith, and drive you out of your homes, and support (others) in driving you out, from turning to them (for friendship and protection). It is such as turn to them (in these circumstances), that do wrong. }}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|60|10}}|O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: Allah knows best as to their Faith ...|{{Quran-wi2|60|10}}|... send them not back to the Unbelievers. ...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|60|11}}|And if any of your wives deserts you to the Unbelievers, and ye have an accession (by the coming over of a woman from the other side), then pay to those whose wives have deserted the equivalent of what they had spent (on their dower). And fear Allah, in Whom ye believe. |{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|68|44}}|Then leave Me alone with such as reject this Message: by degrees shall We punish them from directions they perceive not.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|68|48}}|So wait with patience for the Command of thy Lord, and be not like the Companion of the Fish,- when he cried out in agony.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|70|5}}|Therefore do thou hold Patience,- a Patience of beautiful (contentment).|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|70|42}}|So leave them to plunge in vain talk and play about, until they encounter that Day of theirs which they have been promised!-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|73|1}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|73|2}}|O thou folded in garments!<BR>Stand (to prayer) by night, but not all night,-...|{{Quran-wi2|73|2}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|73|3}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|73|4}}|Stand (to prayer) by night, but not all night,-<BR>Half of it,- or a little less,<BR>Or a little more; ...}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|73|5}}|Soon shall We send down to thee a weighty Message.|{{Quran-wi2|4|32}}|Allah doth wish to lighten your (difficulties): For man was created Weak (in flesh).}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|73|10}}|And have patience with what they say, and leave them with noble (dignity).|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|73|11}}|And leave Me (alone to deal with) those in possession of the good things of life, who (yet) deny the Truth; and bear with them for a little while.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|73|19}}|Verily this is an Admonition: therefore, whoso will, let him take a (straight) path to his Lord!|{{Quran-wi2|76|30}}|But ye will not, except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|74|11}}|Leave Me alone, (to deal) with the (creature) whom I created (bare and) alone!-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|75|16}}|Move not thy tongue concerning the (Qur'an) to make haste therewith.|{{Quran-wi2|87|6}}|By degrees shall We teach thee to declare (the Message), so thou shalt not forget,}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|76|8}}|And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive,-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|76|24}}|Therefore be patient with constancy to the Command of thy Lord, and hearken not to the sinner or the ingrate among them.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|76|29}}|This is an admonition: Whosoever will, let him take a (straight) Path to his Lord.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|80|12}}|Therefore let whoso will, keep it in remembrance.|{{Quran-wi2|81|29}}|But ye shall not will except as Allah wills,- the Cherisher of the Worlds.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|81|28}}|(With profit) to whoever among you wills to go straight:|{{Quran-wi2|81|29}}|But ye shall not will except as Allah wills,- the Cherisher of the Worlds.}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|86|17}}|Therefore grant a delay to the Unbelievers: Give respite to them gently (for awhile).|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|88|21}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|88|22}}<BR>{{Quran-wi2|88|23}}|Therefore do thou give admonition, for thou art one to admonish.<BR>Thou art not one to manage (men's) affairs.<BR>But if any turn away and reject Allah,-|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|95|8}}|Is not Allah the wisest of judges?|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|103|2}}|Verily Man is in loss,|{{Quran-wi2|103|3}}|Except such as have Faith, and do righteous deeds,...}}<br />
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{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran-wi2|109|6}}|To you be your Way, and to me mine.|{{Quran-wi2|9|5}}|Verse of the Sword}}<br />
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{{Core Scripture}}<br />
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==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Abrogation]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Abrogation''<br />
* [[Understanding the Qur'an]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Understanding the Qur'an''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/index.html#abrogation Abrogation] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Qur'an]]<br />
[[Category:Inconsistencies]]<br />
[[ru:Список отмененных аятов]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=The_Pact_of_Umar&diff=89432
The Pact of Umar
2013-05-18T15:34:28Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Pact of Umar]] (العهدة العمرية, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders lead by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second Rightly-guided [[Caliph]].<br />
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==Text of Pact==<br />
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{{Quote|The Pact of Umar|In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This is a document to the servant of Allah `Umar, the Leader of the faithful, from the Christians of such and such city. When you (Muslims) came to us we requested safety for ourselves, children, property and followers of our religion. We made a condition on ourselves that:<BR><BR><br />
*we will neither erect in our areas a monastery, <br />
*church, <br />
*or a sanctuary for a monk, <br />
*nor restore any place of worship that needs restoration <br />
*nor use any of them for the purpose of enmity against Muslims. <br />
*We will not prevent any Muslim from resting in our churches whether they come by day or night,<br />
*and we will open the doors [of our houses of worship] for the wayfarer and passerby. <br />
*Those Muslims who come as guests, will enjoy boarding and food for three days. <br />
*We will not allow a spy against Muslims into our churches and homes or hide deceit [or betrayal] against Muslims. <br />
*We will not teach our children the Qur'an, <br />
*publicize practices of Shirk, <br />
*invite anyone to Shirk <br />
*or prevent any of our fellows from embracing Islam, if they choose to do so. <br />
*We will respect Muslims, <br />
*move from the places we sit in if they choose to sit in them. <br />
*We will not imitate their clothing, caps, turbans, sandals, hairstyles, speech, nicknames and title names, <br />
*or ride on saddles, <br />
*hang swords on the shoulders, collect weapons of any kind or carry these weapons. <br />
*We will not encrypt our stamps in Arabic, <br />
*or sell liquor. <br />
*We will have the front of our hair cut, <br />
*wear our customary clothes wherever we are, <br />
*wear belts around our waist, <br />
*refrain from erecting crosses on the outside of our churches <br />
*and demonstrating them and our books in public in Muslim fairways and markets. <br />
*We will not sound the bells in our churches, except discretely, <br />
*or raise our voices while reciting our holy books inside our churches in the presence of Muslims, <br />
*nor raise our voices [with prayer] at our funerals, <br />
*or light torches in funeral processions in the fairways of Muslims, or their markets. <br />
*We will not bury our dead next to Muslim dead, <br />
*or buy servants who were captured by Muslims. <br />
*We will be guides for Muslims and refrain from breaching their privacy in their homes.' <br />
*We will not beat any Muslim. <br />
<BR>These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.'<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}<br />
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==Authenticity==<br />
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Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have with the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what they do not doubt is that what is described within this document was actually practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]].<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref> <br />
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Regardless of what secular scholars say, this document is universally accepted as genuine by mainstream Muslims. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."<br />
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==Wikipedia Article "Covenant of Umar I"==<br />
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The corresponding [[Wikipedia]] article "Covenant of Umar I" states "Some Palestinian Christians and Muslims see the document as having the force of law, even after more than thirteen centuries."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covenant_of_Umar_I&oldid=368686081 Covenant of Umar I] - Wikipedia, June 29, 2010</ref> While this may at first seem impressive, one must consider the fact that the Christians of [[Palestine]] (unless mentioned to dispel the so-called myth of “all Arabs being Muslim”) are a forgotten minority, who regularly face [[Persecution_of_Non-Muslims#Palestinian_Authority_area|persecution and even death]]. There is little surprise they would support a humiliating pact which officially labels them as second-class citizens, for it spares their lives and the lives of their loved ones. It is a given that African-Americans were relieved when slavery was outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States' Constitution in 1865. This hardly makes the [[Jim Crow Laws]] any more acceptable. <br />
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{{Core POTB}}<br />
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==See Also==<br />
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* [[Pact of Umar]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to the Pact of Umar''<br />
* [[Library]] ''- WikiIslam's online library of books''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/thomas/pact_of_umar.html|2=2011-10-22}} The Onerous Rules & Regulations Imposed on the People of the Book]<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1772-jewsinislam.html|2=2011-10-22}} Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dhimmitude]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Book]]<br />
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Literature]]<br />
[[ru:Пакт Умара]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Muhammad%27s_Death&diff=89431
Muhammad's Death
2013-05-18T15:33:47Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Muhammad on deathbed.jpg|thumb|330px|right|An illustration of Muhammad on his deathbed. Taken from the book Jami' al-Tawarikh (also known as The Universal History or History of the World), by Rashid al-Din, published in Tabriz, Persia, 1307 A.D. Now at the Edinburgh University Library, Scotland. (''[[Images:The Koran and the life of the prophet Mohammed|more pictures of Muhammad]]'')]]<br />
This article discusses the [[Muhammad's Death|death]] of Prophet [[Muhammad]] in 632 AD and the circumstances surrounding it.<br />
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==Death==<br />
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===Poisoned by a Jewess===<br />
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Muhammad was poisoned by a Jewish woman, following the conquest of Khaibar, where he took [[Safiyah]] as a wife, and ordered the torture and beheading of her husband [[Kinana]], the chief of the Jews at Khaibar.<br />
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{{Quote| {{Bukhari|3|47|786}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: <br />
<br />
A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet who ate from it. She was brought to the Prophet and he was asked, "Shall we kill her?" He said, "No." I continued to see the effect of the poison on the palate of the mouth of Allah's Apostle .}}<br />
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{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|713}}|....Narrated 'Aisha: The Prophet in his ailment in which he died, used to say, "O 'Aisha! I still feel the pain caused by the food I ate at Khaibar, and at this time, I feel as if my aorta is being cut from that poison."}}<br />
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The reason behind her action was the slaughter of her people and family by Muhammad.<br />
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{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd p. 252|The apostle of Allah sent for Zaynab and said to her, "What induced you to do what you have done?" She replied, "You have done to my people what you have done. You have killed my father, my uncle and my husband, so I said to myself, "If you are a prophet, the foreleg will inform you; and others have said, "If you are a king we will get rid of you."}}<br />
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It was no secret among the wives, that [[Aisha]] (the child bride) was Muhammad's favorite, and he made this abundantly clear as death approached.<br />
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{{Quote| {{Bukhari|7|62|144}}|Narrated 'Aisha: <br />
<br />
that during his fatal ailment, Allah's Apostle, used to ask his wives, "Where shall I stay tomorrow? Where shall I stay tomorrow?" He was looking forward to Aisha's turn. So all his wives allowed him to stay where he wished....}} <br />
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{{Quote| {{Bukhari|1|11|634}}|....He came out with the help of two men and his legs were dragging on the ground. He was between Al-Abbas and another man [Ali Ibn Abi Talib]."....}}<br />
<br />
===Died in the Arms of Aisha===<br />
<br />
Even from his death-bed, Muhammad was issuing orders and cursing [[Islam and the People of the Book|Christians and Jews]].<br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|716}}|....Then he [Muhammad] ordered them to do three things. He said, "Turn the pagans out of the 'Arabian Peninsula; respect and give gifts to the foreign delegations as you have seen me dealing with them." (Said bin Jubair, the sub-narrator said that Ibn Abbas kept quiet as rewards the third order, or he said, "I forgot it.")}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Bukhari|4|56|660}}|Narrated 'Aisha and Ibn 'Abbas: <br />
<br />
On his death-bed Allah's Apostle put a sheet over his-face and when he felt hot, he would remove it from his face. When in that state (of putting and removing the sheet) he said, "May Allah's Curse be on the Jews and the Christians for they build places of worship at the graves of their prophets." (By that) he intended to warn (the Muslim) from what they (i.e. Jews and Christians) had done.}}<br />
<br />
On the 8<sup>th</sup> of June, 632 AD Aisha watched Muhammad finally die, slumped on her bosom. <br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|730}}|Narrated Aisha:....In front of him there was a jug or a tin, (The sub-narrator, 'Umar is in doubt as to which was right) containing water. He started dipping his hand in the water and rubbing his face with it, he said, "None has the right to be worshipped except Allah. Death has its agonies." He then lifted his hands (towards the sky) and started saying, "With the highest companion," till he expired and his hand dropped down.}} <br />
<br />
{{Quote| {{Bukhari|7|62|144}}|....'Aisha added: He died on the day of my usual turn at my house. Allah took him unto Him while his head was between my chest and my neck and his saliva was mixed with my saliva.}}<br />
<br />
==Funeral==<br />
<br />
===Preparation===<br />
<br />
[[w:Ali|Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib]], the fourth Rightly-guided [[Caliph]] of [[Islam]] (and also Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin) and some others took charge of washing Muhammad, but unlike others, he was washed with his cloths remaining on his body. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3135}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:<br />
<br />
By Allah, we did not know whether we should take off the clothes of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) as we took off the clothes of our dead, or wash him while his clothes were on him. When they (the people) differed among themselves, Allah cast slumber over them until every one of them had put his chin on his chest.<br />
<br />
Then a speaker spoke from a side of the house, and they did not know who he was: Wash the Prophet (peace be upon him) while his clothes are on him. So they stood round the Prophet (peace be upon him) and washed him while he had his shirt on him. They poured water on his shirt, and rubbed him with his shirt and not with their hands...}} <br />
<br />
Ibn Hisham observed, “The apostle’s body did not present the appearance of an ordinary corpse.” (pg. 688) Aisha also noted that If she had known beforehand what she found out later, "none would have washed him except his wives".<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3135}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:<br />
<br />
[...]Aisha used to say: If I had known beforehand about my affair what I found out later, none would have washed him except his wives.}} <br />
<br />
[[w:Abu'l-Fida|Abu al-Fida]] (1273 – 1331 AD) was a Muslim geographer and historian. He relates that Muhammad suffered from a [[Priapism#Death Erection|death erection]]. From Edward Gibbon's "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire":<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20070417133412/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0214.09|2=2011-10-31}} Edward Gibbon's "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" Vol. 9 - Footnote 175]|2=Sibi robur ad generationem, quantum triginta viri habent, inesse jactaret; ita ut unicâ horâ posset undecim feminis satisfacere, ut ex Arabum libris refert Stus Petrus Paschasius, c. 2 (Maracci, Prodromus Alcoran, p. iv. p. 55. See likewise Observations de Belon, l. iii. c. 10, fol. 179, recto). Al Jannabi (Gagmer, tom. iii. p. 487) records his own testimony that he surpassed all men in conjugal vigour; and Abulfeda mentions the exclamation of Ali, who washed his body after his death, “O propheta, certe penis tuus cælum versus erectus est” (in Vit. Mohammed. p. 140).}}<br />
<br />
In English, Ali had exclaimed, "''O prophet, thy penis is erect unto the sky!''" <br />
<br />
Tabari does not mention Muhammad's erection, but does note that [[W:Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]], the second Rightly-guided Caliph of Islam, initially refused to believe Muhammad had died. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}|When the Messenger of God died, 'Umar b. al-Khattab stood up saying, "Some of the hypocrites allege that the Messenger of God is dead. By God, he is not dead, ...}}<br />
<br />
===The Burial===<br />
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Once cleaned, they covered him with triple shrouds.<br />
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{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3147}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: <br />
<br />
The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was shrouded in three garments made in Najran: two garments and one shirt in which he died.}}<br />
<br />
Finally, after a delay, he was buried quietly in the house in which he died, near the Mosque of the Prophet in [[Medina]].<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Muhammad's Death]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Muhammad's Death''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/mo-death.htm|2=2011-10-31}} The Death of Muhammad]'' - [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HiMgW9yd7w Was Muhammad poisoned by his two wives Aisha and Hafza?] ''- Shi'ite viewpoint from Shaykh Yasser Al-Habib''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Muhammad]][[Category:Muhammad and Aisha]]<br />
[[ru:Обстоятельства окружающие смерть Мухаммеда]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Abdullah&diff=89430
Muhammad ibn Abdullah
2013-05-18T15:32:39Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
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<div>[[Image:Maome.jpeg|thumb|220px|right|15th century illustration in a copy of a manuscript by Al-Bīrūnī, depicting Muhammad preaching the Qur'ān in Mecca.<ref name=maome> Bibliothèque nationale de France [http://expositions.bnf.fr/livrarab/grands/0_01.htm Le Prophète Mahomet] L'art du livre arabe</ref> ([[Images:The Koran and the life of the prophet Mohammed|more pictures of Muhammad]])]]<br />
'''Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh''' (محمّد also spelled ''Mohammed'', ''Muhammed'' or ''Mahomet'') (570/571 – June 8, 632 AD) was the founder of the religion of [[Islam]] and the conqueror of Arabia.<br />
<br />
==The Beginnings==<br />
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Born to ''‘Abdu’llah ibn ‘Abdu’l-Muttalib'' in what was said to be "the year of the Elephant". His family belonged to the Hashim, a branch of the Quraysh tribe. Unwanted by his mother<ref>Katib al Waquidi p. 20</ref> and fully orphaned at the age of six, he was brought up by his uncle Abu Talib. Muhammad initially adopted the occupation of a shepherd, later becoming a merchant, robber, baron and eventually warlord. Many claim that in his youth, Muhammad was called by the nickname ''Al-Amin'' (الامين), meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator.<ref>Esposito(1998), p.6 </ref> However, historian Alford Welch holds that "Al-Amin" was a common Arab name and further suggest that al-Amin might have been Muhammad's given name, a masculine form <ref>Alford Welch - cf. "Muhammad","Encyclopedia of Islam"</ref> from the same root as his mother's name, ''Āmina'' (أمينة). Physically, he was described as a "[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad's White Complexion|white man]]",<ref>"''....My father said, "I heard Ibn 'Umar reciting the poetic verses of Abu Talib: And a white (person) (i.e. the Prophet) who is requested to pray for rain and who takes care of the orphans and is the guardian of widows."....''" - {{Bukhari|2|17|122}}</ref> and in later years as a "[[Islam Illustrated: Muhammad the Fat Dwarf|fat dwarf]]".<ref>"''....When Ubaydullah saw him, he said: This Muhammad of yours is a dwarf and fat. The old man (i.e. AbuBarzah) understood it.....''" - {{Abudawud|40|4731}}</ref> In 595 AD, aged twenty-five, Muhammad married his employer [[Khadijah]]. She was a wealthy women aged forty, who had three children from two previous marriages. She would eventually bear him two sons (both died in childhood) and four daughters. Khadijah's father Khuwaylid bin Asad was opposed to the idea of his affluent daughter marrying such an "insignificant youth," so the couple used deception. Plying her father with alcohol until he lost his senses, the marriage ceremony went ahead as planned.<ref>LIFE OF MAHOMET. Volume II. Chapter 2,WIlliam Muir, [Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1861], pg. 24</ref><br />
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== The Revelations ==<br />
<br />
Leaving his wife and children behind during the month of [[Ramadan]], the now wealthy Muhammad would often fall back to a cave located at the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he fasted and prayed. According to Islamic belief, when he was about forty years old (610 AD) he was visited by the Angel [[Gabriel]] (جبريل ''Jibreel'') and commanded to recite verses sent by Allah. These verses would later become what is believed to be the first part of Sura 96. This experience frightened him, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, he became suicidal. According to [[Sahih]] Bukhari:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|87|111}}|...But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also paused for a while and the Prophet (Mohammad) became so sad as we have heard that he intended several times to throw himself from the tops of high mountains and every time he went up the top of a mountain in order to throw himself down, Gabriel would appear before him and say, "O Muhammad! You are indeed Allah's Apostle in truth" whereupon his heart would become quiet and he would calm down and would return home. And whenever the period of the coming of the inspiration used to become long, he would do as before, but when he used to reach the top of a mountain, Gabriel would appear before him and say to him what he had said before.}}<br />
{{Template:Random quran quotes}}<br />
After this first '[[revelation]]' no new ones came for a time, but then after a long period they started up again and continued at a steady rate till his death. The collection of these verses is known as the [[Qur'an]].<br />
<br />
If the [[Qur'an]] is read in [[Chronological Order of the Qur'an|chronological order]], you will notice over time the revelations changed style from a poetic to a more straight forward and aggressive type in the later years. The messages of the later revelations also changed and [[Abrogation (Naskh)|abrogated]] the earlier ones. Typically from the now famous '[[Forced Conversion|no compulsion verse]]' to the '[[The Ultimate Message of the Qur'an|verse of the sword]]'. These alterations followed Muhammad's place in society. What are known as the "early revelation" were recorded in Mecca while Muhammad was weak and had very few followers willing to die for him. The later "Medinan verses" were revealed once Muhammad had gained more followers and became the head of the first Islamic state in [[Medina]]. <br />
<br />
These revelations continued until his death twenty-three years later. These supposedly divine revelations would sometimes come to him while dressed in [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad the Cross-Dresser|Aisha's clothes]].<ref>"...''He [Muhammad]went around to her and she spoke to him. He said to her, “'''Do not injure me regarding 'A'isha. The revelation does not come to me when I am in the garment of any woman except 'A'isha'''.” She said, "I repent to Allah from injuring you, Messenger of Allah.”''..." - [http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhari20.html#gifts Sahih Bukhari 2442]</ref>'' How'' they came to him is described in [[hadiths]]:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|1|2}}|Narrated 'Aisha: <br />
<br />
(the mother of the faithful believers) Al-Harith bin Hisham asked Allah's Apostle "O Allah's Apostle! How is the Divine Inspiration revealed to you?" Allah's Apostle replied, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes ' off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says." 'Aisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over).}}<br />
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===Preaching in Mecca===<br />
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He began preaching as a prophet in Mecca, warning of a day of judgement when all humans who have rejected his claims of prophethood would burn for eternity in Hell (جهنم ''[[Jahannam]]'').<ref name="EncWorldHistory">''Encyclopedia of World History'' (1998), p. 452</ref> Even during the early days of his self-proclaimed prophethood he was often accused by the Meccans of [[Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures|plagiarising]] the "ancients fictitious tales."<ref>"''Such things have been promised to us and to our fathers before! they are nothing but tales of the ancients!''" - {{Quran|23|83}}</ref> Indeed, as Muhammad was an illiterate man who had come into contact with followers of the [[Abrahamic Religions|Abrahamic faiths]] before his proclamation of prophethood (e.g. Zaid bin 'Amr bin Nufail),<ref>"''....Allah's Apostle said that he met Zaid bin 'Amr Nufail at a place near Baldah and this had happened before Allah's Apostle received the Divine Inspiration....''" - {{Bukhari|7|67|407}}</ref> this would explain his imperfect borrowings from the stories he had heard. The elites in Mecca were left unimpressed by what was preached, and this infuriated him. Eventually leading Muhammad to deliver verses that condemned idol worship and the Meccan forefathers who engaged in polytheism.<ref>F. E. Peters (1994), p.169</ref> Thus began the opposition of Muhammad in Mecca. While some claim the Meccans persecuted Muslims, there is little evidence that would support this. There had been trouble, most of which were in reaction to Muhammad's antagonism towards the 'idolaters'. As Muhammad's followers remained few in numbers, in an attempt to entice the polytheists into converting to Islam he revealed the now infamous "[[Satanic Verses]]". Most likely upon realising how this would impact his status (no longer being the lone intercessor between his followers and Allah), he quickly replaced his previous revelation with the following assault on the Meccan deities:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|53|19|end=23|style=ref}}|Have ye seen Lat. and 'Uzza, And another, the third (goddess), Manat? What! for you the male sex, and for Him, the female? Behold, such would be indeed a division most unfair! These are nothing but names which ye have devised,- ye and your fathers,- for which Allah has sent down no authority (whatever). They follow nothing but conjecture and what their own souls desire!- Even though there has already come to them Guidance from their Lord!}}<br />
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Muhammad was also criticized for claiming he rode the [[Buraq]] (a mythical flying horse-like creature) on an alleged and rather fanciful "Night Journey" to the "nearest heaven" and then back to Mecca in one night.<ref>"''....The Prophet said, "The animal's step (was so wide that it) reached the farthest point within the reach of the animal's sight. I was carried on it, and Gabriel set out with me till we reached the nearest heaven.....''" - {{Bukhari|5|58|227}}</ref> An event which is now celebrated by Muslims every year.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2279985.ece A Night Journey through Jerusalem] - Khadija Bradlow - Times Online, August 18, 2007</ref><br />
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==Muhammad in Medina==<br />
===His emigration===<br />
<br />
After the death of his uncle Abu Talib, who, although not becoming a Muslim, had protected Muhammad throughout, in 622, Muhammad left Mecca in a journey known to Muslims as the ''Hijra'' (هِجْرَة ''Migration'').<ref name="EncWorldHistory"/> He, along with his followers, settled in Medina (then known as ''Yathrib'') a large agricultural oasis, where he was the leader of the first Islamic theocracy. He ordered his followers not to contact their relatives who were left behind in Mecca. By severing links between his followers and their non-Muslim relatives, Muhammad furthered his hold on them. This ''Hijra'' (traditionally translated into English as "flight") marks the beginning of the (rather crude) Islamic lunar calendar. The Muslim calendar counts dates from the Hijra, which is why Muslim dates have the suffix AH (After Hijra).<br />
<br />
Medina was home to a number of Jewish tribes, divided into three major clans: Banu Qainuqa, Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir, and some minor groups.<ref name="Cambridge39">''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p. 39</ref> Among the things Muhammad did was draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina (date debated), "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca, which specified the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina.<ref name="Cambridge39"/><br />
<br />
===At war with the Meccans===<br />
[[Image:Muhammad and kaaba.jpg|thumb|160px|right|An illustration of Muhammad at the Ka'aba, by Nakkaş Osman (1595)<BR>([[Standing Mosques#Kaaba flooded in 1941|more pictures of the Ka'aba]])]]<br />
In March of 624, Muhammad led some three hundred Jihadists in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Meccans successfully defended the caravan, but then decided to retaliate and marched against Medina. On March 15, 624 near a place called [[Islam Undressed: The Battle of Badr|Badr]], the Meccans and the Muslims clashed. Though outnumbered more than three times (one thousand to three hundred - majority of Muslim historians put the exact total at 313) in the battle, the Muslims met with success, killing at least seventy Meccans and taking seventy prisoners<ref>"''....On the day (of the battle) of Badr, the Prophet and his companions had caused the 'Pagans to lose 140 men, seventy of whom were captured and seventy were killed.....''" - {{Bukhari|4|52|276}}</ref> for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died.<ref>Glubb (2002), pp.179-186.</ref> This marked the real beginning of Muslim military battles. Among the prisoners was Al Nadir, a storyteller and poet who had mocked him. He was not allowed to be ransomed by their clans and was executed on Muhammad's orders.<ref>Jake Neuman - [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=emyBulRLVjMC&pg=PT226&dq=By+God,+Muhammad+cannot+tell+a+better+story+than+I,+and+his+talk+is+only#v=onepage&q=By%20God%2C%20Muhammad%20cannot%20tell%20a%20better%20story%20than%20I%2C%20and%20his%20talk%20is%20only&f=false God of Moral Perfection; A Stark Message from God for All Mankind] - (2008) Blackwell, p. 211</ref> Muhammad also ordered twenty-four Meccans to be thrown into the well of Badr,<ref>"''....he [Muhammad] commanded more than twenty persons, and in another hadith these are counted as twenty-four persons, from the non-believers of the Quraish to be thrown into the well of Badr.....''" - {{Muslim|40|6870}}</ref> and mocked the dead.<ref>"''Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The Prophet looked at the people of the well (the well in which the bodies of the pagans killed in the Battle of Badr were thrown) and said, "Have you found true what your Lord promised you?" Somebody said to him, "You are addressing dead people.''" He replied, "You do not hear better than they but they cannot reply." - {{Bukhari|2|23|452}}</ref><br />
<br />
A further four years of continuous war between Muslim and Meccan forces followed, culminating later in a Muslim victory and the conquest of Mecca. The Muslims subsequently removed and destroyed everything they considered idolatrous from the [[Ka'aba]], while Muhammad recited verses from the Qur'an. The townspeople either accepted Islam or were expelled. In March 632,<ref name="EoI-Muhammad">Alford Welch, ''Muhammad'', Encyclopedia of Islam</ref> Muhammad led the pilgrimage known as the ''[[Hajj]]'' (حج).<br />
<br />
===His sexual partners===<br />
:''Main Article: [[Islam_and_Women#Muhammad_and_Women|Muhammad and Women]]''<br />
Following the death of his (at that time) only wife Khadijah, Muhammad felt sexually liberated. He began to practice [[polygamy]] and became known as a womanizer.<ref>"''....Layla’s people said, "’What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him.’ She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request]....''" - al Tabari vol.9 p.139</ref> After an initial protest from her father,<ref>"''....The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother."....''" - {{Bukhari|7|62|18}}</ref> he married [[Aisha]] when she was only six years old. She was the daughter of his friend Abu Bakr (who would later emerge as the first leader of the Muslims after Muhammad's death). In Medina, he married Hafsah, daughter of Umar (who would eventually become Abu Bakr's successor). Eventually he would go on to marry (and house independently) a total of fifteen women,<ref>al-Tabari vol.9 p.126-127</ref> and own numerous concubines, including his Coptic [[Slavery|slave]], [[Mariyah the Sex Slave of the Holy Prophet|Mariyah]]. According to the famous Sunni scholar Ibn al-Qayyim:<br />
<br />
{{Quote||Mohammed had many male and female slaves. He used to buy and sell them, but he purchased more slaves than he sold, '''especially after God empowered him by His message''', as well as after his immigration from Mecca. '''He once sold one black slave for two'''. His name was Jacob al-Mudbir. His purchases of slaves were more than he sold. He was used to renting out and hiring many slaves, but he hired more slaves than he rented out.<ref>"Zad al-Ma'ad" - part 1, page 160</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===His changing attitude towards the Jews===<br />
<br />
A few years after his migration, Muhammad's attitude towards the Christians and Jews changed. Having encountered rejection from the Jewish scholars in Medina, he became very much an [[Islamic Antisemitism|anti-Semite]]. The Jews were rightly skeptical of the compatibility between the Qur'an and their [[Taurat|own scriptures]], and while many in Medina converted to Islam, very few were from the large Jewish populations. This was the start of the long history of persecution and subjugation of Jews at the hands of Islam.<br />
<br />
After each major battle with the Medinans, Muhammad accused one of the Jewish tribes of treachery (see {{Quran|2|100}}) and attacked it. After Badr and [[History_of_Jihad_Against_the_Arabs#The_Battle_of_Uhud_.283_A.H..2C_625_C.E..29|Uhud]], the Banu Qainuqa and Banu Nadir, respectively, were expelled from Medina, and much of their possessions were confiscated by Muhammad.<ref>"''....The Banu [tribe] Qaynuqa did not have any land, as they were goldsmiths [and armor-makers]. The Messenger of God took many weapons belonging to them and the tools of their trade....''" (Tabari, vol. 7, p. 87)</ref> After the [[History_of_Jihad_Against_the_Arabs#The_Battle_of_the_Trench_.28or_Ditch.29|Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the Muslims accused the Jews of [[The Genocide of Banu Qurayza|Banu Qurayza]] of conspiring with the Meccans, then wiped them out.<ref>Esposito (1998), pp.10-11</ref> The women and young children were taken captive by Muslims to be sold in slave markets,<ref>Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (Author). Al-Faruqi, Ismail Raji (Translator). (2002). The Life of Muhammad. (p. 338). Selangor, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.</ref><ref>"''...Then the apostle sent for Sa'd bin Zayd al-Ansari brother of bin Abdul-Ashhal with some of the captive women of Banu Qurayza to Najd and he sold them for horses and weapons....''" - Ibn Ishaq: 693</ref> and the men and boys who had begun to grow pubic hair were beheaded.<ref>"''...Narrated Atiyyah al-Qurazi: I was among the captives of Banu Qurayzah. They (the Companions) examined us, and those who had begun to grow hair (pubes) were killed, and those who had not were not killed. I was among those who had not grown hair...''" - {{Abudawud|38|4390}}</ref> Muslim historian Ibn Ishaq describes the incident:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tabari VIII:35/Ishaq:464|Then they surrendered, and the apostle confined them in Medina in the quarter of d. al-Harith, a woman of B. al-Najjar. Then the apostle went out to the market of Medina (which is still its market today) and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. Among them was the enemy of Allah Huyayy b. Akhtab and Ka`b b. Asad their chief. There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka`b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, 'Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!' This went on until the apostle made an end of them.<ref name="Guillaume463">Guillaume, Alfred, ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah''. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0-1963-6033-1; p. 461-464.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
One of the explanations given by some Arab historians and biographers for Muhammad's appalling treatment of the Jews of Medina is that "the punishment of the Medina Jews, who were invited to convert and refused, perfectly exemplify the Qur'an's tales of what happened to those who rejected the prophets of old."<ref name="Peters77">F.E.Peters(2003), p.77</ref><br />
<br />
==The Death of the Prophet==<br />
{{main|Circumstances Surrounding Muhammad's Death}}<br />
<br />
In the year 632, Muhammad became infirm with severe head pain and weakness. He died on June, 8<sup>th</sup>, 632. Muhammad was poisoned by a Jewish woman, following the conquest of Khaibar, where he took [[Safiyah]] as a wife, and ordered the torture and beheading of her husband [[Kinana]], the chief of the Jews at Khaibar. He spent his last day with the young [[Aisha]], who was considered to be his favorite wife. At the time of his death, Ali (who would later become the fourth caliph of Islam) reported that Muhammad's penis was erect.<ref>"''....Abulfeda mentions the exclamation of Ali, who washed his body after his death, "O prophet, thy penis is erect unto the sky!" (in Vit. Mohammed. p. 140).....''" - Edward Gibbon, [{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20070417133412/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0214.09|2=2012-12-10}} "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"], Vol. 9 Footnote 175</ref> He was buried in his house near the Mosque of the Prophet in [[Medina]].<br />
<br />
===And beyond===<br />
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Under the caliphs who assumed authority after his death, and through the use of [[Jihad]] (as instructed by Muhammad at the [[A Brief Analysis of Muhammad’s Farewell Sermon|Farewell Sermon]]), the Islamic empire expanded into Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, southern Spain, and Anatolia. Later violent conquests (which eventually prompted the crusades), commercial contact between Muslims and non-Muslims, and missionary activity spread Islam over much of the Eastern Hemisphere, including parts of China and South-east Asia.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Muhammad]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Muhammad''<br />
<br />
==Downloads==<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.schnellmann.org/Robert_Spencer_The_Truth_About_Muhammad.pdf|2=2011-03-16}} The Truth About Muhammad: Founder of the World's Most Intolerant Religion] ''- Free PDF version of Robert Spencer's best-seller''<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-watch.org/SujitDas/Unmasking_Muhammad.pdf|2=2011-03-16}} Unmasking Muhammad: The Malignant Narcisist & His Grand Delusion Allah] ''- A free 295 page eBook''<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/History.htm The Life of Muhammad: An Inconvenient Truth] <br />
*[http://www.prophetofdoom.net/ Prophet of Doom]<br />
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/op-ed/altruistic-prophets-islam-and-mormon-similarities/ Altruistic Prophets: Islam and Mormon Similarities]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Jihadists]]<br />
[[Category:Muhammad]]<br />
[[Category:Downloads]]<br />
[[ru:Мухаммед ибн Абдулла]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Apostasy&diff=89427
Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy
2013-05-18T15:29:18Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}<br />
==Qur'an==<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|3|90|end=91|style=ref}}|Lo! those who disbelieve after their (profession of) belief, and afterward grow violent in disbelief: their repentance will not be accepted. And such are those who are astray. Lo! those who disbelieve, and die in disbelief, the (whole) earth full of gold would not be accepted from such an one if it were offered as a ransom (for his soul). Theirs will be a painful doom and they will have no helpers.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|89}}|They long that ye should disbelieve even as they disbelieve, that ye may be upon a level (with them). So choose not friends from them till they forsake their homes in the way of Allah; if they turn back (to enmity) then take them and kill them wherever ye find them, and choose no friend nor helper from among them,}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|54}}|O ye who believe! if any from among you turn back from his Faith, soon will Allah produce a people whom He will love as they will love Him,- lowly with the believers, mighty against the rejecters, fighting in the way of Allah, and never afraid of the reproaches of such as find fault. That is the grace of Allah, which He will bestow on whom He pleaseth. And Allah encompasseth all, and He knoweth all things.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|9|11|end=12|style=ref}}|But if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, they are your brethren in faith; and We make the communications clear for a people who know. And if they break their oaths after their agreement and (openly) revile your religion, then fight the leaders of unbelief-- surely their oaths are nothing-- so that they may desist.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|66}}|Make ye no excuses: ye have rejected Faith after ye had accepted it. If We pardon some of you, We will punish others amongst you, for that they are in sin.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|9|73|end=74|style=ref}}|O Prophet! Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites! Be harsh with them. Their ultimate abode is hell, a hapless journey's end. They swear by Allah that they said nothing (wrong), yet they did say the word of disbelief, and did disbelieve after their Surrender (to Allah). And they purposed that which they could not attain, and they sought revenge only that Allah by His messenger should enrich them of His bounty. If they repent it will be better for them; and if they turn away, Allah will afflict them with a painful doom in the world and the Hereafter, and they have no protecting friend nor helper in the earth.}}<br />
{{Quote|{{cite quran|88|21|end=24|style=ref}}|Therefore do remind, for you are only a reminder. You are not a watcher over them; But whoever turns back and disbelieves, Allah will chastise him with the greatest chastisement.}}<br />
==Hadith==<br />
<br />
===Sahih Bukhari===<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|4|52|260}} | Narrated Ikrima: <br />
<br />
Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "}}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|5|59|632}} | Narrated Abu Burda:<br />
<br />
That the Prophet sent his (i.e. Abu Burda's) grandfather, Abu Musa and Mu'adh to Yemen and said to both of them "Facilitate things for the people (Be kind and lenient) and do not make things difficult (for people), and give them good tidings, and do not repulse them and both of you should obey each other." Abu Musa said, "O Allah's Prophet! In our land there is an alcoholic drink (prepared) from barley called Al-Mizr, and another (prepared) from honey, called Al-Bit"' The Prophet said, "All intoxicants are prohibited." Then both of them proceeded and Mu'adh asked Abu Musa, "How do you recite the Quran?" Abu Musa replied, "I recite it while I am standing, sitting or riding my riding animals, at intervals and piecemeal." Muadh said, "But I sleep and then get up. I sleep and hope for Allah's Reward for my sleep as I seek His Reward for my night prayer." Then he (i.e. Muadh) pitched a tent and they started visiting each other. Once Muadh paid a visit to Abu Musa and saw a chained man. Muadh asked, "What is this?" Abu Musa said, "(He was) a Jew who embraced Islam and has now turned apostate." Muadh said, "I will surely chop off his neck!"}}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|83|17}} | Narrated 'Abdullah:<br />
<br />
<br />
Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and leaves the Muslims." }}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|83|37}} | Narrated Abu Qilaba:<br />
<br />
Once 'Umar bin 'Abdul 'Aziz sat on his throne in the courtyard of his house so that the people might gather before him. Then he admitted them and (when they came in), he said, "What do you think of Al-Qasama?" They said, "We say that it is lawful to depend on Al-Qasama in Qisas, as the previous Muslim Caliphs carried out Qisas depending on it." Then he said to me, "O Abu Qilaba! What do you say about it?" He let me appear before the people and I said, "O Chief of the Believers! You have the chiefs of the army staff and the nobles of the Arabs. If fifty of them testified that a married man had committed illegal sexual intercourse in Damascus but they had not seen him (doing so), would you stone him?" He said, "No." I said, "If fifty of them testified that a man had committed theft in Hums, would you cut off his hand though they did not see him?" He replied, "No." I said, '''"By Allah, Allah's Apostle never killed anyone except in one of the following three situations:''' (1) A person who killed somebody unjustly, was killed (in Qisas,) (2) a married person who committed illegal sexual intercourse and '''(3) a man who fought against Allah and His Apostle and deserted Islam and became an apostate."''' Then the people said, "Didn't Anas bin Malik narrate that Allah's Apostle cut off the hands of the thieves, branded their eyes and then, threw them in the sun?" I said, "I shall tell you the narration of Anas. Anas said: "Eight persons from the tribe of 'Ukl came to Allah's Apostle and gave the Pledge of allegiance for Islam (became Muslim). The climate of the place (Medina) did not suit them, so they became sick and complained about that to Allah's Apostle. He said (to them ), "Won't you go out with the shepherd of our camels and drink of the camels' milk and urine (as medicine)?" They said, "Yes." So they went out and drank the camels' milk and urine, and after they became healthy, they killed the shepherd of Allah's Apostle and took away all the camels. This news reached Allah's Apostle , so he sent (men) to follow their traces and they were captured and brought (to the Prophet). He then ordered to cut their hands and feet, and their eyes were branded with heated pieces of iron, and then he threw them in the sun till they died." I said, "What can be worse than what those people did? They deserted Islam, committed murder and theft."<br />
<br />
Then 'Anbasa bin Said said, "By Allah, I never heard a narration like this of today." I said, "O 'Anbasa! You deny my narration?" 'Anbasa said, "No, but you have related the narration in the way it should be related. By Allah, these people are in welfare as long as this Sheikh (Abu Qilaba) is among them." I added, "Indeed in this event there has been a tradition set by Allah's Apostle. The narrator added: Some Ansari people came to the Prophet and discussed some matters with him, a man from amongst them went out and was murdered. Those people went out after him, and behold, their companion was swimming in blood. They returned to Allah's Apostle and said to him, "O Allah's Apostle, we have found our companion who had talked with us and gone out before us, swimming in blood (killed)." Allah's Apostle went out and asked them, "Whom do you suspect or whom do you think has killed him?" They said, "We think that the Jews have killed him." The Prophet sent for the Jews and asked them, "Did you kill this (person)?" They replied, "No." He asked the Al-Ansars, "Do you agree that I let fifty Jews take an oath that they have not killed him?" They said, "It matters little for the Jews to kill us all and then take false oaths." He said, "Then would you like to receive the Diya after fifty of you have taken an oath (that the Jews have killed your man)?" They said, "We will not take the oath." Then the Prophet himself paid them the Diya (Blood-money)." The narrator added, "The tribe of Hudhail repudiated one of their men (for his evil conduct) in the Pre-lslamic period of Ignorance.<br />
<br />
Then, at a place called Al-Batha' (near Mecca), the man attacked a Yemenite family at night to steal from them, but a man from the family noticed him and struck him with his sword and killed him. The tribe of Hudhail came and captured the Yemenite and brought him to 'Umar during the Hajj season and said, "He has killed our companion." The Yemenite said, "But these people had repudiated him (i.e., their companion)." 'Umar said, "Let fifty persons of Hudhail swear that they had not repudiated him." So forty-nine of them took the oath and then a person belonging to them, came from Sham and they requested him to swear similarly, but he paid one-thousand Dirhams instead of taking the oath. They called another man instead of him and the new man shook hands with the brother of the deceased. Some people said, "We and those fifty men who had taken false oaths (Al-Qasama) set out, and when they reached a place called Nakhlah, it started raining so they entered a cave in the mountain, and the cave collapsed on those fifty men who took the false oath, and all of them died except the two persons who had shaken hands with each other. They escaped death but a stone fell on the leg of the brother of the deceased and broke it, whereupon he survived for one year and then died." I further said, "'Abdul Malik bin Marwan sentenced a man to death in Qisas (equality in punishment) for murder, basing his judgment on Al-Qasama, but later on he regretted that judgment and ordered that the names of the fifty persons who had taken the oath (Al-Qasama), be erased from the register, and he exiled them in Sham." }}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|84|57}} | Narrated 'Ikrima:<br />
<br />
<br />
Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to 'Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn 'Abbas who said, "If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Apostle forbade it, saying, 'Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire).' I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Apostle, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'"}}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|84|58}} | Narrated Abu Burda:<br />
<br />
<br />
Abu Musa said, "I came to the Prophet along with two men (from the tribe) of Ash'ariyin, one on my right and the other on my left, while Allah's Apostle was brushing his teeth (with a Siwak), and both men asked him for some employment. The Prophet said, 'O Abu Musa (O 'Abdullah bin Qais!).' I said, 'By Him Who sent you with the Truth, these two men did not tell me what was in their hearts and I did not feel (realize) that they were seeking employment.' As if I were looking now at his Siwak being drawn to a corner under his lips, and he said, 'We never (or, we do not) appoint for our affairs anyone who seeks to be employed. But O Abu Musa! (or 'Abdullah bin Qais!) Go to Yemen.'" The Prophet then sent Mu'adh bin Jabal after him and when Mu'adh reached him, he spread out a cushion for him and requested him to get down (and sit on the cushion). Behold: There was a fettered man beside Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "Who is this (man)?" Abu Musa said, "He was a Jew and became a Muslim and then reverted back to Judaism." Then Abu Musa requested Mu'adh to sit down but Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down till he has been killed. This is the judgment of Allah and His Apostle (for such cases) and repeated it thrice. Then Abu Musa ordered that the man be killed, and he was killed. Abu Musa added, "Then we discussed the night prayers and one of us said, 'I pray and sleep, and I hope that Allah will reward me for my sleep as well as for my prayers.'" }}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|84|64}} | Narrated 'Ali:<br />
<br />
<br />
Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Apostle, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection." }}<br />
{{ quote |{{Bukhari|9|89|271}} |Narrated Abu Musa: <br />
<br />
A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the verdict of Allah and His Apostle}}<br />
<br />
===Sahih Muslim===<br />
<br />
{{ quote | {{Muslim|16|4152}} |'Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: It is not permissible to take the life of a Muslim who bears testimony (to the fact that there is no god but Allah, and I am the Messenger of Allah), but in one of the three cases: the married adulterer, a life for life, and the deserter of his Din (Islam), abandoning the community.}}<br />
{{ quote | {{Muslim|16|4154}} | 'Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported: Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) stood up and said: By Him besides Whom there is no god but He, the blood of a Muslim who bears the testimony that there is no god but Allah, and I am His Messenger, may be lawfully shed only in case of three persons: the one who abandons Islam, and deserts the community [Ahmad, one of the narrators, is doubtful whether the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) used the word li'l-jama'ah or al-jama'ah), and the married adulterer, and life for life.}}<br />
{{quote | {{Muslim|20|4490}} | It has been reported on the authority of Abu Musa who said: I went to the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) and with me were two men from the Ash'ari tribe. One of them was on my right hand and the other on my left. Both of them made a request for a position (of authority) while the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) was brushing his teeth with a tooth-stick. He said (to me): Abu Musa (or 'Abdullah b. Qais), what do you say (about the request they have made)? I said: By God Who sent thee on thy mission with truth, they did not disclose to me what they had in their minds, and I did not know that they would ask for a position. The narrator says (while recalling this hadith): I visualise as if I were looking at the miswak of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) between his lips. He (the Holy Prophet) said: We shall not or shall never appoint to the public offices (in our State) those who with to have them, but you may go, Abu Musa (or Abdullah b. Qais) (to take up your assignment). He sent him to Yemen as governor. then he sent Mu'adh b. jabal in his wake (to help him in the discharge of duties). When Mu'adh reached the camp of Abu Musa, the latter (received him and) said: Please get yourself down; and he spread for him a mattress, while there was a man bound hand and foot as a prisoner. Mu'adh said: Who is this? Abu Musa said: He was a Jew. He embraced Islam. Then he reverted to his false religion and became a Jew. Mu'adh said: I won't sit until he is killed according to the decree of Allah and His Apostle (may peace be upon him) (in this case). Abu Musa said: Be seated. It will be done. He said: I won't sit unless he is killed in accordance with the decree of Allah and His Apostle (may peace be upon him). He repeated these words thrice. Then Abu Musa ordered him (to be killed) and he was killed. Then the two talked of standing in prayer at night. One of them, i. e. Mu'adh, said: I sleep (for a part of the night) and stand in prayer (for a part) and I hope that I shall get the same reward for sleeping as I shall get for standing (in prayer).}}<br />
<br />
===Sunan Abu Dawud===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|38|4341}}|Narrated Mu'adh ibn Jabal: <br />
<br />
AbuMusa said: Mu'adh came to me when I was in the Yemen. A man who was Jew embraced Islam and then retreated from Islam. When Mu'adh came, he said: I will not come down from my mount until he is killed. He was then killed. One of them said: He was asked to repent before that.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|39|4487}}|Narrated Uthman ibn Affan: AbuUmamah ibn Sahl said: We were with Uthman when he was besieged in the house. There was an entrance to the house. He who entered it heard the speech of those who were in the Bilat. Uthman then entered it. He came out to us, looking pale. <br />
<br />
He said: They are threatening to kill me now. We said: Allah will be sufficient for you against them, Commander of the Faithful! He asked: Why kill me? I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say: It is not lawful to kill a man who is a Muslim except for one of the three reasons: Kufr (disbelief) after accepting Islam, fornication after marriage, or wrongfully killing someone, for which he may be killed. <br />
<br />
I swear by Allah, I have not committed fornication before or after the coming of Islam, nor did I ever want another religion for me instead of my religion since Allah gave guidance to me, nor have I killed anyone. So for what reason do you want to kill me?}}<br />
<br />
===Ibn Ishaq===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Ishaq p. 550|"The apostle had instructed his commanders when they entered Mecca only to fight those who resisted them, except a small number who were to be killed even if they were found beneath the curtains of the Kaba. Among them was Abdullah Sa'd, brother of the B. Amir Luayy. '''The reason he ordered him to be killed was that he had been a Muslim and used to write down revelation; then he apostatized''' and returned to Quraysh [Mecca] and fled to Uthman Affan whose foster brother he was. The latter hid him until he brought him to the apostle after the situation in Mecca was tranquil, and asked that he might be granted immunity. They allege that the apostle remained silent for a long time till finally he [Muhammad] said yes [granting Abdullah immunity from the execution order]. <br />
<br />
When Uthman had left he [Muhammad] said to his companions who were sitting around him, ‘I kept silent so that one of you might get up and strike off his head!’ One of the Ansar said, "Then why didn't you give me a sign, O apostle of God?’ He answered that a prophet does not kill by pointing."}}<br />
<br />
==Scholars==<br />
<br />
===Fiqh===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://bewley.virtualave.net/RisGeneral.html The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani]<BR>A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh (Including commentary from ath-Thamr ad-Dani by al-Azhari)(310/922 - 386/996)|'''40.18b. The exceptions to that rule''' <br />
<br />
''The life of a Muslim is not lawful '''unless he apostasies after belief''', commits illicit sex after he is muhsan, kills someone when it is not a case of retaliation, or engages in corruption in the earth or renounces the deen.'' <br />
<br />
[ The exception to this inviolability is for a legal right, which refers to the three matters which he mentioned. In property, anyone who destroys something must pay for it. <br />
<br />
'''The cases when taking life is permitted are indicated here. In the case of apostasy, he is asked to repent for three days.''' "Corruption in the earth" is banditry and highway robbery. Renouncing the deen is to embrace the dogma of the people of the sects about whom the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "They will pass through the deen like an arrow passes through game." In the Misbah, it goes through one side and comes out the other. ]}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.shafiifiqh.com/maktabah/relianceoftraveller.pdf Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller|'''08.1''' - "When a person who has reached puberty and is sane, voluntarily apostatizes from Islam, he deserves to be killed.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|[http://www.light-of-life.com/eng/ilaw/l5721et1.htm#p19 The Case of the Female Apostate]<BR>'Abdurrahmani'l-Djaziri, The Penalties for Apostasy in Islam According to the Four Schools of Islamic Law (Pg. 19)|The Shafi´ites, Hanbalites and Malikites say: The verdict for the female apostate is the same as for the male. She must be called on to return to Islam for three days, prior to her death, for an evil-doer may have confused her understanding; thus the possibility exists for her being released from her confusion. Offering the apostate a time limit for repentance has been approved. <br />
<br />
According to a tradition related by Daruqutni, quoting from Djabir b. Abdillah, the Prophet offered Islam to a woman named Ummu Rumman who had previously apostatised. Furthermore, the Prophet said, "It is good if she repents. If she does not, she is to be killed, since by apostasy she should be treated like a woman who has fought against Muslims, being taken captive in a holy war (jihad); thus it is lawful to kill her with the sword. Moreover, her guilt is far more abominable than women who are taken captive in a holy war, since she has become a Muslim." <br />
<br />
The Prophet -- the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him -- said, "He who changes his religion must be killed"; this holds true both for men and women. The apostasy of a man calls for putting him to death. It is unanimously agreed upon that apostasy is a horrible crime deserving a horrible punishment. The apostasy of a woman is no less horrible. Therefore, it too deserves a corresponding punishment: death. }}<br />
<br />
===Fatwas===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://islam-qa.com/en/ref/12406|2=2011-10-21}} Why should a person who disbelieves after becoming Muslim be executed?]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 12406|2='''The punishment for apostasy from the religion of Islam is execution'''. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): <br />
<br />
“And whosoever of you turns back from his religion and dies as a disbeliever, then his deeds will be lost in this life and in the Hereafter, and they will be the dwellers of the Fire. They will abide therein forever”<br />
<br />
[al-Baqarah 2:217] <br />
<br />
And it was proven that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever changes his religion, execute him.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari in his Saheeh. What this hadeeth means is that whoever leaves Islam and changes to another religion and persists in that and does not repent, is to be executed. It was also proven that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “It is not permissible to shed the blood of a person who bears witness that there is no god but Allaah and that I am the Messenger of Allaah except in three cases: a life for a life, a previously-married person who commits adultery, and one who leaves Islam and forsakes the jamaa’ah.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. <br />
<br />
This harsh punishment is for a number of reasons: <br />
<br />
1 – This punishment is a deterrent to anyone who wants to enter Islam just to follow the crowd or for hypocritical purposes. This will motivate him to examine the matter thoroughly and not to proceed unless he understands the consequences of that in this world and in the Hereafter. '''The one who announces his Islam has agreed to adhere to all the rulings of Islam of his own free will and consent, one of which rulings is that he is to be executed if he apostatizes from the faith'''. <br />
<br />
2 – The one who announces his Islam has joined the jamaa’ah (main body) of the Muslims, and whoever joins the main body of the Muslims is required to be completely loyal and to support it and protect it against anything that may lead to fitnah or destroy it or cause division. Apostasy from Islam means forsaking the jamaa’ah and its divine order, and has a harmful effect on it. Execution is the greatest deterrent that will prevent people from committing such a crime.<br />
<br />
3 – Those Muslims who are weak in faith and others who are against Islam may think that the apostate has only left Islam because of what he has found out about its real nature, because if it were the truth then he would never have turned away from it. So they learn from him all the doubts, lies and fabrications which are aimed at extinguishing the light of Islam and putting people off from it. In this case executing the apostate is obligatory, in order to protect the true religion from the defamation of the liars and to protect the faith of its adherents and remove obstacles from the path of those who are entering the faith. <br />
<br />
4 – We also say that the death penalty exists in the modern laws of man to protect the system from disorder in some situation and to protect society against certain crimes which may cause its disintegration, such as drugs etc. If execution can serve as a deterrent to protect man-made systems, then it is more appropriate that the true religion of Allaah, which Falsehood cannot come to it from before it or behind it [cf. Fussilat 41:42], and which is all goodness, happiness and tranquility in this world and in the Hereafter should punish those who commit acts of aggression against it and seek to extinguish its light and defame its image, and who fabricate lies against it to justify their apostasy and deviation.<br />
<br />
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 21/234-231.}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503547222&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaEAskTheScholar Source of the Punishment for Apostasy]<BR>Group of Muftis, Islam Online, July 26, 2003|2=Speaking of the authority of the punishment and its being genuine and based on the authentic sources of Islam, Sheikh `Attiyah Saqr, former Head of Al-Azhar Fatwa Committee, states:<br />
<br />
"It is not right to deny the punishment of apostasy claiming that it has not been reported in the Qur'an, because it has been recorded in the mutawatir (Hadith which has been reported by at least four of the Companions in different times and places in a way that make a person sure that such Hadith is not fabricated) and the non-mutawatir Sunnah of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him). Hudud (Islamic punishment specified for certain crimes) may, of course, be based on the non-mutawatir Sunnah."<br />
<br />
Detailing the issue and showing some of the evidence for the punishment of apostasy, the prominent Muslim scholar Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, states:<br />
<br />
'''"All Muslim jurists agree that the apostate is to be punished. However, they differ regarding the punishment itself. The majority of them go for killing; meaning that an apostate is to be sentenced to death.'''<br />
<br />
Many authentic Hadiths have been reported in this regard. Ibn `Abbas reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Whoever changes his religion, you kill him." (Reported by all the group except Muslim, and at-Tabarani also reported it with a sound chain of narrators. Also recorded in Majma` Az-Zawa'id by Al-Haythamiy.)<br />
<br />
There is also the Hadith of Ibn Mas`ud that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "The blood of a Muslim individual who bears witness that there is no god but Allah and that I am the Messenger of Allah, is not to be shed except in three cases: in retaliation (in murder crimes), married adulterers (and adulteresses), and the one who abandons his religion and forsakes the Muslim community." (Reported by the Group)<br />
<br />
The actual example of one of the greatest Companions, `Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) gives credit to this also. He himself carried out the punishment on some people who had deified him. He gave them three days respite to repent and go back to their senses. When they proved adamant, he put them to fire.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/811/apostasy|2=2011-10-21}} Why death is the punishment for Apostasy]<BR>Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 811|2=This is the ruling of Allaah and His Messenger, as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: '''"Whoever changes his religion, kill him."''' (reported by al-Bukhaari, al-Fath, no. 3017).<br />
<br />
(2) The one who has known the religion which Allaah revealed, entered it and practised it, then rejected it, despised it and left it, is a person who does not deserve to live on the earth of Allaah and eat from the provision of Allaah.<br />
<br />
(3) By leaving Islaam, the apostate opens the way for everyone who wants to leave the faith, thus spreading apostasy and encouraging it.<br />
<br />
(4) The apostate is not to be killed without warning. Even though his crime is so great, he is given a last chance, a respite of three days in which to repent. If he repents, he will be left alone; '''if he does not repent, then he will be killed'''.<br />
<br />
(5) If the punishment for murder and espionage (also known as high treason) is death, then what should be the punishment for the one who disbelieves in the Lord of mankind and despises and rejects His religion? Is espionage or shedding blood worse than leaving the religion of the Lord of mankind and rejecting it?<br />
<br />
(6) None of those who bleat about personal freedom and freedom of belief would put up with a neighbour’s child hitting their child or justify this as "personal freedom," so how can they justify leaving the true religion and rejecting the sharee’ah which Allaah revealed to teach mankind about His unity and bring justice and fairness to all?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/14231/Crucify|2=2011-10-21}} Some of the rulings on apostasy and apostates]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 14231|2=The saheeh Sunnah indicates that it is essential to put the apostate to death. <br />
<br />
''[Quotes Al-Bukhaari (6922), Al-Bukhaari (6484), and Muslim (1676)]''<br />
<br />
'''The general meaning of these ahaadeeth indicates that it is essential to put the apostate to death whether he is waging war on Islam (muhaarib) or not.''' <br />
<br />
The view that the apostate who is to be put to death is the one who is waging war on Islam (muhaarib) only is contrary to these ahaadeeth. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said that the reason why he should be put to death is his apostasy, not his waging war against Islam. <br />
<br />
Undoubtedly some kinds of apostasy are more abhorrent than others, and the apostasy of one who wages war against Islam is more abhorrent than that of anyone else. Hence some of the scholars differentiated between them, and said that it is not essential to ask the muhaarib to repent or to accept his repentance; rather he should be put to death even if he repents, whereas the repentance of one who is not a muhaarib should be accepted and he should not be put to death. This is the view favoured by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him). <br />
<br />
He said: <br />
<br />
'''Apostasy is of two types: ordinary apostasy and extreme apostasy, for which execution is prescribed. In both cases there is evidence that it is essential to execute the apostate''', but the evidence indicating that the sentence of death may be waived if the person repents does not apply to both types of apostasy. Rather the evidence indicates that that is allowed only in the first case – i.e., ordinary apostasy – as will be clear to anyone who studies the evidence that speaks about accepting the repentance of the apostate. In the second type – i.e., extreme apostasy – the obligation to put the apostate to death still stands, and there is no text or scholarly consensus to indicate that the death sentence may be waived. The two cases are quite different and there is no comparison between them. It does not say in the Qur’aan or Sunnah, or according to scholarly consensus, that everyone who apostatizes in word or deed may be spared the death sentence if he repents after he is a captured and tried. Rather the Qur’aan and Sunnah, and scholarly consensus, differentiate between the different kinds of apostates. <br />
<br />
Al-Saarim al-Maslool, 3/696<BR>. . .<BR><br />
<br />
Based on this, it is clear that what the questioner says about the apostate not being killed unless he is waging war on Islam is mistaken, and the differentiation that we have quoted from Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah may dispel any confusion and make the matter clearer. }}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/696|2=2011-10-21}} Punishment of the one who leaves Islaam]<BR>Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 696|2=The person who knows the truth and believes in it, then turns his back on it, does not deserve to live. The punishment for apostasy is prescribed for the protection of the religion and as a deterrent to anyone who is thinking of leaving Islaam. There is no doubt that such a serious crime must be met with an equally weighty punishment. If the kuffaar do not give people the freedom to cross a red light, how can we give freedom to people to leave Islaam and disbelieve in Allaah when they want to?}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.e-cfr.org/ar/index.php?ArticleID=322|2=2011-03-21}} Is killing interpreted as restricting freedom of conscience?]<BR>European Council for Fatwa and Research, August 16, 2008|2=Q: One who converted to Islam from Poland, was asked by a wicked atheist about the penalty for one who apostatizes from the religion of Almighty Allah. What should he respond? He interprets killing as restricting freedom of conscience.<BR><BR>A: The issue of killing the apostate is a function of the state. His judgment belongs with the Islamic government. This is not the concern of Islamic foundations, associations, or centers. A group of Salafis and Imams are of the opinion that not every apostate should be killed, but rather only '''those who openly commit apostasy''', or call for fitna, or voice harmful things against Allah and His Prophet (peace be upon him) and the believers. [The apostate] is killed in order to protect the religion and the community from his corruption, and not to restrict freedoms, as he by his action is infringing on the rights of others. The interests of the state and the society come before individual self-interest. In truth, this issue is similar to what is termed in contemporary law as “high treason” because of the harm to the public that it causes.}}<br />
<br />
{{Core Apostasy}}<br />
<br />
==See Also== <br />
<br />
*[[Islam and Freedom of Speech#Punishment_for_Blasphemy|Punishment for Blasphemy]]<br />
*[[Disbelievers (Primary Sources)]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Disbelievers (Primary Sources)''<br />
<br />
{{Translation-links-english|[[Le_Coran_les_Ahadith_et_les_Savants_sur_lApostasie|French]] and [[:ru:Коран,_хадисы_и_богословы:_Вероотступничество|Russian]]}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/apostasy.htm|2=2013-03-15}} The Punishment for Apostasy from Islam] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://formermuslimsunited.org/?page_id=2169|2=2011-10-04}} A Shiite Opinion on Apostasy] ''- Former Muslims United (originally from Kayhan International, March 1986)''<br />
<br />
[[Category:QHS]]<br />
[[Category:Apostasy]]<br />
[[ru:Коран хадисы и богословы: Вероотступничество]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Lying_and_Deception&diff=89425
Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception
2013-05-18T15:27:31Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{{under review}}<br />
'''Taqiyya''' (تقي), also spelt Taqiya / Tuqya / Taqqiyah, is known as lying for Islam. While many claim it is only practiced within [[Shi'ite]] Islam, it is also mentioned in many [[Sunni]] hadith and by many of their Islamic scholars.<br />
<br />
==Taqqiya==<br />
<br />
The following excerpts are from ''The Mosque Exposed'' by Sam Solomon, a former imam and Islamic lawyer who converted to Christianity and is now residing in the UK, and E. Alamaqdisi, a prolific writer and debater, and a regular contributor to many Internet sites on the complex subject of Islam and its teachings. They also wrote ''Modern Day Trojan Horse: Al-Hijra, The Islamic Doctrine of Immigration, Accepting Freedom or Imposing Islam?''<br />
<br />
{{Quote|2=Despite the overtly cruel, harsh and intolerant Qur'anic views towards the 'others,' namely Jews and Christians, there are injunctions in the Qur'an that enable the Islamic community to disguise, play down, and, when necessary, deny both the intensity and validity of these anti-Semitic and anti-Christian teachings of its religious system.<ref name="The Mosque Exposed">Solomon, S. & E. Alamaqdisi. (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Mosque-Exposed-S-Solomon/dp/0979492904/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260496307&sr=8-1 The Mosque Exposed]. (p. 58). Charlottesville, VA: ANM Press.</ref>}}<br />
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{{Quote|2=[Takiyya] permeates almost all the activities and dealings of Muslims within non-Muslim societies...<ref name="The Mosque Exposed"></ref>}}<br />
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{{Quote|2=''Takiyya'' means "caution, fear, or disguise." It permits the suspension, as the need arises, of almost any or all religious requirements--including a total denial of faith--when fearing threat, injury or compulsion of any kind in a non-Muslim society, or even in a Muslim society.<ref name="The Mosque Exposed"></ref>}}<br />
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==Kitman==<br />
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Kitman is close to Taqqiya but rather than outright dissimulation, it consists in telling only part of the truth, with “mental reservation” justifying the omission of the rest (adjustment, deception etc, anything short of a full-blown lie). For example when a Muslim maintains that “jihad” really means “a spiritual struggle” and fails to add that this particular definition is an 11<sup>th</sup> century invention that originated from a [[List of Fabricated Hadith|fabricated hadith]] which is [[Lesser vs Greater Jihad|universally rejected]] by Islamic scholars, he misleads by holding back the true violent nature of jihad, and is therefore practicing “kitman.” Another example would be the insistence of a Muslim apologist that “of course” there is the freedom of conscience in Islam, followed by quoting the Qur’anic verse “There shall be no compulsion in religion.” The impression given is false, for there has been no mention of the Islamic doctrine of [[List of Abrogations in the Qur'an|abrogation]], or naskh.<br />
<br />
==Conditions to lie set by Muhammad==<br />
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In his Sira, Muhammad authorized lying to improve the chances of successful assassinations, for example in the case of Shaaban Ibn Khalid al-Hazly and Bin Kaab.<br />
<br />
{{Quote||Muhammad said: "Lying is wrong, '''except''' in three things: '''the lie of a man to his wife''' to make her content with him; a '''lie to an enemy''', for war is deception; or a '''lie to settle trouble between people'''" [''Ahmad, 6.459. H'']}}<br />
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{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}}<br />
<br />
See also Raymond Ibrahim's article for the ''Middle East Quarterly'', Winter 2010: [http://www.meforum.org/2538/taqiyya-islam-rules-of-war How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War]'''<br />
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==Qur'an verses about Taqqiyah==<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|225}}|A Muslim does not have to maintain his oath (faith) '''as long as what's in his heart is true'''}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: '''except by way of precaution''', that ye may Guard yourselves from them. But Allah cautions you (To remember) Himself; for the final goal is to Allah.}}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Quran|16|106}}|Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- '''except under compulsion''', his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty..}}<br />
<br />
{{Quran|77|38}} and {{Quran|9|5}} allows the Muslim to '''use any stratagem'''. A common Muslim defense is that this applies 'only in war' However as has been demonstrated, Muslims are always at war. Considering that non-believers can not be friends with Muslims. Therefore any relations can only be governed by enmity or truce. Also, Considering the Muslims are allowed to break a truce whenever they choose without prior warning (very dishonourable conduct) as per [[Treaties]], I would have to argue that Muslims are constantly at war.<br />
<br />
==Explanation of Qur'an verses about Taqqiya (Sunni Scholar)==<br />
<br />
According to Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) and the hadith, Surah al-Imran 3:28 mentions Taqqiya. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "'''The Tuqyah''' is allowed until the Day of Resurre ction. Allah said,}}<br />
<br />
According to Al-Suyuti (d. 1505) Quran, Surah al-Imran 3:28 mentions Taqqiya. <br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=28&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Tafsir al-Jalalayn]<BR>Tafsir Al-Suyuti|2=Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it.}}<br />
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==Hadiths related to lying==<br />
<br />
'''General Lying'''<BR><br />
The following seems to say that a person can knowingly get two of his friends to ''lie'' about the consent given by a woman and the marriage will be upheld. So if she turns him down, all he needs to do is get two friends to lie and she will be his wife legally:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|86|100}}| Narrated Abu Haraira:<BR><br />
<br />
Allah's Apostle said, "A lady slave should not be given in marriage until she is consulted, and a virgin should not be given in marriage until her permission is granted." The people said, "How will she express her permission?" The Prophet said, "By keeping silent (when asked her consent)." Some people said, "If a man, by playing a trick, presents two false witnesses before the judge to testify that he has married a matron with her consent and the judge confirms his marriage, and the husband is sure that he has never married her (before), then such a marriage will be considered as a legal one and he may live with her as husband." | See also: {{Bukhari|9|86|98}} and {{Bukhari|9|86|101}} }}<br />
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For more accuracy in translation, the Arabic for the above hadith is:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://hadith.al-islam.com/Page.aspx?pageid=192&BookID=24&PID=6678 Sahih Bukhari - Hadith #6570], or see [http://wikiislam.net/w/uploads/1/1e/Al-islam-hadith-6570.JPG screenshot]|2=<br />
<br />
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ عَنْ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ عَنْ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ عَنْ ذَكْوَانَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْبِكْرُ تُسْتَأْذَنُ قُلْتُ إِنَّ الْبِكْرَ تَسْتَحْيِي قَالَ إِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ إِنْ هَوِيَ رَجُلٌ جَارِيَةً يَتِيمَةً أَوْ بِكْرًا فَأَبَتْ فَاحْتَالَ فَجَاءَ بِشَاهِدَيْ زُورٍ عَلَى أَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْ فَرَضِيَتْ الْيَتِيمَةُ فَقَبِلَ الْقَاضِي شَهَادَةَ الزُّورِ وَالزَّوْجُ يَعْلَمُ بِبُطْلَانِ ذَلِكَ حَلَّ لَهُ الْوَطْءُ }}<br />
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The actual translation is:<br />
<br />
{{Quote||“Abu Asem told us from Ibn Goreh, from the son of Abi Molaika, from Zokwan, from Aisha (May Allah be pleased with her) that: Allah’s apostle (PBUH) said that a virgin’s consent is taken. I said: "A virgin feels shy". He said, ”Her silence is her consent.” And some people said that if a man falls in love with an orphan odalisque or a virgin and she refuses him. Then, he does a trick by bringing two false witnesses that he married her and the orphan realized it (the trick) and gave her consent and the judge acknowledged the false witnesses and the husband is aware of its falsehood, then is lawful for him to copulate with her.”}}<br />
<br />
{{Bukhari|9|86|101}} adds an extra clause "and then she attains the age of puberty", which we can see is not present in the Arabic version of the hadith and thus was most likely added by the translator Muhsin Khan himself.<br />
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For more Islamic sources and information about consent in marriage, see: [[Forced Marriage]].<br />
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<BR>'''Lying in War'''<br />
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{{Quote|{{Abudawud|14|2629}}, {{Abudawud|14|2631}}|"Narrated Ka'b ibn Malik: When the Prophet (salla Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: War is deception." }}<br />
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|267}}, See also: {{Bukhari|4|52|268}}, and {{Bukhari|4|52|269}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Khosrau will be ruined, and there will be no Khosrau after him, and Caesar will surely be ruined and there will be no Caesar after him, and you will spend their treasures in Allah's Cause." He called, "War is deceit'. }}<br />
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==Muslims scholars and companions of Muhammad on Taqiyyah==<br />
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{{Quote|Reliance of the Traveler, p. 746 - 8.2 (Shaffi Fiqh)| "Speaking is a means to achieve objectives. If a praiseworthy aim is attainable through both telling the truth and lying, it is unlawful to accomplish through lying because there is no need for it. When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible (N:i.e. when the purpose of lying is to circumvent someone who is preventing one from doing something permissible), and obligatory to lie if the goal is obligatory... it is religiously precautionary in all cases to employ words that give a misleading impression...<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/taqiyah.htm Taqiyah] - Encyclopedia of the Middle East</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Al-Tabari's (d. 923) famous tafsir (exegesis of the Koran) is a standard and authoritative reference work in the entire Muslim world. Regarding 3:28, he writes: <br />
<br />
{{Quote|Tabari|"If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them." Regarding 3:28,}} <br />
<br />
Ibn Kathir (second in authority only to Tabari) writes,<br />
<br />
{{Quote||"Whoever at any time or place fears their [infidels'] evil may protect himself through outward show."<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir">[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers] - Tafsir Ibn Kathir</ref>}} <br />
<br />
As proof of this, he quotes Muhammad's close companion, Abu Darda, who said, <br />
<br />
{{Quote||"We smile in the face of some people [non-Muslims] while our hearts curse them"<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
Another companion, al-Hassan, said, <br />
<br />
{{Quote||"Doing taqiyya is acceptable till the Day of Judgment [i.e., in perpetuity].<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir"></ref>}}<br />
<br />
A recent fatwa from Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid's Islam Q&A.<br />
<br />
{{Quote| 1=[http://islamqa.com/en/ref/59879 What is meant by taking the kuffaar as friends? Ruling on mixing with the kuffaar]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 59879|2=This verse [Adwa’ al-Bayaan, 2/98,99 ] explains all the verses quoted above which forbid taking the kaafirs as friends in general terms. What that refers to is in cases where one has a choice, but in cases of fear and '''taqiyah''' it is permissible to make friends with them, as much as is essential to protect oneself against their evil. That is subject to the condition that one’s faith should not be affected by that friendship and the one who is behaves in that manner out of necessity is not one who behaves in that manner out of choice. <br />
<br />
It may be understood from the apparent meaning of these verses that the one who deliberately takes the kuffaar as friends by choice and because he likes them, is one of them}}<br />
<br />
According to eminent Islamic scholar Imam Ghazali, lying is acceptable if the goal is permissible:<br />
<br />
{{Quote||When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible<ref>Ahmad Ibn Naqib al-Misri, The Reliance of the Traveller, translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Amana publications, 1997, section r8.2, page 745.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Lying]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to lying''<br />
* [[Problems on Wikipedia for Islam-related articles]]'' - An example of a Muslim using deception''<br />
<br />
==Downloads==<br />
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*[http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Taqiyya_and_Islam_s_rules_of_war.pdf How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War] ''- By Raymond Ibrahim''<br />
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==External Links==<br />
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'''Articles'''<br />
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*[http://www.islam-watch.org/IW/IslamicDeception.htm Islamic Deception] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''<br />
*[http://answering-islam.org/Index/T/taqiyya.html Taqiyya] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''<br />
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'''Videos'''<br />
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMc3XMB6ZZg Former Muslims and experts on Islam including Abdullah Al-Araby, Robert Spencer, Walid Shoebat and Bat Ye'or talk about lying in Islam]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFniqt0Dysc Youtube user talks about his experience in Morroco where he found salesmen commonly lied to him to promote their goods]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mORQ7fNp4ek Youtube user talks about the Ka'ab assasination where Muhammad allowed a person to lie]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qx3MpeyA5XI&feature=related Taqiyya and Jihad]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNkZVsLIwQo&feature=player_embedded Egyptian Cleric Mahmoud Al-Masri Recommends Tricking Jews into Becoming Muslims]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[ru:Китман и ат-Такия]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Rape_in_Islamic_Law&diff=89424
Rape in Islamic Law
2013-05-18T15:26:20Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2012-01-17}} <!-- BACKUP LINK: http://web.archive.org/web/20051125031608/63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&QR=10382 -->Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife]<BR>Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005|2=Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married...Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars. }}<br />
<br />
==Definitions==<br />
<br />
===Rape===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rape|2=2012-02-17}} Rape]<BR>Dictionary.com|2='''rape''' [reyp] '''''noun, verb,'' raped, rap·ing.''' <br />
'''''noun''''' <br />
<br />
# the unlawful compelling of a person through physical force or duress to have sexual intercourse.}}<br />
<br />
====Duress====<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress|2=2012-02-17}} Duress]<BR>Wikipedia|2=In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner [they] otherwise would not [or would]". Duress is pressure exerted upon a person to coerce that person to perform an act that he or she ordinarily would not perform. The notion of duress must be distinguished both from undue influence in the civil law and from necessity.<br />
<br />
Duress has two aspects. One is that it negates the person's consent to an act, such as sexual activity or the entering into a contract; or, secondly, as a possible legal defense or justification to an otherwise unlawful act.<ref>Gaines, Larry; Miller, LeRoy (2006). Criminal Justice In Action: The Core. Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-00305-0.</ref> A defendant utilizing the duress defense admits to breaking the law, but claims that he/she is not liable because, even though the act broke the law, it was only performed because of extreme unlawful pressure.<ref>[http://www.pi1stclass.com/glossary.htm 1st Class Investigations Glossary]</ref> In criminal law, a duress defense is similar to a plea of guilty, admitting partial culpability, so that if the defense is not accepted then the criminal act is admitted.<br />
<br />
Duress or coercion can also be raised in an allegation of rape or sexual assault to negate a defense of consent on the part of the person making the allegation.}}<br />
<br />
==Qur'an==<br />
<br />
There is no equivalent term for ‘[[rape]]’ in the [[Qur'an]]. Likewise, there is not a single verse in the Qur'an which even remotely discourages forced sex. In contrast, there are several verses in this book which give the green light to rape and other sexual crimes against [[Islam and Women|women]].<br />
<br />
[[Surah]] [[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nisa (Women)|an-Nisa]] discusses lawful and forbidden women for pious Muslims. Before we delve into the particular verse, it should be noted that it is not easy to understand what is being suggested using the verse alone. Therefore, relying on authoritative [[Tafsir]]s (Qur'an interpretations) and [[Sahih]] (authentic) [[Hadith]]s associated with it, are necessary to get the exact picture. <br />
<br />
===Verse 4:24===<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}<br />
<br />
What we see in the beginning of this verse as “forbidden” refers to sexual intercourse. The Qur'an dictates, women already married are forbidden for Muslims except those whom their right hands possess (sex [[Slavery|slaves]]). <br />
<br />
====Context====<br />
<br />
It is important to know the context of this verse, as it sheds light onto the nature of allowance. If we go through a Sahih Hadith in Sunan Abu Dawud:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Abu Dawud 2:2150| Abu Said al-Khudri said: "The apostle of Allah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Quranic verse, "And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess". That is to say, they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period." [The Quran verse is 4:24]}}<br />
<br />
Here in the above hadith, we are told why verse 4:24 was revealed to [[Muhammad]]. It was to encourage his fighters, who were reluctant, to have sexual contacts with female captives even while their husbands were alive as prisoners of war. This is made clear when we read:<br />
<br />
:'''"Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers."'''<br />
<br />
The Abu Dawud hadith is confirmed by the two Sahih collections, namely Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. <br />
<br />
In Sahih Bukhari we read:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|459}}|Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I entered the Mosque and saw Abu Said Al-Khudri and sat beside him and asked him about Al-Azl (i.e. coitus interruptus). Abu Said said, "We went out with Allah's Apostle for the Ghazwa of Banu Al-Mustaliq and we received captives from among the Arab captives and we desired women and celibacy became hard on us and we loved to do coitus interruptus. So when we intended to do coitus interrupt us, we said, 'How can we do coitus interruptus before asking Allah's Apostle who is present among us?" We asked (him) about it and he said, 'It is better for you not to do so, for if any soul (till the Day of Resurrection) is predestined to exist, it will exist."}} <br />
<br />
Similarly in Sahih Muslim:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}<br />
<br />
There is an entire chapter devoted to this in the Sahih Muslim collection. The title of the chapter speaks in volumes as we read:<br />
<br />
:'''Sahih Muslim. Chapter 29: Title: It is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a captive woman after she is purified of menses or delivery. In case she has a husband, her marriage is abrogated after she becomes captive.''' <br />
<br />
Ibn Kathir, the most prominent of all Qur'an interpreters, had this to say in regards to verse 4:24:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=10803 Forbidding Women Already Married, Except for Female Slaves]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=The Ayah (verses) means Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess.), you are prohibited from marrying women who are already married, except those whom your right hands possess) except those whom you acquire through war, for you are allowed such women after making sure they are not pregnant. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri said, "We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah (verse) was revealed, Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess). Accordingly, we had sexual relations with these women." (Alternate translation can be: as a result of these verses, their (Infidels) wives have become lawful for us) This is the wording collected by At-Tirmidhi An-Nasa'i, Ibn Jarir and Muslim in his Sahih.}} <br />
<br />
Similarly in Tafsir al-Jalalayn (Qur'an interpretation by two Jalals namely: Jalaluddin Mahalli and Jalaluddin Suyuti):<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24]<BR>Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2=And, forbidden to you are, wedded women, those with spouses, that you should marry them before they have left their spouses, be they Muslim free women or not; save what your right hands own, of captured [slave] girls, whom you may have sexual intercourse with, even if they should have spouses among the enemy camp, but only after they have been absolved of the possibility of pregnancy [after the completion of one menstrual cycle]; this is what God has prescribed for you.}}<br />
<br />
The tafsir attributed to Ibn Abbas, Muhammad's paternal cousin, further confirms:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24]<BR>Tafsir 'Ibn Abbas| 2= And all married women (are forbidden unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess) of captives, even if they have husbands in the Abode of War, after ascertaining that they are not pregnant, by waiting for the lapse of one period of menstruation. (It is a decree of Allah for you) that which I have mentioned to you is unlawful in Allah's Book.}}<br />
<br />
===Further Verses===<br />
<br />
====Verses 23:1-6====<br />
<br />
There are other verses in the Qur'an similar to verse 4:24. For example, Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mumenoon (The Believers)|al-Mumenoon]] makes mention of successful Muslims and their characteristics:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|1-6}}|Successful indeed are the believers, who are humble in their prayers and who keep aloof from what is vain and who are givers of poor-rate and who guard their private parts, except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blamable.}}<br />
<br />
Guarding private parts is denotative of abstaining from sexual activities. The Qur'an points out successful believers are those who are indulging in sexual activities only with their wives and sex-slaves. <br />
<br />
====Verses 70:29-30====<br />
<br />
This is confirmed again in Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways)|al-Maarij]]:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Quran|70|29-30}}|And those who guard their private parts, except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess-- for these surely are not to be blamed,}}<br />
<br />
==Muhammad==<br />
<br />
This practice of raping war captives was practiced by Islam’s very own prophet Muhammad, in his life. On two occasions, he married (for the sake of sexual gratification only) war captives and raped them. Those victims were namely [[Safiyah]] and [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammads Wives and Concubines#Juwairiya|Juwairiyah]]. <br />
<br />
===Safiyah===<br />
<br />
Safiyah the daughter of Huayy was the wife of a Jewish Rabbi named [[Kinana]]. When Muhammad conquered the Jewish village of Khaibar, he tortured and killed the Rabbi and took captive his wife. Sahih Hadith in Bukhari testify to this fact:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|8|367}}|Narrated 'Abdul 'Aziz: Anas said, 'When Allah's Apostle invaded Khaibar, we offered the Fajr prayer there yearly in the morning) when it was still dark. The Prophet rode and Abu Talha rode too and I was riding behind Abu Talha. The Prophet passed through the lane of Khaibar quickly and my knee was touching the thigh of the Prophet . He uncovered his thigh and I saw the whiteness of the thigh of the Prophet. When he entered the town, he said, 'Allahu Akbar! Khaibar is ruined. Whenever we approach near a (hostile) nation (to fight) then evil will be the morning of those who have been warned.' He repeated this thrice. The people came out for their jobs and some of them said, 'Muhammad (has come).' (Some of our companions added, "With his army.") We conquered Khaibar, took the captives, and the booty was collected. Dihya came and said, 'O Allah's Prophet! Give me a slave girl from the captives.' The Prophet said, 'Go and take any slave girl.' He took Safiya bint Huyai. A man came to the Prophet and said, 'O Allah's Apostles! You gave Safiya bint Huyai to Dihya and she is the chief mistress of the tribes of Quraiza and An-Nadir and she befits none but you.' So the Prophet said, 'Bring him along with her.' So Dihya came with her and when the Prophet saw her, he said to Dihya, 'Take any slave girl other than her from the captives.' Anas added: The Prophet then manumitted her and married her." Thabit asked Anas, "O Abu Hamza! What did the Prophet pay her (as Mahr)?" He said, "Her self was her Mahr for he manumitted her and then married her." Anas added, "While on the way, Um Sulaim dressed her for marriage (ceremony) and at night she sent her as a bride to the Prophet . So the Prophet was a bridegroom and he said, 'Whoever has anything (food) should bring it.' He spread out a leather sheet (for the food) and some brought dates and others cooking butter. (I think he (Anas) mentioned As-SawTq). So they prepared a dish of Hais (a kind of meal). And that was Walima (the marriage banquet) of Allah's Apostle ."}}<br />
<br />
===Juwairiyah===<br />
<br />
The following hadith from Sunan Abu Dawud bears out how Muhammad obtained Juwairiyah, a beautiful woman of a tribe called Banu Mustaliq. Muhammad was attacking the tribe without warning and conquering them:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1=[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=29&translator=3&start=0&number=3920#3920 <!-- http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchtruth.com%2Fbook_display.php%3Fbook%3D29%26translator%3D3%26start%3D0%26number%3D3920%233920&date=2012-02-17 -->Abu Dawud 29:3920]|2=Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith ibn al-Mustaliq, fell to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, or to her cousin. She entered into an agreement to purchase her freedom. She was a very beautiful woman, most attractive to the eye. Aisha said: She then came to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) asking him for the purchase of her freedom. When she was standing at the door, I looked at her with disapproval. I realised that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would look at her in the same way that I had looked. She said: Apostle of Allah, I am Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith, and something has happened to me, which is not hidden from you. I have fallen to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, and I have entered into an agreement to purchase of my freedom. I have come to you to seek assistance for the purchase of my freedom. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Are you inclined to that which is better? She asked: What is that, Apostle of Allah? He replied: I shall pay the price of your freedom on your behalf, and I shall marry you. She said: I shall do this. She (Aisha) said: The people then heard that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) had married Juwayriyyah. They released the captives in their possession and set them free, and said: They are the relatives of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) by marriage. We did not see any woman greater than Juwayriyyah who brought blessings to her people. One hundred families of Banu al-Mustaliq were set free on account of her.}} <br />
<br />
The following hadith from Sahih Bukhari is evidentiary to the above:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|46|717}}|Narrated Ibn Aun: I wrote a letter to Nafi and Nafi wrote in reply to my letter that the Prophet had suddenly attacked Bani Mustaliq without warning while they were heedless and their cattle were being watered at the places of water. Their fighting men were killed and their women and children were taken as captives; the Prophet got Juwairiya on that day. Nafi said that Ibn 'Umar had told him the above narration and that Ibn 'Umar was in that army.}}<br />
<br />
==Muslim Apologetics==<br />
<br />
===Claims about verse 24:33===<br />
<br />
Muslims will frequently quote the following when confronted with the passages provided in this article and others like it:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|1={{Quran|24|33}}|2=Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allah gives them means out of His grace. And if any of your slaves ask for a deed in writing (to enable them to earn their freedom for a certain sum), give them such a deed if ye know any good in them: yea, give them something yourselves out of the means which Allah has given to you. But force not your maids to prostitution when they desire chastity, in order that ye may make a gain in the goods of this life. But if anyone compels them, yet, after such compulsion, is Allah, Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (to them),}}<br />
<br />
The first part of the verse is telling unmarried people to keep themselves chaste. Now, the important thing to remember is that the Islamic definition of ''chaste'' is different than the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. According to {{Quran|23|6}}, {{Quran|33|50}}, {{Quran|33|52}}, and {{Quran|70|30}} a Muslim man is considered "chaste" so long as he only has sex with his wives (of whom he may have up to four) and his right-hand possessions (female captives/slaves). An unmarried Muslim man who has sex with his slave girl is still considered to be "chaste" by Islamic standards.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2012-01-17}} <!-- BACKUP LINK: http://web.archive.org/web/20051125031608/63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&QR=10382 -->Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife] - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005</ref><br />
<br />
The second sentence speaks about slaves who ask for a way to pay for their freedom (like indentured servants) as long as the master knows of "any good in them". It would be interesting to discover how female slaves could earn any money at all if they had been kidnapped from their families and forced into slavery and did not have money-making skills. And if a female slave was to earn her freedom, where then could she go if her family had been massacred? How could she support herself and keep herself safe from rape, prostitution, etc.? Practicalities aside, this verse only tells Muslims to let their slaves purchase their freedom (but puts in a convenient disclaimer of "if ye know any good in them"). To give Muhammad credit, he did stipulate that the masters should give their slaves something (again conveniently leaving out what and how much).<br />
<br />
The third sentence is what pertains to the Muslim claim that rape is forbidden. However, the word used is not simply sexual intercourse but is more specifically "prostitution" or "whoredom". Prostitution is not simply about sex, but sex for a price. This is why it is often referred to as one of the oldest professions. What this verse speaks of is a master forcing his maid to be a prostitute thereby making money by allowing other men to have sex with her. This verse says nothing about a master forcing himself upon his slave-girl who is considered "halal" for him according to [[Islamic law]]. The fourth sentence says that if a girl is indeed forced into prostitution, then Allah will forgive her for committing [[zina]]. What this verse does not say is what the punishment should be for a man who forces his maid into prostitution. All it says is that he should not do it. And what it definitely does not say is that a Muslim man cannot force himself on his own slave-girl.<br />
<br />
===Claims about Muhammad's behavior===<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
From 4:24, it can be rightly assumed, that the Qur'an does not see any wrong-doing in Muslims having sex with captive women even if these women are married and their husbands are still alive. This clearly indicates that the Qur'an allows rape, as captive women, even in the unlikely case of agreeing to sexual intercourse, would still be having that intercourse under duress.<br />
<br />
{{Core Women}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Rape]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Rape''<br />
*[[Adultery is Permitted in Islam]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259:sexual-slavery-and-concubinage-in-islam&catid=111:fakhour&Itemid=58 Sexual Slavery and Concubinage in Islam] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://answer-islam.org/Rape.html|2=2011-05-20}} What is the punishment for rape in Christianity and in Islam?] ''- Answers to Islam''<br />
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25949 Rape Law in Islam - THERE'S NONE] - ''[[Faith Freedom International|FFI Forum]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Islam and Women]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic Law]]<br />
[[ru:Изнасилование в Исламе]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Zakat_(Tax)&diff=89423
Zakat (Tax)
2013-05-18T15:25:19Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Zakāt''' (زكاة) is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]]. As a compulsory ([[fard]]) requirement of [[Islam]], every year 2.5% of one's wealth must be given away to poor or needy Muslims. <br />
<br />
[[Slavery|Slaves]] and horses owned by Muslims are exempt from this [[taxes|taxation]],<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "There is no Zakat either on a horse or a slave belonging to a Muslim"''" - {{Bukhari|2|24|542}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira :- The Prophet said,"There is no Zakat either on a slave or on a horse belonging to a Muslim.''" - {{Bukhari|2|24|543}}</ref> and it is generally agreed that [[Disbelievers|non-Muslims]] are not to benefit from the alms giving.<ref>Haytham bin Jawwad al-Haddad - [http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=984 The way of giving Zakat al-Fitr in non-Islamic Lands] - IslamAwakening</ref> This has led to mainstream Islamic charities, like Islamic Relief, almost exclusively<ref>[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Articles/Islamic-Relief.htm Islamic Relief and the Myth of Non-Discriminating Muslim Charity] - TROP</ref> focusing their humanitarian work in Muslim majority nations or areas in non-Muslim countries which are heavily populated by Muslim minorities. <br />
<br />
In the aftermath of the 2010 [[Pakistan]] floods, many Christian survivors were denied aid supplied by Muslim charities for this very reason.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=7460 Pakistan: some Christians denied aid unless they convert to Islam] - Catholic Culture, September 6, 2010</ref><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Zakat]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Zakat''<br />
* [[Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Articles/Islamic-Relief.htm|2=2013-05-16}} Islamic Relief and the Myth of Non-Discriminating Muslim Charity]<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://moneyjihad.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/biggest-islamic-relief-revenues-are-from-“secular”-government-agencies/|2=2013-05-16}} Biggest Islamic Relief revenues are from “secular” government agencies]<br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://ronmossad.blogspot.com/2010/10/aid-flotillas-save-haiti-from-cholera.html|2=2013-05-16}} Aid Flotillas: Save Haiti from a cholera outbreak, not Hamas from itself] <br />
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://sheikyermami.com/2010/10/30/haiti-islamic-charity-means-more-mosques/|2=2013-05-16}} Haiti: Islamic ‘Charity’ Means More Mosques]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[ru:Закят]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Tabi%27un&diff=89415
Tabi'un
2013-05-18T14:55:36Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Tābi‘ūn''' (التابعون ''Followers'') are the generation of Muslims who were born after the [[Circumstances Surrounding Muhammad's Death|death of Prophet Muhammad]], but who were contemporaries of the [[Sahabah]] (Companions of [[Muhammad]]). As such, they played an important part in the development of Islamic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early [[Caliph|Caliphate]]. According to Muhammad, they are among the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Islamic Theology#The_First_3_Generations_of_Muslims_are_the_Best_Muslims|best generation of Muslims]] on Earth, along with the [[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]] and the Sahabah.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Salaf]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to the Salaf''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[ru:Табиин]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Sahabah&diff=89414
Sahabah
2013-05-18T14:54:50Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Ṣaḥābah''' (الصحابة ''Companions'') were the companions of Prophet [[Muhammad]]. To be still considered a Sahabah today, the individual must have seen Muhammad, believed in his prophethood and died as a believer.<ref name="Haddad">Sh. G. F. Haddad - [http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html Sahaba] - LivingIslam, January 7, 2009</ref> So this would exclude Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh (brother of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammads Wives and Concubines#Zainab_bint_Jash|Zainab bint Jash]], the cousin and wife of Muhammad),<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:72; {{Tabari|8|p. 4}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 180}}; cf Guillaume/Ishaq 3; Maududi (1967), Tafhimul Quran, Chapter Al Ahzab</ref> who was a Sahabah but later converted to Christianity.<ref>Alfred Guillaume - [http://www.amazon.com/Life-Muhammad-Translation-Ishaqs-Sirat/dp/019636034X The Life of Muhammad] - Oxford University Press, 1955, reprinted in 2003. ISBN 0-19-636033-1</ref> Those that saw Muhammad but held off believing in him until after [[Circumstances Surrounding Muhammad's Death|his death]] are not considered Sahabah but [[Tabi'un]].<ref name="Haddad"></ref> According to Muhammad, the Sahabah are among the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Islamic Theology#The_First_3_Generations_of_Muslims_are_the_Best_Muslims|best generation of Muslims]] on Earth, along with the Tabi‘un and the [[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]].<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
*[[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia]]<br />
*[[Salaf]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to the Salaf''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[ru:Сахаба]]</div>
Claustrum
https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Salaf_al-Salih_(Pious_Predecessors)&diff=89412
Salaf al-Salih (Pious Predecessors)
2013-05-18T14:36:02Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
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<div>'''Salaf''' is an [[Arabic]] noun which translates to "predecessor", or "forefather". In [[Islam]] it refers to the first three generations of Muslims, the so-called "Pious Predecessors". <br />
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According to Prophet [[Muhammad]], the [[Sahabah]] ("Companions"), [[Tabi'un]] ("Followers"), and [[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]] ("Those after the Followers") are among the [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Theology#The_First_3_Generations_of_Muslims_are_the_Best_Muslims|best generation of Muslims]] on Earth, and are therefore seen by the vast majority of today's Muslims as a model for how Islam should be practiced. <br />
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Salafis (or "Wahhabis") are not a part of a deviant or [[Bid'ah|innovative]] Islamic sect, but strict [[Sunni|orthodox]] followers of the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]].<br />
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==See Also==<br />
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*[[Salaf]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to the Salaf''<br />
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==External Links==<br />
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*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080304023423/http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 Why the word Salafee?]<br />
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[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
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[[ru:Саляф (определение)]]</div>
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https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Khilafah_(Caliphate)&diff=89406
Khilafah (Caliphate)
2013-05-18T14:16:51Z
<p>Claustrum: interwiki</p>
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<div>The '''Caliph''' (خليفة; khalīfah) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the [[Islamic|Islamic]] [[Ummah]] (body of Muslim believers). <br />
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According to Islamic theology, the first four successors of Prophet [[Muhammad]] were the "Rightly-Guided Caliphs" (Khulafaa-e-Rashidun). They were all [[Sahabah]]s who were extremely close to Muhammad, and are therefore considered by Muslims to be model Islamic leaders who ruled in accord with the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]].<ref>[http://www.sunniessentials.net/islam/introduction/Personalities_Caliphs.pdf The Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam] - Sunni Essentials, accessed October 2, 2010</ref> The first four Caliphs were; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.<br />
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==See Also==<br />
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*[[Salaf]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to the Salaf''<br />
*[[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia]]<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[Category:Muslims]]<br />
[[ru:Халиф]]</div>
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https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=Ummah&diff=89365
Ummah
2013-05-17T23:29:00Z
<p>Claustrum: </p>
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<div>'''Ummah''' (أمة) is an [[Arabic]] word meaning "community" or "nation".<ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ummah ummah]." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Aug. 2011.</ref> In [[Islam]] the word is used to refer to the collective worldwide body of Muslim believers,<ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ummah ummah]." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 15 Aug. 2011.</ref> including both the Muslim population of [[Dar al-Islam]] and the Muslim population of [[Dar al-Harb]] who are living outside the lands where Islam rules. The leader of the ummah is known as the [[Caliph]].<br />
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==See Also==<br />
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*[[Muslim Statistics]]<br />
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{{Translation-links-english|[[:ru:Умма|Russian]]}}<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]<br />
[[ru:Умма]]</div>
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